A Water-Soluble Fenbendazole (FBZ) Formulation for Treating Pinworm Infections in Laboratory Animals

Phenolphthalein is a colorless and odorless crystalline solid; in a powdered form white or pale yellow. It is non-volatile, practically insoluble in water, but it dissolves in ethanol. Phenolphthalein is not known to occur as a natural product. The synthetic substance is used as a pH indicator in laboratories, during work on metal surfaces in galvanizing plants as well as for measuring the saturation of concrete with carbon dioxide. Until the end of the 20th century, it was widely used as a component of non-prescription laxatives – in 1999 FDA removed phenolphthalein from the list of substances considered safe. In 2016 in Poland 255 enterprises were reported to work with phenolphthalein (mainly laboratories) and there were 2500 occupationally exposed people. Phenolphthalein used in therapeutic doses was well tolerated. Only a few side effects were reported: abdominal discomfort, nausea, reduced blood pressure and weakness. Chronic use of phenolphthalein resulted in widening of the colon, reduced thickness of the lining of the mucosa, gastric disorders, dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. In a 13-week study in which phenolphthalein was administered to laboratory animals with diets, mice turned out to be a more sensitive species from rats. Changes in testes and epididymides were observed in males and hypoplasia and bone marrow necrosis in males and females. The results of genotoxicity studies indicated that phenolphthalein acts as a promutagen and exerts a clastogenic effect after metabolic activation. Studies on the effect of phenolphthalein on the reproduction of animals indicated its harmful effect on reproductive functions of males. In the EU, phenolphthalein is classified as a category-2 mutagen and category-2 reproductive toxicant (due to its effect on fertility). A small increase in the risk of colorectal cancer and ovarian cancer was observed in case-control studies in patients using phenolphthalein-based laxatives (especially with intensive use of these agents), but the relationship was not statistically significant. In a 2-year NTP carcinogenicity study a significant increase in the number of benign phaeochromocytomas and adenomas of renal tubular epithelium was observed in male rats. There was also a significant increase in histiocytic sarcomas in mice of both sexes and in malignant lymphomas (of all types) and thymic lymphomas and benign ovarian tumors in females. Based on these experiments phenolphthalein has been identified as a substance reasonably anticipated as human carcinogen (NTP R). The experiment on heterozygous p53 (+/-) mice of both sexes confirmed an increase in lymphoma cases. Phenolphthalein is classified by European Union experts as a category-1B of carcinogenic substances, i.e. known or presumed human carcinogens, however the classification is largely based on animal evidence. The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) identified phenolphthalein as a substance of very high concern (SVHC). Based on the NTP test results, the additional risk of malignant lymphoma at 8.25 mg/m3 occupational exposure to phenolphthalein for 40 years is 10-4. A concentration of 8 mg/m3 was proposed as the MAC-TWA value for phenolphthalein. Since phenolphthalein is a poorly water-soluble solid, only dust exposure of the substance will occur in the work environment, hence the proposed MAC value should concern the inhalable fraction of the substance. It is proposed to label phenolphthalein as "Carc. 1B" indicating that phenolphthalein is a category-1B carcinogen and "Ft" due to reprotoxicity. There are no bases for establishing the short-term exposure limit value (STEL) and the limit value in biological material (BEI).

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The Antidepressant Effects of (Arcangelisia flava (l.) Merr) Water-Soluble Extract in Balb-C Mice Reviewed from Immobility Time by Forced

Biology Medicine & Natural Product Chemistry ◽

10.14421/biomedich.2014.32.65-67 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 65 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tiara A ◽

Arief R H ◽

Sudarsono Sudarsono

Keyword(s):

Forced Swim Test ◽

White Male ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Test Method ◽

Laboratory Animals ◽

Control Group ◽

Soluble Extract ◽

Antidepressant Effects ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Water Soluble Extract

<p class="Normal1">This study was conducted to examine / determine the antidepressant effects of (<em>Arcangelisiaflava</em> L.) on immobility time of the white male mice strain Balb-c by the forced swim test method. The method of research using laboratory animals such as 25 micewas divided into 5 groups. As a negative control group was only given distilled water ad libitum. Amitryptiline was used as the positive control group; the experiment group was a water-soluble extract of A.flava by multiple doses. The results showed that the best antidepressant effects were312 mg/kgBW ; it had a minimum of immobility time compared with the other groups.</p>

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Distribution and main biological properties of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa isolates in pig farms of Krasnodar region

Veterinaria Kubani ◽

10.33861/2071-8020-2020-6-17-22 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 17-22

Author(s):

Aleksandr V. Skorikov ◽

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Age Groups ◽

Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Biochemical Properties ◽

The Body ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Laboratory Animals ◽

Biochemical Activity ◽

Intraperitoneal Infection

Bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas aeruginosa are widespread microorganisms in pig breeding enterprises of the region, and due to virulent factors and pathogenic properties, in the etiological aspect, it poses a significant threat to the body of various sex and age groups of pigs. In the form of a monoculture, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated in 14.7% of cases, in association with other microorganisms - in 85.2%, and the highest proportion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was manifested in association with Escherichia coli (47.8%), microorganisms that cause the clinic of gastrointestinal diseases in piglets during suckling and weaning periods. A feature of the epizootic manifestation of pseudomonosis in pigs in the conditions of industrial pig breeding is enzootic outbreaks. In 79.9% of cases, growth is accompanied by the formation of a water-soluble pigment of the phenotazine series pyocyanin on selective nutrient media in isolate colonies, in 80-83 % of cases, on MPA with 5 % defibrinated blood, Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonies cause hemolysis zones. Biochemical activity of P. aeruginosa cultures showed low-expressed biochemical properties, they assimilated glucose and arabinose, galactose to the formation of acid, decomposed urea, had proteolytic properties, liquefied gelatin and peptonized milk for 72 hours, showed phosphatous activity, did not form indole and H2S, cultures producing exotoxin A, with intraperitoneal infection of laboratory animals show maximum toxigenic properties. Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates exhibit plasma-coagulating and agesive activity. The obtained results of studying the main biological properties of P. aeruginosa isolates can be used for diagnostic studies and anti-epizootic measures in the region.

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A Toxicological Investigation of the Garden Shrub Brunfelsia Calcyina var. Floribunda (Yesterday-Today-and-Tomorrow) in Three Species

Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation ◽

10.1177/104063879000200102 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 3-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Charles B. Spainhour ◽

Robert A. Fiske ◽

Wayne Flory ◽

John C. Reagor

Keyword(s):

Plant Material ◽

The United States ◽

Clinical Syndrome ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Laboratory Animals ◽

Aqueous Extracts ◽

Fatal Intoxication ◽

Small Children ◽

Toxicological Investigation ◽

Histopathologic Findings

Brunfelsia calcyina var. floribunda is an ornamental evergreen shrub found in the United States. A diagnosis of the fatal intoxication of a canine due to consumption of plant material (primarily berries) was made. The significant features of the clinical constellation were similar to those seen with substances interfering with the neurotransmission process, such as lathyrus or strychnine. Necropsy findings on the canine were unrevealing. Toxicologic studies performed on mice and rats with ground shrub material demonstrated that all parts of this plant are toxic, but unequally so. All plant preparations produced signs similar to those of a spinal convulsant. There were no distinguishing gross pathologic or histopathologic findings associated with the toxicoses induced in the laboratory animals with preparations from this plant. The toxic principles from this shrub are water soluble and very stable. The ability of aqueous extracts stored at 4 C to produce the clinical syndrome and subsequent lethality remained unchanged over a period of 4 months. Exposures are not always fatal. They most often occur in the canine and there is a significant hazard for small children.

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THE ABSORPTION PROPERTIES OF WATER-SOLUBLE CHITOSAN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF APPARATUS IR-RADIATION AND ULTRASOUND IN LABORATORY ANIMALS AT EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC DERMATITIS

Siberian medical review ◽

10.20333/25000136-2015-3-48-52 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 48-52

Author(s):

R. T. Kazanbaev ◽

◽

Y. V. Karacheva ◽

T. A. Yakovleva ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Soluble ◽

Laboratory Animals ◽

Absorption Properties ◽

Ir Radiation ◽

Allergic Dermatitis ◽

Experimental Allergic

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Comparative gastrointestinal and plasma cholesterol responses of rats fed on cholesterol-free diets supplemented with guar gum and sodium alginate

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn2000250 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 85 (3) ◽

pp. 317-324 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

C. J. Seal ◽

J. C. Mathers

Keyword(s):

Bile Acids ◽

Sodium Alginate ◽

Guar Gum ◽

Plasma Cholesterol ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Cholesterol Concentration ◽

Laboratory Animals ◽

Total Output ◽

Adaptation Period ◽

Inclusion Rate

The present study investigated the digestion and cholesterol-lowering effects of the water-soluble NSP guar gum (GG) and sodium alginate (SA) in laboratory animals. Groups of five male Wistar strain rats were fed semi-purified cholesterol-free diets containing 0, 50 or 100 g NSP source/kg for 21 d which comprised a 14-d adaptation period followed by a 7-d balance period. Weight gain over the balance period and food conversion ratio decreased linearly with increasing NSP intake (P=0.006 and P=0.07 respectively). DM digestibility decreased with increasing NSP intake (P=0.001) and this effect was greater for SA-containing diets compared with GG-containing diets (P=0.001). At the lower inclusion rate, 0.9–1.0 of the additional NSP was digested, but this value fell to 0.8 for both NSP sources at the 100 g/kg inclusion rate, implying that the capacity for near complete digestion of the test NSP had been exceeded. Intestinal tissue mass was increased in response to inclusion of both NSP sources. Caecal digesta pH decreased linearly with additional GG, but increased slightly with consumption of SA. Total caecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations (μmol/g caecal contents) increased markedly with 50 g GG/kg but did not increase further with 100 g GG/kg, and were slightly lower than control values in rats consuming SA. Plasma cholesterol concentration fell linearly (P=0.03) with increasing NSP in the diet and the effect was similar for both GG and SA. Total output of faecal bile acids rose in rats fed 50 g GG/kg and 50 g SA/kg (59 μmol/7 d v. 24 μmol/7 d for control rats) with no further increase at the higher inclusion rate. These results show that SA has a strong hypocholesterolaemic effect in rats which is similar to that of GG, and that this effect is most likely to be mediated through an interruption in the entero-hepatic circulation of bile acids and not through increased hepatic supply of propionate from fermentation of the NSP in the large bowel.

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A DFT Calculation: Toxicity of Water Soluble Arsenicals

Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research ◽

10.3329/bjsir.v46i2.6052 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 177-182

Author(s):

MA Salam

Keyword(s):

Density Functional ◽

Minimum Energy ◽

Bond Distance ◽

Cell Types ◽

Vibrational Frequencies ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Laboratory Animals ◽

Atomic Charges ◽

The Density Functional Theory ◽

Potential Applications

We have used the density functional theory to make a predictive toxicity model of water soluble arsenicals. The structures are optimized for the minimum energy of the Schrödinger equation. From this optimized structure, we obtain the bond distance and angles of the stable structures. We have calculated vibrational frequencies, Ionization potential, atomic charges, electrophilicity and electron affinity of those arsenicals. The calculated vibrational frequencies and other physical properties are compared with those found from the different experiment. The mode of vibrational frequencies, electrophilicity and atomic charges (Mulliken) calculated for MMA(III) , DMA(III) ,arsenic acid, arsenous acid, MMA(V) and DMA(V) that follows acute toxicity of those arsenicals in laboratory animals. Raman micro-spectroscopy might also be showed its potential applications in the toxicology screening of chemicals and new biomaterials, with a range of cell types. Applying the model one could predict toxicity level of unknown water soluble arsenicals in future. Keywords : DFT; Raman spectroscopy; toxicity; Water soluble arsenicals; LD50 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v46i2.6052 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 46(2), 177-182, 2011

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Corchorus olitorius L. Leaf Extract Protects Rats from Acrylamide-Induced Hepatic Injury

Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal ◽

10.12944/crnfsj.9.3.11 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 833-840

Author(s):

Bassam Ibrahim Abdulllah Al-Khalifah ◽

Faiyaz Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Defense Mechanisms ◽

Hepatic Injury ◽

Serum Proteins ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Hepatic Damage ◽

Laboratory Animals ◽

Water Soluble Compound ◽

Short Term Exposure ◽

Dose Dependent

Acrylamide is a water-soluble compound that forms during the high-temperature cooking of starchy foods and has carcinogenic, neurotoxic, and genotoxic properties. Also, short-term exposure to acrylamide has been shown to cause significant hepatic injury in laboratory animals, along with disruption of antioxidant defense mechanisms due to excessive ROS production. Therefore, dietary antioxidants are believed to be useful in combating the negative effects of acrylamide. Corchorus olitoris L., also known as molokhia in Arabic, is a leafy vegetable which is shown to possess potent antioxidant and organoprotective properties. In this study, rats were administered with an aqueous extract of molokhia leaves to see if it could protect them against acrylamide-induced hepatic damage. Hepatic injury markers included serum total protein, total bilirubin, ALT, AST, and ALP, while oxidative stress markers included MDA, GSH, CAT, and SOD after dosing with three levels of extract (100, 250, and 500 mg/kg) for 21 days. Results indicated that the extracts substantially reduced elevated levels of bilirubin, ALT, AST, ALP, and MDA to normal levels at all doses. The extracts also brought serum protein, GSH, CAT, and SOD levels back to normal. Although the restoration of serum hepatic enzyme levels was dose dependent, no specific dose dependent relationship was found for serum proteins, MDA, GSH, CAT, or SOD activities. The study's findings show that molokhia leaves extract protects against acrylamide-induced hepatic damage by virtue of its good radical scavenging and anti-lipiperoxidative properties conferred by phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids.

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Pharmacognostic, physicochemical and phytochemical investigation of Bacopa monnieri L. stem and its anticonvulsant potential in laboratory animals

International Journal of Epilepsy ◽

10.1016/j.ijep.2015.02.004 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 02 (01) ◽

pp. 019-027

Author(s):

Amrita Mishra ◽

Arun Mishra ◽

Om PrakashTiwari ◽

Shivesh Jha

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Estimation ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Bacopa Monnieri ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Laboratory Animals ◽

Alcoholic Extract ◽

Bacoside A ◽

Phytochemical Study ◽

Marker Compound ◽

Phytochemical Investigation

Abstract Aim The aim of present work was to study the pharmacognostic standardization, physicochemical, phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation of the stem of Bacopa monnieri L. Method Standard method was followed for pharmacognostic, physicochemical, and phytochemical study. For quantitative analysis, HPTLC technique was employed. Maximal electroconvulsive shock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) method was used for anticonvulsant evaluation. Result Microscopic study of the stem showed presence of epidermis and cortex having large intercellular spaces. The oval shaped starch grains were present in cells of cortex and endodermis. Total ash (5.98%), water-soluble ash (4.91%), acid-insoluble ash (3.96%), water soluble extractive (15.31%) and ethanol soluble extractive (6.74%) values were evaluated for physicochemical evaluations. Quantitative estimation of Bacoside A (marker compound) by HPTLC technique was performed. The linearity (100–600 ng), the % recovery (97.81% w/w) were estimated. The Bacoside A in the alcoholic extract was found to be higher than that of the other extracts. The proposed HPTLC method was found to be simple and accurate. The anticonvulsant activities of all the extracts were evaluated by MES and PTZ models in mice. Conclusion The least anticonvulsant potential was recorded for acetone extract in dose of 100 mg/kg and maximum anticonvulsant action was recorded for ethanolic extract in dose of 300 mg/kg.

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