Diversity of AM fungi in certain ornamental plants growing at different sites of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Use of flowers in Indian cultural and religious purposes has a central place in people’s daily lifestyle. In India, increasing demand and supply of various types of flowers opened a vast scope for the production of flowers. In the present study, five important ornamental plants were collected from five different sites of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh for the survey purpose to investigate arbuscular mycorrhizal status and diversity. All the ornamental plant species were found to be mycorrhizal but the magnitude of infection varied with the sites, plants species as well as stages of plant growth. A total of 38 species belonging to four different genera of AM fungi were isolated. Glomus was recorded as the most dominant genus with 22 species, followed by Acaulospora with 14 species, sporocarp of Sclerocystis sinuosa and Scutellospora with a single unidentified species. Study of Shannon Weiner diversity index, Species richness and Species evenness also carried out in all the five sites. Diversity of all the sites showed less variation indicating a stable and a diverse fungal community.

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Biodiversity and distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Araucaria angustifolia forest

Scientia Agricola ◽

10.1590/s0103-90162007000400010 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 64 (4) ◽

pp. 393-399 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Milene Moreira ◽

Dilmar Baretta ◽

Siu Mui Tsai ◽

Sandra Maria Gomes-da-Costa ◽

Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira Cardoso

Keyword(s):

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Root Colonization ◽

Biological Diversity ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Araucaria Angustifolia ◽

Forest Sustainability ◽

Shannon’S Diversity Index

Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze. is an endangered Brazilian coniferous tree that has been almost exterminated in the native areas because of uncontrolled wood exploitation. This tree has been shown to be highly dependent on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and, therefore, AMF may be essential for forest sustainability and biological diversity. Root colonization, density and diversity of AMF spores were assessed in two Araucaria forest stands at the State Park of Alto Ribeira (PETAR), at two sampling dates: May and October. A comparison was made between a mature native stand composed of Araucaria trees mixed into a variety of tropical trees and shrubs, without any sign of anthropogenic interference (FN) and an Araucaria stand planted in 1987 (R), which has been used as a pasture. Assessments included percent root colonization, AMF spore numbers and species richness, Simpson's dominance index (Is), and Shannon's diversity index (H). Mycorrhizal root colonization did not differ between ecosystems in May. In October, however, the native stand (FN) presented a higher colonization than the planted forest (R), and the root colonization was more intense than in May. When considering both sampling periods and forests, 27 species of AM fungi, with higher numbers of spores in FN than in R were found. Canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) indicated Shannon's diversity index as the ecological attribute that contributed the most to distinguish between forest ecosystems, with higher value of H in FN in relation to R. CDA showed to be a useful tool for the study of ecological attributes.

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Increased precipitation, rather than warming, exerts a strong influence on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community in a semiarid steppe ecosystem

Botany ◽

10.1139/cjb-2015-0210 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 94 (6) ◽

pp. 459-469 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Cheng Gao ◽

Yong-Chan Kim ◽

Yong Zheng ◽

Wei Yang ◽

Liang Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fungal Community ◽

Water Availability ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Ecosystem Functions ◽

Spore Density ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Climate Change Scenarios ◽

Steppe Ecosystem

Knowing the responses of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to warming and increased precipitation are critical for understanding how biodiversity is maintained and how the ecosystem functions under global climate-change scenarios in natural ecosystems. In this study, AM fungal communities were examined in a 6 year experiment with warming and increased precipitation, in a semiarid steppe in northern China. Only the increased precipitation, regardless of warming, significantly increased AM fungal extra-radical hyphal density, compared with the control treatment. AM fungal spore density was significantly increased by the combination of warming and increased precipitation, and increased precipitation-only treatments, but not by warming alone. A total of 36 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of AM fungi were recovered by 454 pyrosequencing of 18S rDNA. Only increased precipitation, regardless of warming, significantly decreased AM fungal OTU richness and Shannon diversity index, and yet significantly increased AM fungal Bray–Curtis dissimilarity index, compared with the control treatment. AM fungal community composition was significantly affected by increased precipitation via water availability, but not by warming. Our findings demonstrated that the AM fungal community responded more strongly to water availability than to warming in the semiarid steppe ecosystem.

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Impact of Land Use on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities in Rural Canada

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.01333-13 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 79 (21) ◽

pp. 6719-6729 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Mulan Dai ◽

Luke D. Bainard ◽

Chantal Hamel ◽

Yantai Gan ◽

Derek Lynch

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Species Richness ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

18S Rrna Gene ◽

Fungal Communities ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Canadian Prairie ◽

Highly Correlated

ABSTRACTThe influence of land use on soil bio-resources is largely unknown. We examined the communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in wheat-growing cropland, natural areas, and seminatural areas along roads. We sampled the Canadian prairie extensively (317 sites) and sampled 20 sites in the Atlantic maritime ecozone for comparison. The proportions of the different AM fungal taxa in the communities found at these sites varied with land use type and ecozones, based on pyrosequencing of 18S rRNA gene (rDNA) amplicons, but the lists of AM fungal taxa obtained from the different land use types and ecozones were very similar. In the prairie, the Glomeraceae family was the most abundant and diverse family of Glomeromycota, followed by the Claroideoglomeraceae, but in the Atlantic maritime ecozone, the Claroideoglomeraceae family was most abundant. In the prairie, species richness and Shannon's diversity index were highest in roadsides, whereas cropland had a higher degree of species richness than roadsides in the Atlantic maritime ecozone. The frequencies of occurrence of the different AM fungal taxa in croplands in the prairie and Atlantic maritime ecozones were highly correlated, but the AM fungal communities in these ecozones had different structures. We conclude that the AM fungal resources of soils are resilient to disturbance and that the richness of AM fungi under cropland management has been maintained, despite evidence of a structural shift imposed by this type of land use. Roadsides in the Canadian prairie are a good repository for the conservation of AM fungal diversity.

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010 Colonization Potential of Ornamental Plants by Two Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.34.3.442d ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 442D-442

Author(s):

S. Bergeron ◽

M.-P. Lamy ◽

B. Dansereau ◽

S. Gagne ◽

S. Parent ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Glomus Intraradices ◽

Root Colonization ◽

Ornamental Plants ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Vesicular Arbuscular ◽

Colonization Potential ◽

Solanaceae Family

While the majority of terrestial plants are colonized in soils by vesicular-arbuscular fungi (AM), that does not mean that these species can form a symbiosis with AM fungi in an artificial substrate under commercial production conditions. The purpose of this study was to identify those plants having a colonization potential. In Mar. 1998, 51 species and cultivars of ornamental plants were inoculated with two vesicular-arbuscular fungi (Glomus intraradices Schenk & Smith, and Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerdemann; Premier Tech, Rivière-du-Loup, Quèbec). Periodic evaluations of colonization were done 5, 7, 9, 12, and 16 weeks after seeding. More than 59% of these plants tested were shown to have a good colonization potential with G. intraradices. Species belonging to the Compositae and Labiatae families all colonized. Species in the Solanaceae family showed slight to excellent colonization. Several species studied belonging to the Amaranthaceae, Capparidaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Cruciferae, Gentianaceae, Myrtaceae et Portulaceae families were not colonized. Root colonization with G. etunicatum was not detected on these species and cultivars during this short experimental period.

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Tracking of Zinc Ferrite Nanoparticle Effects on Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Plant Growth, Pigments, Mineral Content and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10030583 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 583

Author(s):

Reda E. Abdelhameed ◽

Nagwa I. Abu-Elsaad ◽

Arafat Abdel Hamed Abdel Latef ◽

Rabab A. Metwally

Keyword(s):

Pisum Sativum ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Zinc Ferrite ◽

Crop Improvement ◽

Nanocrystalline Structure ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Agricultural Applications ◽

The Impact

Important gaps in knowledge remain regarding the potential of nanoparticles (NPs) for plants, particularly the existence of helpful microorganisms, for instance, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi present in the soil. Hence, more profound studies are required to distinguish the impact of NPs on plant growth inoculated with AM fungi and their role in NP uptake to develop smart nanotechnology implementations in crop improvement. Zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) NPs are prepared via the citrate technique and defined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) as well as transmission electron microscopy for several physical properties. The analysis of the XRD pattern confirmed the creation of a nanocrystalline structure with a crystallite size equal to 25.4 nm. The effects of ZnFe2O4 NP on AM fungi, growth and pigment content as well as nutrient uptake of pea (Pisum sativum) plants were assessed. ZnFe2O4 NP application caused a slight decrease in root colonization. However, its application showed an augmentation of 74.36% and 91.89% in AM pea plant shoots and roots’ fresh weights, respectively, compared to the control. Moreover, the synthesized ZnFe2O4 NP uptake by plant roots and their contents were enhanced by AM fungi. These findings suggest the safe use of ZnFe2O4 NPs in nano-agricultural applications for plant development with AM fungi.

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis facilitates apricot seedling (Prunus sibirica L.) growth and photosynthesis in northwest China

International Journal of Coal Science & Technology ◽

10.1007/s40789-021-00408-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yinli Bi ◽

Linlin Xie ◽

Zhigang Wang ◽

Kun Wang ◽

Wenwen Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Northwest China ◽

Shaanxi Province ◽

Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽

Seedling Physiology ◽

Grassland Ecosystems ◽

Time Period ◽

Seedling Biomass ◽

Experimental Treatments

AbstractArbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can successfully enhance photosynthesis (Pn) and plants growth in agricultural or grassland ecosystems. However, how the symbionts affect species restoration in sunlight-intensive areas remains largely unexplored. Therefore, this study’s objective was to assess the effect of AM fungi on apricot seedling physiology, within a specific time period, in northwest China. In 2010, an experimental field was established in Shaanxi Province, northwest China. The experimental treatments included two AM fungi inoculation levels (0 or 100 g of AM fungal inoculum per seedling), three shade levels (1900, 1100, and 550 µmol m−2 s−1), and three ages (1, 3, and 5 years) of transplantation. We examined growth, Pn, and morphological indicators of apricot (Prunus sibirica L.) seedling performances in 2011, 2013, and 2015. The colonization rate in mycorrhizal seedlings with similar amounts of shade is higher than the corresponding controls. The mycorrhizal seedling biomass is significantly higher than the corresponding non-mycorrhizal seedling biomass. Generally, Pn, stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), and water use efficiency are also significantly higher in the mycorrhizal seedlings. Moreover, mycorrhizal seedlings with light shade (LS) have the highest Pn. WUE is increased in non-mycorrhizal seedlings because of the reduction in Tr, while Tr is increased in mycorrhizal seedlings with shade. There is a significant increase in the N, P, and K fractions detected in roots compared with shoots. This means that LS had apparent benefits for mycorrhizal seedlings. Our results also indicate that AM fungi, combined with LS, exert a positive effect on apricot behavior.

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Extraction of short chain chitooligosaccharides from fungal biomass and their use as promoters of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-83299-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Andrea Crosino ◽

Elisa Moscato ◽

Marco Blangetti ◽

Gennaro Carotenuto ◽

Federica Spina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fungal Biomass ◽

Large Scale ◽

Low Cost ◽

Trichoderma Viride ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Production Costs ◽

Short Chain ◽

Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽

Major Interest

AbstractShort chain chitooligosaccharides (COs) are chitin derivative molecules involved in plant-fungus signaling during arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) interactions. In host plants, COs activate a symbiotic signalling pathway that regulates AM-related gene expression. Furthermore, exogenous CO application was shown to promote AM establishment, with a major interest for agricultural applications of AM fungi as biofertilizers. Currently, the main source of commercial COs is from the shrimp processing industry, but purification costs and environmental concerns limit the convenience of this approach. In an attempt to find a low cost and low impact alternative, this work aimed to isolate, characterize and test the bioactivity of COs from selected strains of phylogenetically distant filamentous fungi: Pleurotus ostreatus, Cunninghamella bertholletiae and Trichoderma viride. Our optimized protocol successfully isolated short chain COs from lyophilized fungal biomass. Fungal COs were more acetylated and displayed a higher biological activity compared to shrimp-derived COs, a feature that—alongside low production costs—opens promising perspectives for the large scale use of COs in agriculture.

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Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities in the Soils of Desert Habitats

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9020229 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 229

Author(s):

Martti Vasar ◽

John Davison ◽

Siim-Kaarel Sepp ◽

Maarja Öpik ◽

Mari Moora ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Root ◽

Significant Proportion ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Illumina Miseq ◽

Desert Ecosystems ◽

Fungal Dna ◽

Root Symbionts ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal

Deserts cover a significant proportion of the Earth’s surface and continue to expand as a consequence of climate change. Mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are functionally important plant root symbionts, and may be particularly important in drought stressed systems such as deserts. Here we provide a first molecular characterization of the AM fungi occurring in several desert ecosystems worldwide. We sequenced AM fungal DNA from soil samples collected from deserts in six different regions of the globe using the primer pair WANDA-AML2 with Illumina MiSeq. We recorded altogether 50 AM fungal phylotypes. Glomeraceae was the most common family, while Claroideoglomeraceae, Diversisporaceae and Acaulosporaceae were represented with lower frequency and abundance. The most diverse site, with 35 virtual taxa (VT), was in the Israeli Negev desert. Sites representing harsh conditions yielded relatively few reads and low richness estimates, for example, a Saudi Arabian desert site where only three Diversispora VT were recorded. The AM fungal taxa recorded in the desert soils are mostly geographically and ecologically widespread. However, in four sites out of six, communities comprised more desert-affiliated taxa (according to the MaarjAM database) than expected at random. AM fungal VT present in samples were phylogenetically clustered compared with the global taxon pool, suggesting that nonrandom assembly processes, notably habitat filtering, may have shaped desert fungal assemblages.

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LysM Receptor-Like Kinase LYK9 of Pisum Sativum L. May Regulate Plant Responses to Chitooligosaccharides Differing in Structure

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22020711 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 711

Author(s):

Irina V. Leppyanen ◽

Olga A. Pavlova ◽

Maria A. Vashurina ◽

Andrey D. Bovin ◽

Alexandra V. Dolgikh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Pisum Sativum ◽

Binding Capacity ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽

Plant Responses ◽

Pisum Sativum L ◽

Receptor Like Kinase ◽

Pea Mutants

This study focused on the interactions of pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants with phytopathogenic and beneficial fungi. Here, we examined whether the lysin-motif (LysM) receptor-like kinase PsLYK9 is directly involved in the perception of long- and short-chain chitooligosaccharides (COs) released after hydrolysis of the cell walls of phytopathogenic fungi and identified in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal exudates. The identification and analysis of pea mutants impaired in the lyk9 gene confirmed the involvement of PsLYK9 in symbiosis development with AM fungi. Additionally, PsLYK9 regulated the immune response and resistance to phytopathogenic fungi, suggesting its bifunctional role. The existence of co-receptors may provide explanations for the potential dual role of PsLYK9 in the regulation of interactions with pathogenic and AM fungi. Co-immunoprecipitation assay revealed that PsLYK9 and two proposed co-receptors, PsLYR4 and PsLYR3, can form complexes. Analysis of binding capacity showed that PsLYK9 and PsLYR4, synthesized as extracellular domains in insect cells, were able to bind the deacetylated (DA) oligomers CO5-DA–CO8-DA. Our results suggest that the receptor complex consisting of PsLYK9 and PsLYR4 can trigger a signal pathway that stimulates the immune response in peas. However, PsLYR3 seems not to be involved in the perception of CO4-5, as a possible co-receptor of PsLYK9.

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Target of rapamycin, PvTOR, is a key regulator of arbuscule development during mycorrhizal symbiosis in Phaseolus

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-90288-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Manoj-Kumar Arthikala ◽

Kalpana Nanjareddy ◽

Lourdes Blanco ◽

Xóchitl Alvarado-Affantranger ◽

Miguel Lara

Keyword(s):

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Target Of Rapamycin ◽

Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽

Energy Status ◽

Symbiotic Associations ◽

Expression Of Genes ◽

Fungal Symbiosis ◽

Am Fungus ◽

Am Symbiosis

AbstractTarget of rapamycin (TOR) is a conserved central growth regulator in eukaryotes that has a key role in maintaining cellular nutrient and energy status. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are mutualistic symbionts that assist the plant in increasing nutrient absorption from the rhizosphere. However, the role of legume TOR in AM fungal symbiosis development has not been investigated. In this study, we examined the function of legume TOR in the development and formation of AM fungal symbiosis. RNA-interference-mediated knockdown of TOR transcripts in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) hairy roots notably suppressed AM fungus-induced lateral root formation by altering the expression of root meristem regulatory genes, i.e., UPB1, RGFs, and sulfur assimilation and S-phase genes. Mycorrhized PvTOR-knockdown roots had significantly more extraradical hyphae and hyphopodia than the control (empty vector) roots. Strong promoter activity of PvTOR was observed at the site of hyphal penetration and colonization. Colonization along the root length was affected in mycorrhized PvTOR-knockdown roots and the arbuscules were stunted. Furthermore, the expression of genes induced by AM symbiosis such as SWEET1, VPY, VAMP713, and STR was repressed under mycorrhized conditions in PvTOR-knockdown roots. Based on these observations, we conclude that PvTOR is a key player in regulating arbuscule development during AM symbiosis in P. vulgaris. These results provide insight into legume TOR as a potential regulatory factor influencing the symbiotic associations of P. vulgaris and other legumes.

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