Expectancy in Urban Farming Engagement

Urban farming is seen as a sustainable practice with the social, economic and urban environment benefits. Despite the efforts by the government, there is lack of public participation in urban farming activities and challenges in sustaining urban farming participants’ interest. The study is aimed at measuring urban farming participation motivations using the Expectancy Theory of Motivation which is made up of three aspects; namely expectancy, instrumentality and valence. This paper describes the findings regarding the expectancy aspect of motivation (measured by using Expectancy theory) in urban farming activity in Malaysia.Keywords: Expectancy, Urban farming, Motivational factor, Sustainable practice.eISSN 2398-4279 © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ajqol.v3i13.157

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Livelihood Patterns of the Tibetan Refugees in Kathmandu

KMC Research Journal ◽

10.3126/kmcrj.v2i2.29951 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 71-94

Author(s):

Neelam Shahi

Keyword(s):

Social Economic ◽

Economic Status ◽

Household Survey ◽

Third Party ◽

Home Affair ◽

The Social ◽

The Government ◽

Tibetan Refugees ◽

Sampling Survey

This Study entitled as “Livelihood Pattern of the Tibetan Refugees in Nepal” (A Case Study of the Samdupling in Jawalakhel and Khampa Refugee Camp in Boudha- Jorpati) aims to discover the livelihood patterns of Tibetan refugees residing in the Samdupling camp in Jawalakhel and Khampa Refugee’s Camp in Boudha-Jorpati. The paper intends to examine the problems confronted by Tibetan refugees residing in the Samdupling camp and Khampa Refugee’s Camp. The study itself is conducted with the objectives of describing the present socio-economic status of Tibetan refugees dwelling in aforementioned camps located inside the Kathmandu valley and Lalitpur. This write-up not only deals with different livelihood aspects of Tibetan refugees but also compares the livelihood of two camps to list out the social, economic and political problems affecting their livelihood. However, this study is mainly based on the primary information and the data which were collected using the techniques of household survey and sampling survey, along with questionnaire and interview during the several field visits to camps. The paper concludes by stating that government intervention is required to resolve the issues affecting the livelihood of Tibetan refugees. Tibetan refugees’ problems required a political yet humanitarian resolution. The government needs to decide on whether to endow the citizenship or refugee card to the refugees who have been deprived of the both, or opt for the third-party settlement. For that Tibetans refugees also need to cooperate and coordinate with the refugees department under the Ministry of the Home Affair, Government of Nepal

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Indian shopper motivation to use artificial intelligence

International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management ◽

10.1108/ijrdm-11-2018-0251 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 331-347 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Komal Chopra

Keyword(s):

Grounded Theory ◽

Expectancy Theory ◽

Theory Approach ◽

Content Type ◽

Consumer Motivation ◽

Young Consumers ◽

Grounded Theory Approach ◽

Theory Of Motivation ◽

Vroom's Expectancy Theory ◽

Expectancy Theory Of Motivation

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand motivation of young consumers to use artificial intelligence (AI) tools such as chatbots, voice assistants and augmented reality in shopping by generating Vroom’s expectancy theory of motivation using grounded theory approach.Design/methodology/approachGrounded theory approach has been used to develop the Vroom’s expectancy theory. Initially data were collected through participant interviews using theoretical sampling. These data were analyzed and coded using the three step process, i.e. open coding, axial coding and selective coding. The categories created during coding were integrated to generate Vroom’s expectancy theory of motivation.FindingsThe findings indicate that Vroom’s expectancy theory of motivation can be used to explain motivation of young consumers to use AI tools as an aid in taking shopping decisions. The motivation may be intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation or force choice motivation. Expectancy represents the ease of using the tools, instrumentality represents competence of tools in performing desired tasks while valence represents satisfaction, rewarding experience and trust in using of tools.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of the study are based on grounded theory approach which is an inductive approach. Alternate research methodologies, both inductive and deductive, need to be employed to strengthen the external validity and generalize the results. The study is limited to shopping motives of young consumers in India. A comparison with other consumer motivational studies has not been done. Hence no claim is made regarding the advantage of Vroom’s theory over other motivational theories.Practical implicationsThe study has strong implications for retailers in developing countries which are seen as an emerging market for retail and have introduced AI tools in recent years. The Vroom’s expectancy theory will help retailers to understand consumer motivation in using AI tools or shopping.Originality/valueVroom’s expectancy theory to understand consumer motivation to use AI tools in shopping was generated using the grounded theory approach.

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The #EndSARS protest, corruption and insecurity debates in Nigeria

IKENGA Journal of Institute of African Studies ◽

10.53836/ijia/2021/22/2/009 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 163-184

Author(s):

Caleb Danjuma Dami ◽

◽

Keyword(s):

Social Movement ◽

Analytical Method ◽

Social Economic ◽

Resource Control ◽

Police Brutality ◽

Political Situation ◽

Secondary Sources ◽

The Social ◽

The Government ◽

Mass Protest

The mass protest to end the Special Anti-Robbery Squad (known as the #EndSARS protest) was a decentralized social movement and series of mass protests against police brutality in Nigeria. The protest started in 2017 as a Twitter campaign using the hash tag #ENDSARS to demand the disbanding of the Special Anti-Robbery Squad. This paper argues that the #EndSARS protest in Nigeria was a microcosmic manifestation of the deeply rooted dissatisfaction of Nigerians with the social, economic and political situation of the country. Data was collected using secondary sources such as internet material, journal, research reports and textbooks, and were analyzed using the expository and analytical method of inquiry, the paper demonstrates that the protest was just the avenue the Nigerian youths got to ventilate their frustration, disappointment and anger with the government. The paper asserts that nepotism, tribalism, insecurity and corruption are the underlying issues that fuelled the protest. Restructuring and resource control, which underline the gross inequality in Nigeria, are other current debates that gave rise to the protest. Following the analysis, the paper concludes that nepotism, tribalism, insecurity and corruption are the bane of Nigeria’s economic, political and social ill.

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CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE PINE NUT PRODUCTIVE CHAIN IN RS: A COMPARISON WITH BRAZILIAN CHESTNUTS IN ACRE

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v51i2.69864 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 466

Author(s):

Elke Lima Santos ◽

Jorge Antonio De Farias ◽

Luana De Campos de Jesus ◽

Débora Luana Pasa

Keyword(s):

Technical Assistance ◽

Social Economic ◽

Forest Products ◽

Added Value ◽

Production Chain ◽

Pine Nut ◽

The North ◽

The Social ◽

The Government

Brazil has a vast diversity of natural resources, which are important in the economic and social context of many families, identified through non-wood forest products (NWFP), among them chestnuts, in the north, and pine nut, in the south of the country. Thus, the objective of the work was to analyze the productive chain of the Brazilian chestnuts in order to establish and identify potentialities existing in its productive chain that can be used to promote the pine nut productive chain in the social, economic and environmental spheres. The study was carried out through the application of an open questionnaire, having as target audience representatives linked to the commercialization and research of both forest products. As a main result, it is evident that the pine nut has an incomplete production chain, presenting itself as a product with secondary representation in the formation of farmers' income, which contributes to the structure of pine nut commercialization being incipient. In addition, the lack of social organization for extractivism is responsible for the non-consolidation of the chain, coupled with the incipient process of industrialization and processing of the pine nut. which limits the added value of the product. There is a need for greater interest and attention on the part of the government with actions involving entities that can assist in the most different spheres, as well as providing technical assistance, research, and financial support.

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Expectancy Theory of Motivation and Substance Use Treatment: Implications for Music Therapy

Music Therapy Perspectives ◽

10.1093/mtp/miaa019 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Marshall Yoes ◽

Michael J Silverman

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Clinical Practice ◽

Music Therapy ◽

Expectancy Theory ◽

Future Research ◽

Music Therapists ◽

Theoretical Understanding ◽

Improved Performance ◽

Theory Of Motivation ◽

Expectancy Theory Of Motivation

Abstract The existing literature indicates that motivation is an important predictor of treatment outcome for people with substance use disorders (SUD). Although researchers have found that music therapy can positively impact motivation for people with SUD, the music therapy and SUD literature base lack a theoretical understanding of motivation. Vroom’s expectancy theory of motivation (ETM) is an established theoretical framework positing that motivation depends on three relationships: expectancy, instrumentality, and valence. These relationships consist of four variables: effort, performance, reward, and preference. Based on these four variables, motivation depends on the expectation that an increase in effort will lead to improved performance, thus leading to a reward aligned with an individual’s preferences. The purpose of this paper is to apply Vroom’s ETM to music therapy and SUD clinical practice and research. We reviewed the existing literature addressing Vroom’s ETM within SUD treatment and created a model to depict how to apply Vroom’s ETM to music therapy clinical practice for people with SUD. Application of Vroom’s ETM may help music therapists understand and augment motivation for people with SUD, potentially leading to relapse prevention and recovery. Implications for clinical practice, limitations, and suggestions for future research are provided.

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Innovative Infrastructure Financing through Value Capture in Indonesia

10.22617/spr200093-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Social Economic ◽

New Method ◽

Infrastructure Investment ◽

Value Capture ◽

A Value ◽

The Social ◽

Fiscal Space ◽

Infrastructure Investments ◽

The Government

Indonesia needs significant additional infrastructure investment to sustain its economic growth. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has further limited the fiscal space of the government. This report proposes a new method to increase infrastructure investment based on the concept of value capture. The report studies how Indonesia’s existing policies and regulations can be used to build a value capture framework that ensures the maximization of the social, economic, and environmental value of infrastructure investments. The framework focuses on strategies to deliver infrastructure projects that create greater value and, at the same time, generate funding for up-front investment.

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Brazil’s social economic incubators

Towards Just and Sustainable Economies ◽

10.1332/policypress/9781447327226.003.0007 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Reinaldo Pacheco da Costa

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Social Economic ◽

The Political ◽

Historical Evolution ◽

Solidarity Economy ◽

Economic Plan ◽

The Social ◽

Economic Stagnation ◽

The Government ◽

Political Scene

In the 1980s, coinciding with the struggle for Brazil's re-democratisation, the Solidarity Economy movement emerged as an alternative to an economic plan that resulted in massive unemployment and economic stagnation. In this context, workers organizations based in self-management principles arose as a comprehensive economic, political and social movement. The Social Economic Incubators (SEI) support the creation of solidarity economic ventures (SEVs) in low-income communities through an incubation process conducted by universities to help generating income and jobs. This chapter gives an overview of these incubators, starting with a discussion of their historical evolution and political scene; presenting the political and pedagogical process adopted within the incubators and its methodology regarding the social economic ventures; and showing how these incubators were supported by the government and the civil society. Finally, the chapter discusses the results and benefits of the incubation process, not only in economic terms, but also in its educational, cultural and political nature.

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Challenges to Professional Autonomy in the United Kingdom? The Perceptions of General Practitioners

International Journal of Health Services ◽

10.2190/fndk-ru9x-r2n8-2rvt ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 219-241 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Michael Calnan ◽

Simon Williams

Keyword(s):

United Kingdom ◽

General Practitioners ◽

Social Economic ◽

The United States ◽

Professional Autonomy ◽

New Managerialism ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

The Social ◽

The Government

Theoretical analysis has suggested that so-called threats to professional autonomy in the United States might also be manifesting themselves in the United Kingdom through the introduction of market principles and the new “managerialism” into the National Health Service by the government and through the emergence of complementary medicine and the role of the “articulate” consumer. The authors explore these issues by focusing on how a sample of the “rank and file” of general practitioners perceive these potential challenges from “above and below.” The evidence suggests that the social, economic, and clinical freedoms of general practitioners remain intact although these external influences appear to have changed the style of clinical practice, which is a source of concern and dissatisfaction to some general practitioners.

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Globalization and Security: The Economic, Social and Political Aspects

Business Inform ◽

10.32983/2222-4459-2021-5-16-21 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (520) ◽

pp. 16-21

Author(s):

M. D. Kramchaninova ◽

◽

V. V. Vakhlakova ◽

Keyword(s):

Open Economy ◽

Social Economic ◽

Political Stability ◽

Political Life ◽

Economic Stability ◽

Political Consequences ◽

Political Processes ◽

The Social ◽

The Government ◽

Political Security

This research underlines the growing importance of critical studying the role of globalization in the context of the problem of ensuring human security. In the global open economy, direct changes in the nature of economic activity and social interaction significantly increase the weight and importance of the factors that affect social, political and economic stability. By carrying out an analysis of the data reflecting the results of the social, economic and political consequences of COVID-19, the authors try to provide useful insights into the patterns inherent in the economic, social and political processes. Studying the dynamics of pandemic development allows to examine in more detail the connection between the economy, social security and political stability, paying attention to the nature of social, economic and political processes and the scale of their interdependence. According to the results of the research, the main threats arising from the pandemic in the field of economic, social and political components of national security have been established. It is displayed that the social, economic and political security spheres within the State are interrelated. Due to the relationship between them, the lack of stabilization in one of these areas can generate potential danger and changes of negative nature in other areas. Most of the risks and threats identified by the authors flow out of each other, which makes them also interrelated. In the view of the authors, public expectations as to political and economic interactions in the field of ensuring national and global security require the government to make significant changes and transform its view on important aspects of the organization of social, economic and political life of society, in accordance with global challenges.

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