scholarly journals Prevalence of vancomycin resistance and multiple drug resistance in enterococci in equids in North India

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (07) ◽  
pp. 498-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhoj Raj Singh
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Vancomycin Resistance ◽  
North India ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Multiple Drugs

Introduction: Vancomycin resistant and multi-drug-resistant enterococci are the major emerging pathogens in surgical, neonatal, and tertiary care units. Methodology: In this study, 267 enterococci from different clinical and non-clinical samples of equine origin were tested for their antimicrobial drug sensitivity against 19 antimicrobials using disc diffusion method. Results: A total of 80.2% enterococci tested were resistant to vancomycin and 99.6% to multiple-drugs. There was a significant association between haemolytic potential and vancomycin resistance (χ2, 0.00). Enterococci isolates from healthy equids were significantly (χ2, 0.04) less resistant to vancomycin than the isolates from clinically sick animals. Besides vancomycin sensitivity, isolates were also tested for 18 more antimicrobial drugs; maximum numbers of isolates were sensitive to imipenem (75%) followed by tetracycline (60%), amoxicillin+clavulanic acid (54%), and minimum for cefdinir (4%). Conclusion: More than 80% strains of enterococci of equine origin were found resistant to vancomycin and 99.6% were multiple-drug resistant in Northern India. High prevalence of VRE and MDRE in healthy equids might be a potential danger for the health of persons in equine contact.

Detection of MCR-1 Gene in Multiple Drug Resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Human Clinical Samples from Peshawar, Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fareeha Hameed ◽  
Muhammad Asif Khan ◽  
Hazrat Bilal ◽  
Hafsah Muhammad ◽  
Tayyab Ur Rehman
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Colistin Resistance ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant

Background: The presence of plasmid mediated mcr-1 gene in multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria poses a serious public health concern in today’s world. Objectives: The present study was aimed to detect the presence of plasmid mediated mcr-1 encoding resistance to colistin in multiple drug resistant (MDR) E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates. Methods: A total 180 clinical isolates of E. coli (n=120) and K. pneumoniae (n=60) were isolated from different clinical specimens i.e. urine, blood, stool and pus, from diagnostic labs of two major public sector tertiary care hospitals in Peshawar, Pakistan. MDR profile of these isolates was assessed through Kirby-Baur disc diffusion method. All isolates were screened for colistin resistance by dilution methods. Colistin resistant isolates were subjected to PCR for mcr-1 detection and confirmation was done by Sanger sequencing method. Results: Overall 83.3% (100/120) E. coli and 93.3% (56/60) K. pneumoniae were detected as MDR. Colistin resistance was found in 23.3% (28/120) E. coli and 40% (24/60) K. pneumoniae isolates whereas mcr-1 gene was detected in 10 out of 52 colistin resistant isolates including six E. coli and four K. pneumoniae isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of colistin in these ten mcr-1 positive isolates ranged from 4µg/ml to 16µg/ml. All mcr-1 positive isolates showed 99% sequence similarity when compared with other present sequences in GenBank. Conclusion: Hence, our study confirms the presence of mcr-1 mediated colistin resistance in the studied area. Therefore, urgently larger scale surveillance studies are recommended to investigate prevalence of mcr-1 mediated colistin resistance and to prevent its further spread in the area.

DETECTION AND CHARACTERISATION OF VANCOMYCIN RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCAL ISOLATES OF CLINICAL SAMPLES FROM A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

2021 ◽  
pp. 76-79
Author(s):  
R.Beaula Lilly ◽  
V.K.M. Banu
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Vancomycin Resistance ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant

The emergence of Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) has posed serious threats to the community because they exhibit multiple drug resistance, thus limiting the therapeutic options for the clinicians. As Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) also have ampicillin resistance and high level aminoglycoside resistance, they are the most difcult to treat. The therapeutic options are limited by elimination of the synergy between aminoglycoside and the beta lactum drugs which is the treatment of choice for enterococcal infections which is of great concern. More antibiotic resistance makes these pathogens excellent survivors in hospital environment and cause nosocomial infections. Atotal of 142 enterococcal isolates from various clinical samples were identied to their species level and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing to various antibiotics. Initial screening for Vancomycin resistance was done using the Vancomycin Screen Agar and the isolates showing resistance were subjected to Vancomycin and Teicoplanin MIC and later these isolates showing resistance were conrmed by genotypic methods for Vancomycin resistant genes.Total VRE isolates as per Vancomycin MIC value were 19 and the prevalence rate was 13.3% (19/142).In PCR assay, a total of 16 isolates including 13 E.faecium and 3 E.faecalis were found to be of Van B genotype and the remaining 3 isolates including 2 E.faecium and 1 E.faecalis were found to be of Van A genotype. In this study, the prevalence of Vancomycin resistance in Enterococcal species is 13.3% as per vancomycin MIC by Micro broth dilution technique. The phenotypic detection of Vancomycin resistance by MIC of Vancomycin and Teicoplanin correlates with the genotypic method of detection of Vancomycin resistant genes (VanA, VanB).

scholarly journals CHARACTERIZATION OF VARIOUS VIRULENCE PROPERTIES OF DRUG-RESISTANT KLEBSIELLA ISOLATES: AN IN VITRO STUDY AMONG “SUPERBUGS”

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 138
Author(s):  
Jitendra Chandra Devrari ◽  
Vidya Pai
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Microtiter Plate Assay ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test

 Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the various virulence factors among all extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella isolates.Methods: Klebsiella species (n=201) isolated from various non-repeated clinical samples from October 2016 to May 2017 were collected and identified by biochemical method and confirmed by BD Phoenix. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, and ESBL detection was done by combined disc diffusion method. Capsule detection was done by nigrosin dye staining, hypermucoviscosity was done by string test, biofilm was performed by microtiter plate assay, and hemagglutination was performed with human erythrocytes treated with tannic acid.Results: Among 201 ESBL-producing Klebsiella isolates, 63.2 % were multidrug resistance and 24.4% were extensively drug-resistant. Among these isolates, Klebsiella infection is more in older patients. All isolates were (100%) positive for capsule and siderophores production. Of all 201 isolates, 14 (7%) were strong, 61 (30.3%) were moderate, and 104 (51.8%) were weak biofilm producers. Among these isolates, 36 (17.9%) were type 1 fimbriae, 140 (69.7%) were type 3 fimbriae, and only 17 (8.5%) were positive for hypermucoviscosity.Conclusion: Several virulence factors were studied, in which biofilm with fimbriae is the main cause for the resistance of antibiotics. Bacterial resistance profile found to be high with ESBL production and multiple drug resistance in the majority of the Klebsiella isolates, which is a result of improper antibiogram schedule and their virulence property.

scholarly journals Prevalence of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae at a tertiary care hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susil Pyakurel ◽  
Mehraj Ansari ◽  
Smriti Kattel ◽  
Ganesh Rai ◽  
Prasha Shrestha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Biochemical Tests

Abstract Aim Although carbapenem is the last-resort drug for treating drug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections, prevalence of carbapenem-resistant bacteria has substantially increased worldwide owing to irrational use of antibiotics particularly in developing countries like Nepal.  Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the prevalence of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae and to detect the carbapenemase genes (blaNDM-2 and blaOXA-48) in at a tertiary care hospital in Nepal. Materials and methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out from June 2018 to January 2019 at the Microbiology Laboratory of Annapurna Neurological Institute and Allied Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal. Different clinical samples were collected and cultured in appropriate growth media. Biochemical tests were performed for the identification of K. pneumoniae. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) was performed by the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. The modified Hodge test (MHT) was performed to detect carbapenemase producers. The plasmid was extracted by the modified alkaline hydrolysis method. Carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae were further confirmed by detecting blaNDM-2 and blaOXA-48 genes by PCR using specific forward and reverse primers followed by gel electrophoresis. Results Out of the total 720 samples, 38.9% (280/720) were culture positive. K. pneumoniae was the most predominant isolate 31.4% (88/280). Of 88 K. pneumoniae isolates, 56.8% (50/88) were multi-drug resistant (MDR), and 51.1% (45/88) were MHT positive. Colistin showed the highest sensitivity (100%; 88/88), followed by tigecycline (86.4%; 76/88). blaNDM-2 and blaOXA-48 genes were detected in 24.4% (11/45) and 15.5% (7/45) of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae isolates, respectively. Conclusion The rate of MDR and carbapenemase production was high in the K. pneumoniae isolates. Colistin and tigecycline could be the drug of choice for the empirical treatments of MDR and carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae. Our study provides a better understanding of antibiotic resistance threat and enables physicians to select the most appropriate antibiotics.

scholarly journals Exploring of Antimicrobial Activity of TriphalaMashi—AnAyurvedicFormulation

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yogesh S. Biradar ◽  
Sheetal Jagatap ◽  
K. R. Khandelwal ◽  
Smita S. Singhania
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Phytochemical Profile ◽  
Dependent Growth ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Dose Dependent

TriphalaMashiis an ayurvedic formulation that was prepared in our lab. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of both Triphala and TriphalaMashiwere used, to evaluate antimicrobial activity. Comparative phytochemical profile of Triphala and TriphalaMashiwas done by preliminary phytochemical screening, total phenolic content and thin layer chromatography (TLC). Antimicrobial activity includes isolation of pathogens from clinical samples, its characterization, testing its multiple drug resistance against standard antibiotics and antimicrobial activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of both Triphala and TriphalaMashiagainst these organisms by using agar gel diffusion method. TriphalaMashicontaining phenolic compounds, tannins exhibited comparable antimicrobial activity in relation to Triphala against all the microorganisms tested. It inhibits the dose-dependent growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In conclusion, it appears that TriphalaMashihas non-specific antimicrobial activity.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance and in vitro biofilm-forming ability of Enterococci spp. isolated from urinary tract infection in a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Akhter ◽  
S Ahmed ◽  
AA Saleh ◽  
S Anwar
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Persistent Infections ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Microtitre Plate Assay ◽  
Mode Of Life

The biofilm mode of life conveys a survival advantage to the microorganism associated with it. Biofilm on an indwelling urinary catheter consists of adherent microorganisms, their extra cellular products, and host components deposited on the catheter and thus biofilm on urinary catheters results in persistent infections that are resistant to antimicrobial therapy. This study was done during the period of January 2010 to December 2010. Fifty nine enterococci isolated from 1203 urine samples were speciated by conventional microbiological methods and examined for their ability to form biofilm by microtitre plate assay and antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disc diffusion method for 10 clinically relevant antibiotics respectively. Biofilm producing Enterococci were more frequently found in catheterized than in non catheterized patient (p<0.004). Enterococcus faecium showed increased resistantance to multiple antibiotic than Enterococcus faecalis. Significant relationship was found between biofilm production with antibiotic resistance to amoxicillin, co-trimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, cefotaxime, and cefuroxime. This study demonstrated a high propensity among the isolates of Enterococci to form biofilm and a significant association of biofilms with multiple drug resistance. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v40i1.20320 Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2014; 40: 6-9

scholarly journals A study on virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance pattern among enterococci isolated from various clinical specimens from a tertiary care hospital

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 2969
Author(s):  
Hemalatha G. ◽  
Bhaskaran K. ◽  
Sowmiya M. ◽  
Anusheela Howlader ◽  
Sethumadhavan K.
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Vancomycin Resistance ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Drain Tube ◽  
Care Hospital

Background: Enterococci, adult faeces commensal are important nosocomial pathogens. E. faecalis is the most common cause of infection, followed by E. faecium. In the past two decades, they have developed resistance to many commonly used antimicrobial agents. Understanding virulence factors and monitoring antimicrobial resistance among Enterococci is essential for controlling the spread of bacterial resistance and important for epidemiological surveillance within the hospital environment. The aim of the study is to evaluate antibiotic resistance and virulence factors exhibited by Enterococcus sp.Methods: One hundred consecutive isolates of Enterococci isolated from different clinical samples of patients attending AVMC and H, a tertiary care center at Pondicherry in a period of 20 months were included in the study. Enterococcus sp were identified as per standard conventional bacteriologic methods and detected for the production of virulence factors such as Hemolysin production, Gelatinase production. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by disc diffusion method and MIC of vancomycin and teicoplanin was determined by E-test strips.Results: Among 100 Enterococcal isolates included in the study, 81% were E. faecalis and 19% were E. faecium which were isolated from urine (44%), Pus (51%) and others specimen (5%, which includes blood 80% and drain tube 20%). In this study, overall 15% of E. faecalis and 1% of E. faecium showed hemolysin production and Gelatinase was produced by 6% of E. faecalis and 4% of E. faecium. Majority of E. faecalis and E. faecium strains isolated in our study, had increased sensitivity were to be exhibited for Linezolid, Vancomycin followed by high level gentamycin and high degree of resistance to penicillin, ciprofloxacin and cotrimoxazole. Analyzing the results of MIC of vancomycin and teicoplanin, 5 isolates were classified phenotypically as VanB phenotype that possess only moderate to high levels of vancomycin resistance and one isolate obtained from drain tube which showed MIC of vancomycin as 120µg/ml and teicoplanin 16µg/ml was grouped into VanA.Conclusions: Though the prevalence of vancomycin resistant Enterococcci (VRE) is very low in our study, yet regular monitoring of vancomycin resistance is very crucial for early detection, treatment, application of preventive and control measures and most importantly to check the spread of virulent multidrug resistant Enterococcus species.

scholarly journals Characterization, speciation and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Enterococcus species isolated from clinical specimens at a rural tertiary care hospital

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 3484
Author(s):  
Shweta Jaiswal ◽  
Amit Singh ◽  
Rajesh K. Verma ◽  
Dharmendra P. Singh ◽  
Sunita Kumari
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Vancomycin Resistance ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Resistance To Penicillin

Background: Enterococci have attracted much attention in recent years due to their increased recognition as a cause of nosocomial infection. They exhibit vancomycin resistance with increasing frequency so that determination of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern is necessary. Aim of present study is to determine the prevalence and susceptibility pattern of Enterococci in rural tertiary care hospital.Methods: Total of 100 Enterococcus isolated from various clinical samples were identified and speciated by Vitek®2 compact system (BIOMERIEUX). Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Results were interpreted as per CLSI guidelines and vancomycin MIC was determined by E-test method.Results: Out of 100 Enterococcus strains 47 were E. faecalis, 51 were E. faecium, 02 were E. gallinarum and 01 was E. cassaliflavus. Resistance to penicillin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, elevated level gentamycin and high-level streptomycin were observed. All isolates were sensitive to linezolid and teicoplanin, 6% strains showed vancomycin resistance by E-test.Conclusions: High rate of resistance to penicillin, ciprofloxacin and aminoglycosides is observed and emergence of VRE has further worsened this situation. So, there is an urgent need for more rational use of antimicrobials and infection control.

scholarly journals Detection of high-level aminoglycoside resistance by disc diffusion and e-test amongst the enterococcus species isolated from various clinical samples in a tertiary care hospital

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 3527
Author(s):  
Manisha Paul ◽  
Prem Singh Nirwan ◽  
Preeti Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Enterococcus Species ◽  
Aminoglycoside Resistance ◽  
High Level ◽  
Multiple Drugs ◽  
Enterococcal Infections

Background: The emergence of Enterococcus species in causing nosocomial infections poses a therapeutic challenge to clinicians. Enterococci are intrinsically resistance to multiple antibiotics. Acquired resistance to commonly used antibiotics like Ampicillin, Vancomycin and Aminoglycosides have made the situation worse and difficult to treat serious Enterococcal infections. The present study aimed at detection of high-level aminoglycoside resistance by disc diffusion and E-test amongst the Enterococcus species isolated from various clinical samples in a tertiary care hospital.Methods: A total of 102 Enterococcus species isolated from various clinical samples and antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI guidelines. E-test was done for all high level aminoglycoside resistance Enterococcus species isolated by disc diffusion test.Results: Among 102 isolates, 81 were E. faecalis, 18 were E. faecium and 3 were another Enterococcus. Their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern shows all isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, linezolid and teicoplanin with HLGR, HLSR detected in 40 and 38 isolates of E. faecalis, 17  and 13 isolates of E. faecium respectively by disc diffusion whereas by E-test it was detected in 44 and 40 in E. faecalis and 17 and 14 in E. faecium respectively. E. faecium is found to be more resistance to high level aminoglycoside than E. faecalis.Conclusions: Authors hereby conclude that Enterococci being the common cause of hospital acquired infections with their increasing resistance to multiple drugs and acquisition of HLAR; it must be routinely screened for various drugs to prevent drug resistance in hospital settings for serious Enterococcal infections.

High-Level Aminoglycoside Resistance in Enterococcus Faecalis and Enterococcus Faecium; as a Serious Threat in Hospitals

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Khodabandeh ◽  
Mohsen Mohammadi ◽  
Mohammad Reza Abdolsalehi ◽  
Meysam Hasannejad-Bibalan ◽  
Mehrdad Gholami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Aminoglycoside Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Profile ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽  
High Level ◽  
Encoding Genes

Aims and Objectives: The present work aimed to evaluate the frequency of aminoglycoside- modifying enzymes encoding genes in the E. faecalis and E. faecium and their antibiotic resistance profile. Methods: A total of 305 different clinical samples were subjected for identification and antibiotic susceptibility test. The high-level aminoglycoside resistance was identified by MIC and Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. The prevalence of aac (6')-Ie-aph (2'')-Ia, aph (3')-IIIa and ant (4')- Ia genes was determined by multiplex- PCR. In total, 100 enterococci strains were isolated. The prevalence of E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates was 78% and 22%, respectively. Results: All isolates were susceptible to linezolid. So, all E. faecalis were susceptible to vancomycin but, 36.4% of E. faecium were resistant to it. The prevalence of multiple drug resistance strains was 100% and 67.9% of E. faecium and E. faecalis, respectively. High-level-gentamicin and streptomycin resistant rates were as follows; 26.9% and 73.1% of E. faecalis and 77.3% and 90.1% of E. faecium. Conclusion: The results of the current study showed a high frequency of aac (6')-Ie-aph (2'')-Ia genes among enterococcal isolates. A high rate of resistance to antimicrobials in Enterococcus is obviously problematic, and a novel policy is needed to decrease resistance in these microorganisms.

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