New Perspectives for SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Detection

Coronaviruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Latifa Khattabi ◽  
Mustapha Mounir Bouhenna ◽  
Feriel Sellam
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Detection ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Virus Attachment ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Diagnostic Kits ◽  
Human Immune

: The present paper elucidates the conceivable application of two key molecules in SARS-CoV-2 detection of suspected infected persons. These molecules were selected from the basis of ACE-2 and S protein strong interaction that allows virus attachment to its host cells, on the other hand specific immunocompetant effectors generated by human immune system during the infection. Several testing procedures are already used to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly RT-PCR technique. ELISA and LFIA are possible assays for the employment of shACE-2/ hAc-anti-S (the molecules of interest) as the main agents of the test and confer a dual principal functions (capture and detection). The future diagnostic kits involving shACE-2 and hAc-anti-S will have the particularity of high sensitivity and rapid detection in addition to its advantage of relatively easy conception. It could be largely considered as a technical advanced kits in regards to the current SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic immunoassays.

scholarly journals Towards enhancing the detection of adulteration in bioactive food products

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Food Products ◽  
The Other ◽  
Consumer Confidence ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
Bioactive Product ◽  
Human Immune

This contribution aims to add a voice towards enhancing the detection of adulteration in bioactive food products. Bioactive foods – strongly associated with plant-based chemical compounds, have been shown to boost human immune function and promote health/wellbeing. On the other hand, adulteration generally makes food products to fall short of legal standards, become impure, unsafe and not wholesome. Given that food products can get adulterated either accidentally, intentionally, metallically or naturally, foods that contain bioactive compounds will not be exempted. Adulteration and adulterants therefore pose serious danger to both authenticity and quality of bioactive foods. Considering this challenge, rapid detection methods are needed to enhance the authenticity of bioactive product quality as well as consumer confidence/safety.

scholarly journals Towards enhancing the detection of adulteration in bioactive food products

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Food Products ◽  
The Other ◽  
Consumer Confidence ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
Bioactive Product ◽  
Human Immune

This contribution aims to add a voice towards enhancing the detection of adulteration in bioactive food products. Bioactive foods—strongly associated with plant-based chemical compounds, have been shown to boost human immune function and promote health/wellbeing. On the other hand, adulteration generally makes food products to fall short of legal standards, become impure, unsafe and not wholesome. Given that food products can get adulterated either accidentally, intentionally, metallically or naturally, foods that contain bioactive compounds will not be exempted. Adulteration and adulterants therefore pose serious danger to both authenticity and quality of bioactive foods. Considering this challenge, rapid detection methods are needed to enhance the authenticity of bioactive product quality as well as consumer confidence/safety.

scholarly journals Clearance of HIV infection by selective elimination of host cells capable of producing HIV

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Li ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
Tonya Bauch ◽  
Edward A. Graviss ◽  
Roberto C. Arduino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Viral Reactivation ◽  
Viral Rebound ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Selective Elimination ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Hiv 1

AbstractThe RNA genome of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is reverse-transcribed into DNA and integrated into the host genome, resulting in latent infections that are difficult to clear. Here we show an approach to eradicate HIV infections by selective elimination of host cells harboring replication-competent HIV (SECH), which includes viral reactivation, induction of cell death, inhibition of autophagy and the blocking of new infections. Viral reactivation triggers cell death specifically in HIV-1-infected T cells, which is promoted by agents that induce apoptosis and inhibit autophagy. SECH treatments can clear HIV-1 in >50% mice reconstituted with a human immune system, as demonstrated by the lack of viral rebound after withdrawal of treatments, and by adoptive transfer of treated lymphocytes into uninfected humanized mice. Moreover, SECH clears HIV-1 in blood samples from HIV-1-infected patients. Our results suggest a strategy to eradicate HIV infections by selectively eliminating host cells capable of producing HIV.

scholarly journals The Fightback

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-39
Author(s):  
Dorothy H. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Biological Warfare ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Viral Mutation ◽  
Human Immune

This chapter discusses some of the barriers viruses must overcome in order to complete their life cycle. To survive, viruses must penetrate host cells before they can begin the process of reproducing their genetic material, and here again viruses appear remarkably resourceful. By carrying a molecular key on their surface, they can disguise themselves as normal body constituents, and latch on to and enter any cell which bears the complementary lock. As such, viruses infect only those cells which display the particular molecular lock that their key fits into, and this restriction dictates the type of cell a virus infects and therefore the symptoms it will cause. Since there are several hundred molecules to choose from, viruses cause a great variety of diseases. However, viruses are not fighting a one-sided battle. Even the simplest organisms have ways of dealing with viruses, but the sophistication and subtlety of the human immune system is unrivalled. The chapter then considers the vital role B and T cells play in the body’s defences. It also traces how viruses and their hosts have co-evolved. Finally, the chapter outlines the threats viruses may pose, including viral mutation and the use of viruses in biological warfare.

Enteric viruses in drinking water supplies

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
A.P. Wyn-Jones ◽  
J. Watkins ◽  
C. Francis ◽  
M. Laverick ◽  
J. Sellwood
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Water Supplies

Two rural spring drinking water supplies were studied for their enteric virus levels. In one, serving about 30 dwellings, the water was chlorinated before distribution; in the other, which served a dairy and six dwellings the water was not treated. Samples of treated (40 l) and untreated (20 l) water were taken under normal and heavy rainfall conditions over a six weeks period and concentrated by adsorption/elution and organic flocculation. Infectious enterovirus in concentrates was detected in liquid culture and enumerated by plaque assay, both in BGM cells, and concentrates were also analysed by RT-PCR. Viruses were found in both raw water supplies. Rural supplies need to be analysed for viruses as well as bacterial and protozoan pathogens if the full microbial hazard is to be determined.

Mother Culture, Meet Mother Nature

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luc Faucher ◽  
Pierre Poirier
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Algorithms ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Evolutionary Information ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Units Of Selection ◽  
Pluralistic Approach ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Plausible Theory ◽  
Different Time Scales

Research on the adaptive characteristics of the human immune system reveals that evolutionary algorithms are not strictly matters of replication. And research in genomics suggests that there is no a single source of evolutionary information that carries the same content in every environment. A plausible theory of cultural evolution must acknowledge the possibility that multiple selective algorithms are operating at different time-scales, on different units of selection, with different logical structures; but it must explain how different selective processes are interfaced to yield culturally stable phenomena. This paper advances an empirically plausible approach to memetics that recognizes a wider variety of evolutionary algorithms; and it advances a pluralistic approach to cultural change. Finally, it shows that multiple forms of processing, operating at different timescales, on different units of selection, collectively sustain the human capacity to form and use certain types of representations.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Is Not Detected in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Encephalopathic COVID-19 Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitris G. Placantonakis ◽  
Maria Aguero-Rosenfeld ◽  
Abdallah Flaifel ◽  
John Colavito ◽  
Kenneth Inglima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Neurologic Sequelae ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Transmembrane Serine Protease

Neurologic manifestations of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infection have received wide attention, but the mechanisms remain uncertain. Here, we describe computational data from public domain RNA-seq datasets and cerebrospinal fluid data from adult patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia that suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection of the central nervous system is unlikely. We found that the mRNAs encoding the ACE2 receptor and the TMPRSS2 transmembrane serine protease, both of which are required for viral entry into host cells, are minimally expressed in the major cell types of the brain. In addition, CSF samples from 13 adult encephalopathic COVID-19 patients diagnosed with the viral infection via nasopharyngeal swab RT-PCR did not show evidence for the virus. This particular finding is robust for two reasons. First, the RT-PCR diagnostic was validated for CSF studies using stringent criteria; and second, 61% of these patients had CSF testing within 1 week of a positive nasopharyngeal diagnostic test. We propose that neurologic sequelae of COVID-19 are not due to SARS-CoV-2 meningoencephalitis and that other etiologies are more likely mechanisms.

scholarly journals Metabolic Swifts Govern Normal and Malignant B Cell Lymphopoiesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8269
Author(s):  
Aikaterini Poulaki ◽  
Stavroula Giannouli
Keyword(s):  
B Cell ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Memory B Cells ◽  
Immunologic Memory ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
B Cell Malignancies ◽  
Stringent Control ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
New Research

B lymphocytes are an indispensable part of the human immune system. They are the effective mediators of adaptive immunity and memory. To accomplish specificity against an antigen, and to establish the related immunologic memory, B cells differentiate through a complicated and strenuous training program that is characterized by multiple drastic genomic modifications. In order to avoid malignant transformation, these events are tightly regulated by multiple checkpoints, the vast majority of them involving bioenergetic alterations. Despite this stringent control program, B cell malignancies are amongst the top ten most common worldwide. In an effort to better understand malignant pathobiology, in this review, we summarize the metabolic swifts that govern normal B cell lymphopoiesis. We also review the existent knowledge regarding malignant metabolism as a means to unravel new research goals and/or therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals Multiplexed detection of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory infections in high throughput by SARSeq

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh Yelagandula ◽  
◽  
Aleksandr Bykov ◽  
Alexander Vogt ◽  
Robert Heinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Massively Parallel ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Saliva Analysis ◽  
Double Blinded ◽  
Generation Sequencing

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the need for massively-parallel, cost-effective tests monitoring viral spread. Here we present SARSeq, saliva analysis by RNA sequencing, a method to detect SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses on tens of thousands of samples in parallel. SARSeq relies on next generation sequencing of multiple amplicons generated in a multiplexed RT-PCR reaction. Two-dimensional, unique dual indexing, using four indices per sample, enables unambiguous and scalable assignment of reads to individual samples. We calibrate SARSeq on SARS-CoV-2 synthetic RNA, virions, and hundreds of human samples of various types. Robustness and sensitivity were virtually identical to quantitative RT-PCR. Double-blinded benchmarking to gold standard quantitative-RT-PCR performed by human diagnostics laboratories confirms this high sensitivity. SARSeq can be used to detect Influenza A and B viruses and human rhinovirus in parallel, and can be expanded for detection of other pathogens. Thus, SARSeq is ideally suited for differential diagnostic of infections during a pandemic.

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