scholarly journals Urban Pedogeneses

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 250-266
Author(s):  
Germain Meulemans
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Soil ◽  
Urban Soils ◽  
Ecological Engineering ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Soil Science ◽  
The World ◽  
Research Experiment

Abstract This article examines the rise of urban soils as a topic of scientific inquiry and ecological engineering in France, and questions how new framings of soil as a material that can be designed reconfigure relationships between urban life and soils in a context of fast-growing cities. As a counterpoint to the current situation, the article first examines how the hard-surfacing of Paris, in the nineteenth century, sought to background the vital qualities of soils in urban areas, making their absence seem perfectly stable and natural. It then shows how the new urban soil science moved away from classical descriptive approaches to soils, and set out to fabricate soils as a research experiment on anthropo-pedogenesis. In the French context, urban soil scientists soon formed new bonds with the worlds of urbanism, administration, and waste management, reframing their approach as a technical response to issues brought by sprawling cities, backgrounding soils again under a trope centered on the management of soil services. These stories allow to critically inhabit soil scientists’ claim that humans participate in pedogenesis by examining the specific conditions in which modern modes of being in the world and urban soils become entangled or disentangled in modern metropolis.

The impacts of urbanisation on urban soil carbon – a study from Manchester, UK

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roisin ORiordan ◽  
Jess Davies ◽  
Carly Stevens ◽  
John Quinton ◽  
Christopher Boyko
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Soil ◽  
Urban Soils ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Anthropogenic Soils ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Wide Range

<p>The study of anthropogenic soils is a growing area of interest, and as cities continue to expand, urban soils are heavily influenced by human activities. Urbanisation exhibits a wide range of impacts on soil, from buried horizons, compaction, sealing with impervious surfaces, additions of anthropogenic material to being largely man-made soils, or technosols. The properties of urban soil are further complicated by the addition of fertilisers, management strategies in greenspaces and the treatments of soil, including topsoil removal, during construction projects. Therefore, the properties and functions of anthropogenic soils differ notably to that of natural soils, and as such, there is a need to understand the dynamics of soil carbon in urban areas.</p><p>Research on urban soil carbon has been relatively limited, however there is recent growth in this area due to its importance, firstly, as a carbon store contributing to climate regulation, and secondly, in relation to the potential of urban soil to support numerous ecosystem services. Urban soils are highly heterogeneous and anthropogenic carbon additions can come from many current or historical sources, such as charcoal used in old roads, coal ash from power stations, carbon from car tyres, as well as inorganic carbonates in limestone road foundations. Understanding the current stores of carbon, as well as how stable it is, is important to understand likely carbon dynamics and storage potential.</p><p>This work presents a field study across Manchester (UK) where soil carbon data has been collected from soils across urban parks, greenspaces and from under sealed surfaces (roads and pavements). It provides carbon data for a variety of urban contexts and with high spatial variability. We will build on previous work from this field study by presenting i) a typology of urban soils according to anthropogenic content, ii) data for physical size fractionation to understand soil physical properties and texture, and iii) the carbon content of the size fractions to provide a proxy for understanding how labile or stable the carbon is. This will allow us to understand the impacts of soil sealing on the carbon content and build a picture of soil carbon stability across a range of urban situations.</p><p>This research will contribute to the much-needed understanding on how soil carbon behaves in urban areas, and the implications of this for carbon storage in both sealed and urban greenspace soils. </p>

scholarly journals Guideline for the description of soils in the Berlin metropolitan area: an extension for surveying and mapping anthropogenic and natural soils in urban environments within the German soil classification system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Makki ◽  
Kolja Thestorf ◽  
Sabine Hilbert ◽  
Michael Thelemann ◽  
Lutz Makowsky
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Soil ◽  
Urban Soils ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Soil Mapping ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Anthropogenic Soils

Abstract Purpose In urban areas, humans shape the surface, (re-)deposit natural or technogenic material, and thus become the dominant soil formation factor. The 2015 edition of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) describes anthropogenic urban soils as Anthrosols or Technosols, but the methodological approaches and classification criteria of national soil classification systems are rather inconsistent. Stringent criteria for describing and mapping anthropogenic soils in urban areas and their application are still lacking, although more than half (53%) of the urban soils in Berlin are built-up by or contain anthropogenic material. Materials and methods On behalf of the Berlin Senate Department for the Environment, Transport and Climate Protection and in close cooperation with the German Working Group for Urban Soils, a comprehensive guideline for soil description in the Berlin metropolitan area (BMA), with special regard to anthropogenic/technogenic parent material and anthropogenic soils, has been developed. Our approach includes all previous standard works for soil description and mapping and is based on studies that have been conducted in the BMA over the last five decades. Special emphasis was placed on the integration of our manual into the classification system of the German soil mapping guideline (KA5). Results and discussion The extension of existing data fields (e.g., the further subdivision of land use types) as well as the creation of new data fields (e.g., pH value) adapted to the requirements of urban soil mapping has been carried out. Additional technogenic materials that occur in urban environments have been added to the list of anthropogenic parent materials. Furthermore, we designed appendices that clearly characterize typical soil profiles of the BMA and depict technogenic materials, their physical and chemical characteristics, as well as their origin and distribution. Our approach will set new benchmarks for soil description and mapping in urban environments, which will improve the quality of urban soil research in the BMA. It is expected that our approach will provide baselines for urban soil mapping in other metropolitan areas. Conclusions Our guideline is a comprehensive manual for the description of urban soils within a national soil classification system. This mapping guideline will be the future standard work for soil surveys and soil mapping in the federal state of Berlin. Currently, representatives from federal and state authorities are reviewing our guideline, with a view to potentially integrating key components into the classification system of the forthcoming 6th edition of the German soil mapping guideline (KA6).

DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH METHODS OF URBAN SOIL TEMPERATURE DYNAMICS

2019 ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Olga Pilipenko ◽  
Anton Abramov ◽  
Elena Skobeleva ◽  
Olga Pchelenok
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Field ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Soil ◽  
Urban Soils ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Temperature Fields ◽  
Actual State ◽  
Automated Control ◽  
Temperature Dynamics

The article shows that the temperature of urban soils is one of the main indicators of their condition. The average value and the nature of the temperature distribution in the soil volume determine the processes of heat transfer between the soil and the air in the urbanized area. This ultimately characterizes the influence of urban soils on the processes of climate formation in urban areas. The analysis of modern methods for studying the temperature dynamics of urban soils is carried out. It was found that research is rational to carry out by combining theoretical and experimental methods. The dis-tribution of temperature fields and heat flux density fields in urban soils under various conditions is deter-mined by mathematical, in particular, numerical methods. Coefficients of thermophysical properties of the soil, as well as verification of some calculated results, are carried out by experimental methods. An analysis of existing experimental research methods revealed a key drawback: a small number of points for simultane-ous temperature measurement in the urban soils volume. A scheme is proposed, as well as a prototype of a means of automated control of the distribution of the temperature field, which allows us to study the tempera-ture dynamics at various depths of the soil profile. To test the means of automated control, comparative studies of the dynamics of the temperature field in the volume of urban soil represented by gray forest soil were carried out. An experimental temperature dis-tribution was obtained over several days; a statistical verification of the results was carried out. Theoretical calculations of the dynamics of the temperature field by the numerical model J.A. Infante Sedano It is estab-lished that the discrepancies between the theoretically predicted and the experimentally estimated tempera-ture field are insignificant, which allows us to use the developed tool for automated control of the tempera-ture field distribution in the soil to assess its actual state when solving numerous fundamental and applied problems.

scholarly journals i-Sustainability Plus Theory as an Innovative Path towards Sustainable World Founded on Blue-Green Ubiquitous Cities (Case Studies: Denmark and South Korea)

Inventions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Doost Mohammadian ◽  
Fatemeh Rezaie
Keyword(s):  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Innovation Management ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Technology Infrastructure ◽  
The World

Nowadays, the new concept of urban living is required as a path to struggle with urbanization challenges in order to maintain the world and make cities better settings for living through creating high quality of life and liveability. To achieve such areas, developing sustainability, urban planning based on Information Technology, Information Communication Technology infrastructure, and innovative management play important roles. So, authors try to find out new concepts of urban life concerned with these indicators through sustainability, innovation, ubiquitous, and smartness to create a sustainable and modern world through smart cities. Based on authors’ researches, Blue-Green infrastructure based on environmentally friendly, green strategies, sustainable water management, and ubiquitous services focusing on digitalization and high technologies are required to make a modern world. Fundamentally, innovation management in technology, business and marketing has important roles in designing such areas by keeping up with growing demands and low resources of energies. In this research, i-Sustainability Plus is introduced as a theory to create Blue-Green Ubiquitous cities as modern sustainable and liveable urban areas. Such areas could make the world a better place for living through sustainable development and improving quality of human life.

Urban soil ecosystem services: contributing to sustainable urban development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Davies ◽  
Roisin O'Riordan ◽  
Carly Stevens ◽  
John Quinton ◽  
Chris Boyko
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Soil ◽  
Urban Soils ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Sustainable Urban Development ◽  
Soil Ecosystem ◽  
Services Research ◽  
Soil Ecosystem Services

<p>Soil in urban areas has largely been left out of traditional soil research, however, there is now a growing interest in its importance due to the key role that cities will play in a more sustainable future. Soil provides vital ecosystem services, and these are becoming more pertinent for cities as the population of urban areas continues to grow. Services such as flood regulation, urban food growing, urban heat island mitigation and carbon storage, as well as cultural and recreational services, are unpinned by the healthy functioning of soils.</p><p>The role of urban soil in providing ecosystem services in urban areas is understudied, and the complexities of understanding and quantifying soil ecosystem services has yet to be translated to the varied and highly heterogeneous context of cities. In this work, we will review the literature on soil ecosystem services in cities and present a state-of-the-art picture of current knowledge.</p><p>We will discuss the variation of urban soils, their treatment and management in urban areas, and the associated difficulty in investigating and classifying them. The trends of urban soil ecosystem services research will be presented, considering which services have been most commonly studied across supporting, provisioning, regulating and cultural categories; and in which countries. A co-occurrence analysis of key terms in the literature will also be presented, highlighting further patterns and gaps in knowledge. This will also lead to a discussion on the key drivers behind the soil threats in urban areas, such as soil compaction, sealing with impervious surfaces and contamination.</p><p>The most studied services will be investigated further to allow a more detailed discussion into what we know about these services, and the impacts of urbanisation on their provision. This presentation will bring together the growing body of work on this relatively new research area, will identify gaps in our knowledge, and will highlight the impacts of urbanisation for urban soils. This will inform the way we treat and manage soil in urban areas, helping to optimise the provision of urban soil ecosystem services and contributing to more sustainable urban development for the future.</p>

scholarly journals Age-Friendly Communities: Creating a conducive environment for the elderly in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sameen Rafi ◽  
Shyna Saif
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
World Health ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Health Organization

India is one of the nations in the world where the population is undergoing anomalous demographic changes. The increase in longevity and decrease fertility lead to the boom of older people aged 60 and above both in relative and absolute terms. Due to the rise in number, it creates pressure not only on the family but the responsibility shifts to the government also. This issue becomes a significant social problem not only in India but across the globe. The government had taken action by creating policies and programs to provide services to them. Still, the majority of the elderly population is lacking behind in these areas like health facilities, infrastructure, living arrangements suffering from isolation, loneliness, abuse, crime. Nowadays, smart city initiatives are taken by the government across the country but still in process. To involve and facilitate more cities for "age-friendly," the World Health Organization develop the Global Age-Friendly Cities Guide and a manual "Checklist of Essential Features of Age-Friendly Cities." Cooperating with 35 urban communities from developed and developing nations, the WHO oversees eight highlights for age-accommodating urban areas in the space of urban life. This paper had an objective to study and understand exiting literature on age-friendly communities in developed and developing countries and draw attention to the need to create age-friendly cities in India. The realization of the needs and demands of older people, the Indian government should give attention to promote and implement more age-friendly communities all over the country. This initiative till now taken in 3 states, i.e., Delhi, Udaipur, and Kolkata-which involved in age-friendly community initiatives collaborated with WHO.  In this era of a rapid aging sphere, the communities have to enhance in such a manner where the older population can meet their needs quickly without any conflicts and problem. To conclude, the government and policymaker should emphasize the policies into practices to build age-friendly communities across the country and make better living conditions for "all-ages." For timely action and productive recommendation, it is an urgent need on the part of the government, policymakers, researchers, social workers to develop and enhance the community's facilities, which can gain confidence and wellbeing of the elderly in India

scholarly journals Ruderal Plants in Urban and Sub-Urban Walls and Roofs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alperen Meral ◽  
Emrah Yalçınalp
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Coverage Rate ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Plant Samples ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
The World

Objective: Main purpose of this study is to identify the ruderal plant species which spontaneously grows on the wall and roof surfaces in urban and sub-urban areas due to their limited ecological needs and to contribute to the creating of the sustainable green areas in urban environments by understanding the parameters that ruderals depend on while they require little maintenance and irrigation support if not no. Material and Methods: The main material of this study is the ruderal plants which were collected from totally 60 walls and 36 roof surfaces within six districts of Trabzon city –Akçaabat, Arsin, Çaykara, Of, Ortahisar and Yomra in Turkey. From these 96 habitats, 1540 plants samples form the walls and 448 plant samples from the roofs were collected. All the plant samples collected from the research area were identified in the herbarium of the faculty of forestry in Karadeniz Technical University. Apart from this, parametres affecting coverage rate of common species on three different habitats were analysed.Results: It was found that 448 samples from the roof surfaces distributed into 61 species while 1540 samples from the walls distributed into 196 species. Plus, according to the analyses, 28 species were found on all three different habitats. As a result of the observations, measurements and analyses, it is clear from the study that coverage rate of the plant species depends on anthropogenic interaction, daylight period and depth of the media but there is no relation with the number of the species on the surfaces.Conclusion: Ruderal plants are definitely important to study on, if the world wants the term sustainability to find its real meaning as they require nearly nothing to grow in hard conditions. In urban life, maintenance is getting more and more expensive for green areas in urban life and this makes it difficult for them to survive especially when cities have limited budget on this, which has often occurred all over the world recently. There is no doubt that ruderal plants offer a great opportunity for modern era urban areas with their limited needs to grow in hard conditions. Furthermore, when thinking about the fact a serious amount of the ruderal plants detected on all three basic habitats has a great landscape plant characteristics, the approaches to their usage in urban areas are really critical.   

scholarly journals SMART MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 127-132
Author(s):  
Ashwini Patil ◽  
Swati Jha ◽  
Uma Kumari ◽  
Surekha KS
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste Management ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Electronic Circuitry ◽  
Indian Context ◽  
The World

Municipal Solid Waste generated by India in urban areas is 62 million tonnes.  Only 70% of the total waste is collected and 20% is treated. Most of the solid waste is dumped in landfill sites. This paper targets the reduction in the size of the solid, particularly wet waste. Similar problems have been tackled in other parts of the world. We propose a solution that fits the Indian context. The key idea of Smart Municipal Solid Waste Management system (SMSWM) is to allocate a weekly garbage limit per household in a residential society. The DSS (Decision Support System) designed for this purpose allows the authenticated user to access the smart dustbin. The smart dustbin is equipped with the electronic circuitry where the weight of the garbage in the bin is measured and the value is updated in the database. The database of the families will be created and maintained by the municipality. A web portal gives the involved people and authorities access to the related information. A house is penalized for every kilogram more than the allotted garbage weight limit. Further enhancements are explored. Thus, the residents are incentivized to produce lesser waste.

Divine Machines

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin E. H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
Theoretical Interest ◽  
Living World ◽  
Mechanical Philosophy ◽  
Organic Life ◽  
The World ◽  
Generation Theory

Though it did not yet exist as a discrete field of scientific inquiry, biology was at the heart of many of the most important debates in seventeenth-century philosophy. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the work of G. W. Leibniz. This book offers the first in-depth examination of Leibniz's deep and complex engagement with the empirical life sciences of his day, in areas as diverse as medicine, physiology, taxonomy, generation theory, and paleontology. The book shows how these wide-ranging pursuits were not only central to Leibniz's philosophical interests, but often provided the insights that led to some of his best-known philosophical doctrines. Presenting the clearest picture yet of the scope of Leibniz's theoretical interest in the life sciences, the book takes seriously the philosopher's own repeated claims that the world must be understood in fundamentally biological terms. Here it reveals a thinker who was immersed in the sciences of life, and looked to the living world for answers to vexing metaphysical problems. The book casts Leibniz's philosophy in an entirely new light, demonstrating how it radically departed from the prevailing models of mechanical philosophy and had an enduring influence on the history and development of the life sciences. Along the way, the book provides a fascinating glimpse into early modern debates about the nature and origins of organic life, and into how philosophers such as Leibniz engaged with the scientific dilemmas of their era.

PERAN MASYARAKAT TERHADAP PEMBAYARAN RETRIBUSI SAMPAH DI KOTA SAMARINDA

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Abd Rachim AF,
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Frequency Analysis ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
The Public ◽  
And Behavior

One of the environmental problems in urban areas is the pollution caused by garbage. The waste problem is caused by various factors such as population growth, living standards changes, lifestyles and behavior, as well as how the waste management system. This study aims to determine how the role of society to levy payments garbage in Samarinda. This research was descriptive; where the data is collected then compiled, described and analyzed used relative frequency analysis. The participation of the public to pay a "levy junk", which stated to pay 96.67%, for each month and the rates stated society cheap, moderate and fairly, respectively 46.08%, 21.21%, 21.04%. Base on the data , the role of the community to pay "levy junk" quite high.

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