DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH METHODS OF URBAN SOIL TEMPERATURE DYNAMICS

2019 ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Olga Pilipenko ◽  
Anton Abramov ◽  
Elena Skobeleva ◽  
Olga Pchelenok
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Field ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Soil ◽  
Urban Soils ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Temperature Fields ◽  
Actual State ◽  
Automated Control ◽  
Temperature Dynamics

The article shows that the temperature of urban soils is one of the main indicators of their condition. The average value and the nature of the temperature distribution in the soil volume determine the processes of heat transfer between the soil and the air in the urbanized area. This ultimately characterizes the influence of urban soils on the processes of climate formation in urban areas. The analysis of modern methods for studying the temperature dynamics of urban soils is carried out. It was found that research is rational to carry out by combining theoretical and experimental methods. The dis-tribution of temperature fields and heat flux density fields in urban soils under various conditions is deter-mined by mathematical, in particular, numerical methods. Coefficients of thermophysical properties of the soil, as well as verification of some calculated results, are carried out by experimental methods. An analysis of existing experimental research methods revealed a key drawback: a small number of points for simultane-ous temperature measurement in the urban soils volume. A scheme is proposed, as well as a prototype of a means of automated control of the distribution of the temperature field, which allows us to study the tempera-ture dynamics at various depths of the soil profile. To test the means of automated control, comparative studies of the dynamics of the temperature field in the volume of urban soil represented by gray forest soil were carried out. An experimental temperature dis-tribution was obtained over several days; a statistical verification of the results was carried out. Theoretical calculations of the dynamics of the temperature field by the numerical model J.A. Infante Sedano It is estab-lished that the discrepancies between the theoretically predicted and the experimentally estimated tempera-ture field are insignificant, which allows us to use the developed tool for automated control of the tempera-ture field distribution in the soil to assess its actual state when solving numerous fundamental and applied problems.

The impacts of urbanisation on urban soil carbon – a study from Manchester, UK

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roisin ORiordan ◽  
Jess Davies ◽  
Carly Stevens ◽  
John Quinton ◽  
Christopher Boyko
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Soil ◽  
Urban Soils ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Anthropogenic Soils ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Wide Range

<p>The study of anthropogenic soils is a growing area of interest, and as cities continue to expand, urban soils are heavily influenced by human activities. Urbanisation exhibits a wide range of impacts on soil, from buried horizons, compaction, sealing with impervious surfaces, additions of anthropogenic material to being largely man-made soils, or technosols. The properties of urban soil are further complicated by the addition of fertilisers, management strategies in greenspaces and the treatments of soil, including topsoil removal, during construction projects. Therefore, the properties and functions of anthropogenic soils differ notably to that of natural soils, and as such, there is a need to understand the dynamics of soil carbon in urban areas.</p><p>Research on urban soil carbon has been relatively limited, however there is recent growth in this area due to its importance, firstly, as a carbon store contributing to climate regulation, and secondly, in relation to the potential of urban soil to support numerous ecosystem services. Urban soils are highly heterogeneous and anthropogenic carbon additions can come from many current or historical sources, such as charcoal used in old roads, coal ash from power stations, carbon from car tyres, as well as inorganic carbonates in limestone road foundations. Understanding the current stores of carbon, as well as how stable it is, is important to understand likely carbon dynamics and storage potential.</p><p>This work presents a field study across Manchester (UK) where soil carbon data has been collected from soils across urban parks, greenspaces and from under sealed surfaces (roads and pavements). It provides carbon data for a variety of urban contexts and with high spatial variability. We will build on previous work from this field study by presenting i) a typology of urban soils according to anthropogenic content, ii) data for physical size fractionation to understand soil physical properties and texture, and iii) the carbon content of the size fractions to provide a proxy for understanding how labile or stable the carbon is. This will allow us to understand the impacts of soil sealing on the carbon content and build a picture of soil carbon stability across a range of urban situations.</p><p>This research will contribute to the much-needed understanding on how soil carbon behaves in urban areas, and the implications of this for carbon storage in both sealed and urban greenspace soils. </p>

scholarly journals Guideline for the description of soils in the Berlin metropolitan area: an extension for surveying and mapping anthropogenic and natural soils in urban environments within the German soil classification system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Makki ◽  
Kolja Thestorf ◽  
Sabine Hilbert ◽  
Michael Thelemann ◽  
Lutz Makowsky
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Soil ◽  
Urban Soils ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Soil Mapping ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Anthropogenic Soils

Abstract Purpose In urban areas, humans shape the surface, (re-)deposit natural or technogenic material, and thus become the dominant soil formation factor. The 2015 edition of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) describes anthropogenic urban soils as Anthrosols or Technosols, but the methodological approaches and classification criteria of national soil classification systems are rather inconsistent. Stringent criteria for describing and mapping anthropogenic soils in urban areas and their application are still lacking, although more than half (53%) of the urban soils in Berlin are built-up by or contain anthropogenic material. Materials and methods On behalf of the Berlin Senate Department for the Environment, Transport and Climate Protection and in close cooperation with the German Working Group for Urban Soils, a comprehensive guideline for soil description in the Berlin metropolitan area (BMA), with special regard to anthropogenic/technogenic parent material and anthropogenic soils, has been developed. Our approach includes all previous standard works for soil description and mapping and is based on studies that have been conducted in the BMA over the last five decades. Special emphasis was placed on the integration of our manual into the classification system of the German soil mapping guideline (KA5). Results and discussion The extension of existing data fields (e.g., the further subdivision of land use types) as well as the creation of new data fields (e.g., pH value) adapted to the requirements of urban soil mapping has been carried out. Additional technogenic materials that occur in urban environments have been added to the list of anthropogenic parent materials. Furthermore, we designed appendices that clearly characterize typical soil profiles of the BMA and depict technogenic materials, their physical and chemical characteristics, as well as their origin and distribution. Our approach will set new benchmarks for soil description and mapping in urban environments, which will improve the quality of urban soil research in the BMA. It is expected that our approach will provide baselines for urban soil mapping in other metropolitan areas. Conclusions Our guideline is a comprehensive manual for the description of urban soils within a national soil classification system. This mapping guideline will be the future standard work for soil surveys and soil mapping in the federal state of Berlin. Currently, representatives from federal and state authorities are reviewing our guideline, with a view to potentially integrating key components into the classification system of the forthcoming 6th edition of the German soil mapping guideline (KA6).

Urban soil ecosystem services: contributing to sustainable urban development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Davies ◽  
Roisin O'Riordan ◽  
Carly Stevens ◽  
John Quinton ◽  
Chris Boyko
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Soil ◽  
Urban Soils ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Sustainable Urban Development ◽  
Soil Ecosystem ◽  
Services Research ◽  
Soil Ecosystem Services

<p>Soil in urban areas has largely been left out of traditional soil research, however, there is now a growing interest in its importance due to the key role that cities will play in a more sustainable future. Soil provides vital ecosystem services, and these are becoming more pertinent for cities as the population of urban areas continues to grow. Services such as flood regulation, urban food growing, urban heat island mitigation and carbon storage, as well as cultural and recreational services, are unpinned by the healthy functioning of soils.</p><p>The role of urban soil in providing ecosystem services in urban areas is understudied, and the complexities of understanding and quantifying soil ecosystem services has yet to be translated to the varied and highly heterogeneous context of cities. In this work, we will review the literature on soil ecosystem services in cities and present a state-of-the-art picture of current knowledge.</p><p>We will discuss the variation of urban soils, their treatment and management in urban areas, and the associated difficulty in investigating and classifying them. The trends of urban soil ecosystem services research will be presented, considering which services have been most commonly studied across supporting, provisioning, regulating and cultural categories; and in which countries. A co-occurrence analysis of key terms in the literature will also be presented, highlighting further patterns and gaps in knowledge. This will also lead to a discussion on the key drivers behind the soil threats in urban areas, such as soil compaction, sealing with impervious surfaces and contamination.</p><p>The most studied services will be investigated further to allow a more detailed discussion into what we know about these services, and the impacts of urbanisation on their provision. This presentation will bring together the growing body of work on this relatively new research area, will identify gaps in our knowledge, and will highlight the impacts of urbanisation for urban soils. This will inform the way we treat and manage soil in urban areas, helping to optimise the provision of urban soil ecosystem services and contributing to more sustainable urban development for the future.</p>

scholarly journals Urban Pedogeneses

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 250-266
Author(s):  
Germain Meulemans
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Soil ◽  
Urban Soils ◽  
Ecological Engineering ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Soil Science ◽  
The World ◽  
Research Experiment

Abstract This article examines the rise of urban soils as a topic of scientific inquiry and ecological engineering in France, and questions how new framings of soil as a material that can be designed reconfigure relationships between urban life and soils in a context of fast-growing cities. As a counterpoint to the current situation, the article first examines how the hard-surfacing of Paris, in the nineteenth century, sought to background the vital qualities of soils in urban areas, making their absence seem perfectly stable and natural. It then shows how the new urban soil science moved away from classical descriptive approaches to soils, and set out to fabricate soils as a research experiment on anthropo-pedogenesis. In the French context, urban soil scientists soon formed new bonds with the worlds of urbanism, administration, and waste management, reframing their approach as a technical response to issues brought by sprawling cities, backgrounding soils again under a trope centered on the management of soil services. These stories allow to critically inhabit soil scientists’ claim that humans participate in pedogenesis by examining the specific conditions in which modern modes of being in the world and urban soils become entangled or disentangled in modern metropolis.

Numerical Analysis of Flow Fields and Temperature Fields in a Regenerative Heating Furnace for Steel Pipes

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Han ◽  
Feng Liu ◽  
Xin Ran
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Field ◽  
Flow Field ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Flow Fields ◽  
Heating Furnace ◽  
Temperature Fields ◽  
Turbulent Layer ◽  
Steel Pipes ◽  
Pipe Blanks

In the production process of large-diameter seamless steel pipes, the blank heating quality before roll piercing has an important effect on whether subsequently conforming piping is produced. Obtaining accurate pipe blank heating temperature fields is the basis for establishing and optimizing a seamless pipe heating schedule. In this paper, the thermal process in a regenerative heating furnace was studied using fluent software, and the distribution laws of the flow field in the furnace and of the temperature field around the pipe blanks were obtained and verified experimentally. The heating furnace for pipe blanks was analyzed from multiple perspectives, including overall flow field, flow fields at different cross sections, and overall temperature field. It was found that the changeover process of the regenerative heating furnace caused the temperature in the upper part of the furnace to fluctuate. Under the pipe blanks, the gas flow was relatively thin, and the flow velocity was relatively low, facilitating the formation of a viscous turbulent layer and thereby inhibiting heat exchange around the pipe blanks. The mutual interference between the gas flow from burners and the return gas from the furnace tail flue led to different flow velocity directions at different positions, and such interference was relatively evident in the middle part of the furnace. A temperature “layering” phenomenon occurred between the upper and lower parts of the pipe blanks. The study in this paper has some significant usefulness for in-depth exploration of the characteristics of regenerative heating furnaces for steel pipes.

Comparative study of Cs-137 activity concentration between attic dust and urban soil from Salgotarjan city, Hungary

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davaakhuu Tserendorj ◽  
Katalin Zsuzsanna Szabó Szabó ◽  
Peter Völgyesi Völgyesi ◽  
Gorkhmaz Abbaszade ◽  
Do Le Tan Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Soil Sample ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Urban Soil ◽  
Urban Soils ◽  
Activity Concentration ◽  
Nuclear Accidents ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Attic Dust

<p>The <sup>137</sup>Cs (t<sub>1/2</sub> =30 years) is a principal radioisotope that was artificially introduced into the environment through the atmospheric bomb tests took place from the middle of the 1940s to the 1980s and from the major nuclear accidents (i.e., Chernobyl, 1986 and Fukushima, 2011). From the atmosphere, <sup>137</sup>Cs easily adsorbs to particles and it returns to lithosphere (pedosphere) by wet and dry deposition as a radioactive fallout component. Due to the Chernobyl nuclear accident, the released contaminated air mass, containing Cs-137, largely propagated, deposited, and distributed across several European countries in the ambient environment (Balonov et al., 1996). These particles also reached houses (e.g. through open windows, cracks, and vents) in an urban environment and deposited inside resulting in the exposition of the habitants to <sup>137</sup>Cs, especially in areas that are not accessible for a regular cleaning like attics. Following the nuclear accidents, primary attention was drawn to agricultural areas and less attention was paid to urban environments. Accordingly, the goal of this study is to compare the <sup>137</sup>Cs activity in attic dust as undisturbed samples, and urban soils as disturbed environmental materials to determine the <sup>137</sup>Cs distribution in urban environment. </p><p>Attic dust (AD) samples were collected from 14 houses, which were built between 1900 and 1990 14 urban soil (US) samples were collected nearby the houses at a depth of 0-15 cm in Salgótarján, a former industrial city. To obtain a representative local undisturbed soil sample, a forest soil sample was collected from the upwind direction (NW) of the city. To check the <sup>137</sup>Cs content of the local industrial waste material, we also collected fly-ash slag sample from a waste dump.   AD and US samples were analyzed by a well-type HPGe and with an n-type coaxial HPGe detector in a low background iron chamber, respectively.</p><p>Cs-137 activity in the studied AD ranges from 5.51±0.9 to 165.9±3.6 Bq kg<sup>-1, </sup>with a mean value of 75.4±2.5 Bq kg<sup>-1 </sup>(decay corrected in 2016). In contrast, US samples show <sup>137</sup>Cs activity ranging between 2.3±0.4 and 13.6±0.6 Bq kg<sup>-1</sup>.  The brown forest soil sample has elevated <sup>137</sup>Cs activity concentration (18.5<strong>±</strong>0.6 Bq kg<sup>-1</sup>), compared to the urban soils. The fly-ash slags activity is below the detection limit (0.7±0.5 Bq kg<sup>-1</sup>).</p><p>The average <sup>137</sup>Cs activity in AD is ~15 times higher than that of US. This result clearly indicates that attic area provides a protected (hardly or unchanged) environment, therefore physical condition of the dust remains constant in time, and there is a small chance for chemical reaction. Forest soil proves that US were highly disturbed by anthropogenic activity. This is supported by fly-ash slag activity results.  Whereas, <sup>137</sup>Cs activity concentration of the AD samples shows significantly higher than that of the studied soils in Hungary. This confirms again US cannot show the historical atmospheric <sup>137</sup>Cs pollution such as attic dust. A statistically significant relationship (p=0.003, r<sup>2</sup>=0.05) were found between the AD and US samples. Therefore, it can be considered that attic dust remained undisturbed for decades and preserve past record of components of atmospheric pollution.</p><p> </p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Experimental Investigation on Condition Monitoring Opportunities of Tramway Tracks

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ákos Vinkó ◽  
Péter Bocz
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Actual State ◽  
Prototype System ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
Track Geometry ◽  
Railway Company ◽  
Transportation Modes ◽  
Deterioration Process ◽  
Instrumented Vehicle

The increasing demands for guided transportation modes in urban areas generate the need of high-frequency services. Due to the frequent services, the track deterioration process will be accelerated. Therefore, the exact knowledge of track quality is highly important for every railway company to provide high quality service level.For monitoring of tramway tracks, an unconventional vehicle dynamics measurement setup is developed, which records the data of 3-axes wireless accelerometers mounted on wheel discs of regular in-service tram. In the implementation of prototype system, the bogie side-frame and car body mounted sensors are also fitted to the instrumented vehicle to compare the efficiency of these conventional solutions with the developed arrangement. At the first test period, the instrumented vehicle works as a dedicated inspection vehicle, in order to keep the constant velocity and help to determine the influencing factors on results. Accelerations are processed to obtain the track irregularities, in order to determine whether the track needs to be repaired. Real data come from measurements taken on tram line 49 of the Budapest (Hungary) and they have been validated by comparing results to the actual state of the track provided by a track geometry monitoring trolley and visual inspection. This paper presents the developed methods used for validation and the analysis of preliminary results of the wheel discs mounted accelerometers. This vehicle dynamic measurement system is cheap to implement and no significant modification of the vehicle is required. Therefore, in-service vehicles equipped with this system may serve a good opportunity for monitoring tramway track, while it multiple passes over same track section.

Method of Lines to Solve 2-D Steady Temperature Field of FGM

2007 ◽  
Vol 353-358 ◽  
pp. 2003-2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Tan ◽  
Chang Qing Sun ◽  
Chun Fang Xue ◽  
Yao Dai
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Temperature Field ◽  
Transfer Problem ◽  
Method Of Lines ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Temperature Fields ◽  
Steady Temperature ◽  
Thermal Transfer ◽  
Steady Temperature Field

Method of Lines (MOLs) is introduced to solve 2-Dimension steady temperature field of functionally graded materials (FGMs). The main idea of the method is to semi–discretized the governing equation of thermal transfer problem into a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) defined on discrete lines by means of the finite difference method. The temperature field of FGM can be obtained by solving the ODEs with functions of thermal properties. As numerical examples, six kinds of material thermal conductivity functions, i.e. three kinds of polynomial functions, an exponent function, a logarithmic function, and a sine function are selected to simulate spatial thermal conductivity profile in FGMs respectively. The steady-state temperature fields of 2-D thermal transfer problem are analyzed by the MOLs. Numerical results show that different material thermal conductivity function has obvious different effect on the temperature field.

scholarly journals A Method for Reconstruction of Boiler Combustion Temperature Field Based on Acoustic Tomography

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Yuhui Wu ◽  
Xinzhi Zhou ◽  
Li Zhao ◽  
Chenlong Dong ◽  
Hailin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Field ◽  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Optimal Parameter ◽  
Interpolation Method ◽  
Least Square Method ◽  
Reconstruction Algorithm ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Temperature Fields ◽  
Acoustic Tomography ◽  
Measured Temperature

Acoustic tomography (AT), as a noninvasive temperature measurement method, can achieve temperature field measurement in harsh environments. In order to achieve the measurement of the temperature distribution in the furnace and improve the accuracy of AT reconstruction, a temperature field reconstruction algorithm based on the radial basis function (RBF) interpolation method optimized by the evaluation function (EF-RBFI for short) is proposed. Based on a small amount of temperature data obtained by the least square method (LSM), the RBF is used for interpolation. And, the functional relationship between the parameter of RBF and the root-mean-square (RMS) error of the reconstruction results is established in this paper, which serves as the objective function for the effect evaluation, so as to determine the optimal parameter of RBF. The detailed temperature description of the entire measured temperature field is finally established. Through the reconstruction of three different types of temperature fields provided by Dongfang Boiler Works, the results and error analysis show that the EF-RBFI algorithm can describe the temperature distribution information of the measured combustion area globally and is able to reconstruct the temperature field with high precision.

scholarly journals Measurement and Monitoring of Particulate Matter in Construction Sites: Guidelines for Gravimetric Approach

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 558
Author(s):  
Ingrid Priscylla Silva Araújo ◽  
Dayana Bastos Costa
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Construction Sites ◽  
Gravimetric Sampling ◽  
Inform Decision Making ◽  
Experimental Sampling

Studies on particulate matter (PM) from construction activities are still at an early stage. Thus, there is still no consensus on standardized experimental methods for monitoring PM in construction sites, which impedes the advancement of knowledge on this subject. This work proposes guidelines for measuring and monitoring the concentration of suspended PM and the annoyance generated by sedimented particles on construction sites in urban areas. These guidelines aim to reduce the variability and uncertainties that exist during the PM sampling processes at construction sites. This study adopts a literature review strategy in order to update the available scientific literature based on empirical evidence obtained in experimental PM studies and relevant documents from government agencies. The proposed guidelines were applied in a study protocol for gravimetric monitoring PM and annoyance tracking generated by sedimented particles using sticky pads. As a result, this article details sampling techniques, procedures, and instruments, focusing on gravimetric sampling, highlighting their characteristics compared to other monitoring approaches. Additionally, it points out a series of parameters for the measurement and monitoring of PM. This paper seeks to support future researchers in this area, inform decision making for experimental sampling, and provide a benchmark for measuring and monitoring PM at construction sites.

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