scholarly journals Historical Survey of the Railway Development in West-Africa

Afrika Focus ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Van Criekinge
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Financial Policy ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
World War ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Railway Construction ◽  
Agricultural Revolution

The present day railway system in West Africa is the result of the transportpolicy developed by the colonial powers (France, Great Britain and Germany) at the end of the 19th century. lt is remarkable that no network of railways, like in Southern Africa, was brought about. The colonial railways in West Africa were built by the State or by a joint-stock company within the borders of one colony to export the raw materials from the production centres to the harbours. Nevertheless railways were built for more than economical grounds only, in West Africa they had to accomplish a strategic and military role by "opening Africa for the European civilization". Hargreaves calls railways the "heralds of new imperialism" and Baumgart speaks of the own dynamics of the railways, to push the European colonial powers further into Africa... The construction of a railway needed a very high capital investment and the European capitalists wouldn't like to take risks in areas that were not yet "pacified". It is remarkable how many projects to build a Transcontinental railway right across the Sahara desert largely remained on paper. Precisely because such plans did not materialize, however, the motive force they provided to such imperialist actions as political-territorial annexations can be traced all the more clearly.The French built the first railway in West Africa, the Dakar - St-Louis line (Senegal), between 1879 and 1885. This line stimulated the production of ground-nuts, although the French colonial-military lobby has had other motives. The real motivation became very clear at the construction of the Kayes - Bamako railway. Great difficulties needed the military occupation of the region and the violent recruitment of thousands of black labourers, all over the region. The same problems transformed the building of the Kayes-Dakar line into a real hell. Afterwards the Sine Saloum region has been through a "agricultural revolution", when the local ground-nuts-producers have been able toproduce forforeign markets. The first British railways were built in Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast-colony (Ghana). In Nigeria railway construction stimulated the growth of Lagos as an harbour and administrative centre. Lugard had plans for the unification of Nigeria by railways. The old Hausa town of Kano flourished after the opening of the Northern Railway, for other towns a period of decline had begun. Harbour cities and interior railwayheads caused an influx of population from periphery regions, the phenomenon is called "port concentration". Also the imperial Germany built a few railwaylines in theirformer colony Togo, to avoid the traffic flow off to the British railways. If s quite remarkable that the harbours at the Gulf of Guinea-coast developed much later than the harbours of Senegal and Sierra Leone.After the First World War only a few new railways were constructed, the revenues remained very low, so the (colonial) state had to take over many lines. The competition between railways and roadtransport demonstrated the first time in Nigeria, it was the beginning of the decline of railways as the most important transportsystems in West Africa. Only multinational companies built specific railways for the export of minerals (iron, ore and bauxite) after the Second World War, and the French completed the Abidjan - Ouaga-dougou railway (1956).The consequences of railway construction in West Africa on economic, demographic and social sphere were not so far-reaching as in Southern Africa, but the labour migration and the first labour unions of railwaymen organized strikes in Senegal and the Ivory Coast mentioned the changing social situation.The bibliography of the West African railways contains very useful studies about the financial policy of the railway companies and the governments, but only afew railways were already studied by economic historians. KEY WORDS : bibliographical survey, colonial history, economic and demographic consequences, railway development, West Africa 

scholarly journals Historisch Overzicht van de Spoorwegen in West-Afrika

Afrika Focus ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 133-152
Author(s):  
Jan van Criekinge
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
World War ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Railway Construction ◽  
Agricultural Revolution

Historical Survey of the Railway Development in West Africa The present day railway system in West Africa is the result of the transport-policy developed by the colonial powers (France, Great Britain and Germany) at the end of the 19th century. It is remarkable that no network of railways, like in Southern Africa, was brought about. The colonial railways in West Africa were built by the State or by a joint-stock company within the borders of one colony to export the raw materials from the production centres to the harbours. Nevertheless railways were built for more than economical grounds only, in West Africa they had to accomplish a strategic and military role by “opening Africa for the European civilization”. Hargreaves calls railways the “heralds of new imperialism” and Baumgart speaks of the own dynamics of the railways, to push the European colonial powers further into Africa ... The construction of a railway needed a very high capital investment and the European capitalists wouldn’t like to take risks in areas that were not yet “pacified”. It is remarkable how many projects to build a Transcontinental railway right across the Sahara desert largely remained on paper. Precisely because such plans did not materialize, however, the motive force they provided to such imperialist actions as political-territorial annexations can be traced all the more clearly. The French built the first railway in West Africa, the Dakar - St-Louis line (Senegal), between 1879 and 1885. This line stimulated the production of ground-nuts, although the French colonial-military lobby has had other motives. The real motivation became very clear at the construction of the Kayes-Bamako railway. Great difficulties needed the military occupation of the region and the violent recruitment of thousands of black labourers, all over the region. The same problems transformed the building of the Kayes-Dakar line into a real hell. Afterwards the Siné Saloum region has been through a “agricultural revolution”, when the local ground-nuts-producers have been able to produce for foreign markets. The first British railways were built in Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast-colony (Ghana). Jn Nigeria railway construction stimulated the growth of Lagos as an harbour and administrative centre. Lugard had plans for the unification of Nigeria by railways. The old Hausa town of Kano flourished after the opening of the Northern Railway, for other towns a period of decline had begun. Harbour cities and interior railwayheads caused an influx of population from periphery regions, the phenomenon is called “port concentration”. Also the imperial Germany built a few railwaylines in their former colony Togo, to avoid the traffic flow off to the British railways. ifs quite remarkable that the harbours at the Gulf of Guinea-coast developed much later than the harbours of Senegal and Sierra Leone. After the First World War only a few new railways were constructed, the revenues remained very low, so the (colonial) state had to take over many lines. The competition between railways and roadtransport demonstrated the first time in Nigeria, it was the beginning of the decline of railways as the most important transportsystems in West Africa. Only multinational companies built specific railways for the export of minerals (iron, ore and bauxite) after the Second World War, and the French completed the Abidjan - Ouagadougou railway (1956). The consequences of railway construction in West Africa on economic, demographic and social sphere were not so far-reaching as in Southern Africa, but the labour migration and the first labour unions of railwaymen who organized strikes in Senegal and the Ivory Coast mentioned the changing social situation. The bibliography of the West African railways contains very useful studies about the financial policy of the railway companies and the governments, but only a few railways were already studied by economic historians.

Assortment Analysis And Comparative Characteristics Of The Results Of Registration Of Sedative Drugs In The Republic Of Uzbekistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (07) ◽  
pp. 77-91
Author(s):  
Firuza Alisherovna Umarova ◽  
◽  
Kamal Saidakbarovich Rizaev ◽  
Nemat Kayumovich Olimov ◽  
Zaynab Enverovna Sidametova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Product ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Dry Extract ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Sedative Drugs

Analysis of the assortment of sedatives registered in the Republic of Uzbekistan showed that sedatives are represented on the pharmaceutical market of the country by such dosage forms as drops, solutions, tinctures, syrups, medicinal herbal raw materials, capsules and tablets. Considering that sedatives registered in the form of a substance, with the exception of the dry extract of Leoglycyrfl produced by “Uzkimyofarm”, there are practically no names of S.K. Islambekov in the Joint Stock Company. In this regard, we consider it expedient to create a new sedative medicinal product of herbal origin in the form of a substance and obtain dosage forms based on it.

scholarly journals The impact of functional groups of the surface of carbon materials on the efficiency of purification of extraction phosphoric acid from fluorine compounds

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
Smirnov N.N. ◽  
Konoval A.V. ◽  
Smirnova D.N. ◽  
Kochetkov S.P.
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Carbon Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Carbon Adsorbents ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Fluorine Compounds ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Extraction Phosphoric Acid

The environmental problems of the production of extraction phosphoric acid and the effect of fluorine on the human body are discussed in the article. The creation of the industry of phosphoric fertilizers on the basis of processing of fluorine-containing phosphate raw materials and fluorine-containing compounds, the development of their application require the study of environmental consequences arising from this, because fluorine is characterized by high mobility in the biological cycle of metabolism. For the purification of phosphoric acid from fluorine was used carbon adsorbents such as active charcoal brand BAU, natural graphite deposits Kyshtymsky, P514 soot, charcoal. Experiments on the purification was carried out on non-evaporated half-hydrated extraction phosphoric acid which was produced by joint stock company «Apatit» in Cherepovets city in Russia. The following analyses were carried out: IR-Fourier spectrometry, research of acid–base properties of carbon materials by potentiometric titration, potentiometric method of fluorine determination in extraction phosphoric acid. It is mentioned that the carbon black P514 is the most efficient adsorbent for purification of extraction phosphoric acid. The total number of functional groups on its surface is 0.62 mmol/g, the degree of purification from fluorine compounds is 94.8%.

scholarly journals A New Way Of Investing On The Agricultural Real Estate Market In Poland

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jarosław Szreder ◽  
Piotr Walentynowicz
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Housing Market ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Big Cities

Abstract When compared to other segments of the market, the agricultural real estate market is a completely different world. While there have been possibilities to observe price corrections over the recent years of the economic crisis, e.g., on the housing market in big cities, on the market of holiday apartments or building plots, the agricultural real estate market remains stable in relation to prices. The average transactional prices of agricultural real properties are gradually growing, and the number of purchase transactions is continuously increasing. Based to the above mentioned trends, the author of the present paper put forward the thesis that investing in agricultural real properties is economically justified during times of economic crisis. One of the best forms of capital investment is that of a limited joint-stock company (S.K.A.).

scholarly journals PRICING AND EXPENSES MANAGEMENT IN FOOD INDUSTRY ENTERPRISES

2018 ◽  
pp. 176-181
Author(s):  
Nataliia Slobodian ◽  
Olena Saukhina
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Consumer Price Index ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Comparison Method ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Definition Of

Introduction. The article defines the definition of pricing and determines its main factors. The consumer price index for food and soft drinks in Ukraine has been analysed in recent years. The dynamics of demand for products and the main components of price are observed. The analysis of expenses management on the example of the Private Joint-Stock Company «Konotop Bakery» is carried out. The article reveals the main methods and tools for determining the price and margins in the food industry enterprises. Purpose. The article aims to analyse the approaches to pricing and expenses management in food industry enterprises. Method (methodology). In order to reach the goal of the research we have used the following methods: methods of analysis and synthesis, method of systematic approach, method of theoretical and logical generalization, comparison method, method of factor and structural analysis. Results. The peculiarities of pricing at food industry enterprises have been investigated. Among these methods, which influence the formation of prices, we can distinguish the following ones: the social nature of products of the industry, the scale of state control and regulation of prices, the dependence of prices on products from cost of raw materials, materials prices and high competition. The introduction of new high technologies for the production of competitive products at food industry enterprises in order to compete on the domestic and foreign markets has been recommended. The search of new suppliers of raw materials with lower prices in order to reduce the cost of raw materials and optimize the costs of its production has to be initiated.

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO CREATING AN EFFECTIVE SYSTEM OF INCOMING CONTROL AND PROCUREMENT MANAGEMENT

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-49
Author(s):  
D. Y. Kozlova ◽  
Y. V. Denisova ◽  
V. F. Sopin
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Quality Management System ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Machine Building ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Manufactured Products ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Methodological Approaches

A key component of the quality management system is the incoming quality control of raw materials, materials and components. The course of the further production process and the quality of manufactured products depend on the correctness of its implementation, the accuracy of compliance with all the necessary procedures. Another important aspect that is inextricably linked with incoming inspection is working with suppliers. In order to minimize costs and increase the effectiveness of actions, it is necessary to establish a stable and well-coordinated work on the supply of raw materials, materials and components. To accomplish this task, the enterprise must develop and approve a methodology for evaluating suppliers, which allows them to conduct a comprehensive analysis, choose the most reliable suppliers with a proven reputation and high performance. The research base is a machine-building enterprise – public joint-stock company “NEFAZ” (PJSC “NEFAZ”). The article identifies problem areas and suggests methods for their improvement. Based on the results of the study, a comprehensive methodology for assessing suppliers has been developed, which makes it possible to determine the rating of the supplier and, depending on this, to establish the type of incoming control. Possible types of effect from the introduction of this technique at the enterprise are considered.

scholarly journals PROCUREMENT MANAGEMENT AS A CONDITION OF INCREASING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF AGRO-PROCESSING ENTERPRISES

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 268-274
Author(s):  
Yahor Zhyluk ◽  
Daina Znotina ◽  
Alena Lisichonak
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Regional Competitiveness ◽  
Procurement Management ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Country Competitiveness ◽  
Main Factor

The authors systematized approaches to the essence of the categories “product competitiveness”, “enterprise competitiveness”, “field competitiveness”, “regional competitiveness” and “country competitiveness”. The authors formulated the definition of competitiveness. The approaches to the classification of competitiveness factors are systematized. The authors’ classification of factors was developed. The authors have proved that the main factor in the competitiveness of enterprises is raw materials. Obtaining raw materials by the enterprise is carried out through procurement. Thus, the management of procurement of goods, having the largest share in the cost of the final product, is the main factor affecting the competitiveness of the enterprise. The authors have systematized approaches to characterizing the essence, goals and objectives of procurement management and to the classification of purchases. The authors’ definition of procurement management and the composition of its principles are proposed. The mechanisms of influence on the management of procurement and processing enterprises of the agro-industrial complex are investigated on the example of the open joint-stock company “Pukhovichi Plant of Grain Products” (Belarus). Possible ways to improve the procurement management of the studied organization are proposed. The recommendations proposed by the authors can be used by other organizations of the processing industry of the agro-industrial complex. 

scholarly journals The role of “Soyuzzoloto”joint-stock company in the geological development of the North-East of Russia in 1928–1931 .

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4/2020) ◽  
pp. 23-38
Author(s):  
G.A. Pustovoit ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Russian State ◽  
East Russia

The paper reconstructs the process of accumulation of scientific knowledge on the geology of the North-East of Russia and evaluates the results. On the basis of extensive collections of documents in the State Archive of the Russian Federation, Russian State Archive of Economy, Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, State Ar-chive of the Magadan Region, and local publications of 1930–1940, and memoirs of contemporaries we ac-cessed the contribution of geologists of joint-stock company «Soyuzzoloto» to the sharing of scientific knowledge on the mineral potential of North-East Russia. This provides better understanding of the practice of mining development in the North-East of Russia, introduces the valuable types of mineral raw materials into economic circulation, personal aspects of this phenomenon. The huge amount of factual material collected by «Soyuzzoloto» required the scientific and technical support of the mining industry. All necessary resources of the North-East of Russia were organized of in a single center ––the «Dalstroy» trust.

The Perils of ‘Progress’

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-63
Author(s):  
Derrick M. Nault
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Concentration Camp ◽  
Genocide Convention ◽  
World War ◽  
South West Africa ◽  
Key Events

Chapter Two, building on the insights of the German American political theorist Hannah Arendt, examines the African colonial origins of Nazi atrocities that led to the issuing of such documents as the Nuremberg Principles and Genocide Convention. It shows that Nazi racial beliefs, hardly a product of the 1930s or 40s, emerged from nineteenth-century theories of race and progress that were tested and refined in Africa. Highlighting the plight of blacks in South Africa and Nama and Herero in German South-West Africa, it further demonstrates that the concentration camp as an instrument of dehumanization and death was first perfected in southern Africa and later inspired Nazi proponents of genocide. As to why colonial Africa’s significance for World War II atrocities has largely gone unrecognized, the chapter discusses key events and social processes that gave rise to obfuscations and omissions in global historical memory.

scholarly journals Defense Contracts as a Factor of Intensification of the Financial Capital Formation Process on the Eve and During World War I (on the Example of the Joint-Stock Company of Bryansk Factory and the Russo-Asiatic Bank)

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-451
Author(s):  
Yasyn Sakhib ogly Abdullaev
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Formation Process ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Financial Capital ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
World War ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Defense Contracts

This article discusses the role of defense contracts as a factor of intensification of the financial capital formation process in Russia on the eve and during World War I. The author made an attempt to analyze how the activities of private enterprises carried out for the Ministry of War influenced their merging with commercial banks on the example of the Joint-Stock Company of Bryansk Factory and the Russo-Asiatic Bank. The switch of leading Russian metal-working and metallurgical corporations to military production was caused by objective reasons, since it allowed them to increase profitability and avoid many economic risks. The profits obtained as a result of the fulfillment of government contracts stimulated the banking sector to invest more actively in the industrial complex, which led to merging banks with industrial firms and to the creation of monopoly concerns of a higher level. In the case of the Bryansk Factory Company and the Russo-Asiatic Bank, it was a matter of large-scale production of army products and of particularly large operations in the Russian market. Among other things, the activities of these companies were closely associated with the foreign capital represented by French financial industrial groups. This study is based on such historical sources as documentary materials from the archives in St. Petersburg and Moscow.

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