Addressing Underlying Mechanisms to HIV/AIDS Preventive Behaviors in Ethiopia

2002 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Witte ◽  
Befekadu Girma ◽  
Aklu Girgre
Keyword(s):  
Urban Youth ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Extended Parallel Process Model ◽  
Perceived Susceptibility ◽  
Response Efficacy ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Hiv Aids

The gap between knowledge/attitudes and practices/behavior is well-documented, and frequently referred to as the KAP-Gap (i.e., Knowledge-Attitudes-Practices—Gap). Utilizing a national urban youth sample in Ethiopia, this study attempts to explain the KAP-Gap. Four key health communication variables outlined by the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM)—perceived susceptibility, severity, self-efficacy, and response efficacy—were offered and tested as the underlying mechanisms to behavior change that bridge the gap between knowledge/attitudes and actual practices. The results revealed data consistent with the theory in that perceived susceptibility, self-efficacy, and response efficacy, were the only significant predictors of condom use among urban youth utilizing logistic regression techniques. Practical implications for HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns for Ethiopia's urban youth are offered.

scholarly journals Risk Perception and Behavioral Responses Related to COVID-19 Among the Iranian General Population: An Application of the Extended Parallel Process Model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Jahangiry ◽  
Fatemeh Bakhtari ◽  
Zahara Sohrabi ◽  
Parvin Reihani ◽  
Sirous Samei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Perceived Susceptibility ◽  
Response Efficacy ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Socioeconomic And Demographic Factors

Abstract Background: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a major global public health challenge. Psychosocial and cultural factors affect adherence to health advice. This study aims to investigate how people have perceived the COVID-19 outbreak using the components of EPPM (i.e., recommended response efficacy, self-efficacy, susceptibility, and severity) and how their behavioral responses contributed to the prevention and control of the disease.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted online in Iran in March and April. Data were collected using an electronic questionnaire via Porsline. Participants were recruited using online applications and posts on platforms such as Telegram, WhatsApp, and Instagram asking people to take part. The posts asked people aged 15 years and over to take part in a study investigating the control and prevention of COVID-19. EPPM was used to develop a questionnaire measuring the risk perception of and behavioral responses to COVID-19. We used a 29-item, standardized, structured format. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-tests were used to compare groups. In all tests, a value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: A total of 3,727 individuals with a mean age (SD) of 37.0 (11.1) years participated in the study. The results by age category revealed significant progressive increases in perceived susceptibility, perceived self-efficacy, and avoidance response scores, particularly among those aged 60 and over. A total of 56.4% of participants were engaging in danger control processes and 43.6% in fear control processes. Women had significantly higher scores than men for self-efficacy, reactance, and avoidance defensive responses; men had higher perceived susceptibility scores for COVID-19 than women. We also found significantly higher scores for behavioral responses among people with advanced educational backgrounds. Conclusion: more than half of all participants motivated by danger control. This indicates that more than half of participants had high perceived efficacy (i.e., self-efficacy and response efficacy) scores. Self-efficacy scores were significantly higher among participants who were older, female, single, lived in rural areas, or had good economic status. The results of our study suggest that socioeconomic and demographic factors are the main determinants of psychological responses to controlling the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Changing health compliance through message repetition based on the extended parallel process model in the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingwen Yang ◽  
Xue Wu ◽  
Kyoshiro Sasaki ◽  
Yuki Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Parallel Process ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Extended Parallel Process Model ◽  
Perceived Efficacy ◽  
Perceived Susceptibility ◽  
Response Efficacy ◽  
Behavior Intention

When people are confronted with health proposals during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it has been suggested that fear of COVID-19 can serve protective functions and ensure public health compliance. However, health proposal repetition and its perceived efficacy also influence the behavior intention toward the proposal, which has not yet been confirmed in the COVID-19 context. The present study aims to examine whether the extended parallel process model (EPPM) can be generalized to a naturalistic context like the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, we will explore how repetition of a health proposal is involved with the EPPM. In this study, two groups of participants are exposed to the same health proposal related to COVID-19, where one group is exposed once and another group twice. They then fill out a questionnaire consisting of items concerning behavior intention and adapted from the Risk Behavior Diagnosis Scale. Structural equation modeling will be used to determine the multivariate associations between the variables. We predict that repetition of the health proposal will associate with response efficacy (i.e., a belief about the effectiveness of the health proposal in deterring the threat) and perceived susceptibility (i.e., a belief about the risk of experiencing the threat). It is also predicted that following the EPPM, behavior intention will associate with both perceived efficacy of the health proposal, which will underlie response efficacy, and perceived threat of COVID-19, which will underlie perceived susceptibility. We will discuss the process, based on the model, where health message repetition affects behavior intention during the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Changing health compliance through message repetition based on the extended parallel process model in the COVID-19 pandemic

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingwen Yang ◽  
Xue Wu ◽  
Kyoshiro Sasaki ◽  
Yuki Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Parallel Process ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Extended Parallel Process Model ◽  
Perceived Efficacy ◽  
Perceived Susceptibility ◽  
Response Efficacy ◽  
Behavior Intention

When people are confronted with health proposals during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it has been suggested that fear of COVID-19 can serve protective functions and ensure public health compliance. However, health proposal repetition and its perceived efficacy also influence the behavior intention toward the proposal, which has not yet been confirmed in the COVID-19 context. The present study aims to examine whether the extended parallel process model (EPPM) can be generalized to a naturalistic context like the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, we will explore how repetition of a health proposal is involved with the EPPM. In this study, two groups of participants are exposed to the same health proposal related to COVID-19, where one group is exposed once and another group twice. They then fill out a questionnaire consisting of items concerning behavior intention and adapted from the Risk Behavior Diagnosis Scale. Structural equation modeling will be used to determine the multivariate associations between the variables. We predict that repetition of the health proposal will associate with response efficacy (i.e., a belief about the effectiveness of the health proposal in deterring the threat) and perceived susceptibility (i.e., a belief about the risk of experiencing the threat). It is also predicted that following the EPPM, behavior intention will associate with both perceived efficacy of the health proposal, which will underlie response efficacy, and perceived threat of COVID-19, which will underlie perceived susceptibility. We will discuss the process, based on the model, where health message repetition affects behavior intention during the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Psychological predictors of intention and avoidance of attending organized mammography screening in Norway: applying the Extended Parallel Process Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Ivanova ◽  
Ingela Lundin Kvalem
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Breast Cancer Screening ◽  
Mammography Screening ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Parallel Process ◽  
Extended Parallel Process Model ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Response Efficacy

Abstract Background Mammography screening is the main method for early detection of breast cancer in Norway. Few studies have focused on psychological determinants of both attendance and non-attendance of publicly available mammography screening programs. The aim of the current study, guided by the Extended Parallel Process Model, was to examine how psychological factors influence defensive avoidance of breast cancer screening and intention to attend mammography. Methods Cross-sectional survey data from a community sample of women living in Norway aged ≥ 18 (N = 270), and without a history of breast cancer, was collected from September 2018 to June 2019 and used to investigate the relationships between the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) constructs and two outcomes: defensive avoidance of breast cancer screening and intention to attend mammography within the next two years. After adjusting for confounding factors, the hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses was conducted to assess the ability of the independent variables based on the EPPM to predict the two outcome variables. Significance level was chosen at p < 0.05. Results Multivariate analyses showed that defensive avoidance of breast cancer screening was predicted by lower perceived susceptibility to breast cancer (β =  − 0.22, p = 0.001), lower response efficacy of mammography screening (β =  − 0.33, p = 0.001), higher breast cancer fear (β = 0.15, p = 0.014), and checking breasts for lumps (β =  − 0.23, p = 0.001). Intention to attend mammography within the next two years was predicted by higher response efficacy of mammography screening (β = 0.13, p = 0.032), having a lower educational level (β =  − 0.10, p = 0.041), and regular previous mammography attendance compared to never attending (β = 0.49, p = 0.001). Conclusions The study revealed that defensive avoidance of breast cancer screening and intention to attend mammography were not predicted by the same pattern of psychological factors. Our findings suggest future health promotion campaigns need to focus not only on the psychological factors that encourage women’s decision to attend the screening, but also to counter factors that contribute to women’s decision to avoid it.

Effects of HIV/AIDS Public Service Announcements On Attitude and Behavior: Interplay of Perceived Threat and Self-Efficacy

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 799-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jueman (Mandy) Zhang ◽  
Di Zhang ◽  
T. Makana Chock
Keyword(s):  
Condom Use ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Service Announcements ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Perceived Susceptibility ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Hiv Aids

We examined how perceived threat affected attitude and behavior toward condom use with main and nonmain partners, among at-risk young adults with varying levels of self-efficacy. Participants were 170 heterosexually active, single students at a northeastern university in the United States. Exposure to HIV/AIDS public service announcements was found to increase perceived susceptibility, which facilitated a positive attitude toward condom use with main partners but not with nonmain partners. High self-efficacy promoted a positive attitude toward condom use with main partners, and condom use with main and nonmain partners. The interaction effects revealed that high, compared to low, self-efficacy motivated more condom use with main and nonmain partners when perceived susceptibility was lower.

Applying the extended parallel process model to examine posters in the 2008 Chinese Annual Anti-Drug Campaign

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-77
Author(s):  
Rui Shi ◽  
Michael David Hazen
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Parallel Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Extended Parallel Process Model ◽  
Content Structure ◽  
Response Efficacy ◽  
Legal Punishment ◽  
Major Factors

The present study sought to examine the content structure of the contemporary anti-drug campaign posters in China through the lens of the Extended Parallel Process Model. Four major factors of the EPPM (severity, susceptibility, response efficacy, and self-efficacy) served as the main coding categories of the content analysis to assess anti-drug posters’ potential persuasiveness. The findings revealed that the severity of drug abuse (n = 130, 87.2%) was communicated significantly more frequently than the other three factors, and response efficacy (n = 10, 6.7%) was significantly less prominent than the other three factors. “Legal punishment” is the most popular severity theme for both verbal (n = 71, 47.7%) and visual (n = 55, 36.9%) threats.

Promoting Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy: Fear Appeals in Breastfeeding Management

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betty Carlson Bowles
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Parallel Process ◽  
Fear Appeals ◽  
Fear Of Failure ◽  
Anticipatory Guidance ◽  
Milk Supply ◽  
Extended Parallel Process Model ◽  
Lactation Consultants

Lactation consultants (LC) often use fear appeals when providing anticipatory guidance to mothers about breastfeeding. We mention that improper positioning or latch-on can lead to sore nipples or fissures, or that inadequate or irregular emptying can lead to plugged ducts, mastitis, or a diminished milk supply. Instead of motivating the mother to practice the recommended preventive measures, fear appeals can lead to lack of confidence and fear of failure. Instead, lactation consultants can increase the mother’s confidence in her ability to breastfeed by helping her envision success, manage self-defeating thoughts, and solve problems. This article explores how the Extended Parallel Process Model can be applied to lactation consultation to increase the probability that the lactation consultant’s message will be heeded rather than rejected.

scholarly journals Risk perception related to COVID-19 among the Iranian general population: an application of the extended parallel process model

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Jahangiry ◽  
Fatemeh Bakhtari ◽  
Zahara Sohrabi ◽  
Parvin Reihani ◽  
Sirous Samei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Parallel Process ◽  
Preventive Behavior ◽  
Extended Parallel Process Model ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Defensive Responses ◽  
Socioeconomic And Demographic Factors

Abstract Background The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a major global public health challenge. This study aimed to investigate on how people perceive the COVID-19 outbreak using the components of the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) and to find out how this might contribute to possible behavioral responses to the prevention and control of the disease. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in Iran during March and April 2020. Participants were recruited via online applications using a number of platforms such as Telegram, WhatsApp, and Instagram asking people to take part in the study. To collect data an electronic self-designed questionnaire based on the EPPM was used in order to measure the risk perception (efficacy, defensive responses, perceived treat) related to the COVID-19. Descriptive statistics, chi-square, t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA), were used to explore the data. Results A total of 3727 individuals with a mean age (SD) of 37.0 (11.1) years participated in the study. The results revealed significant differences in efficacy, defensive responses and perceived treat among different population groups particularly among those aged 60 and over. Women had significantly higher scores than men on some aspects such as self-efficacy, reactance, and avoidance but men had higher perceived susceptibility scores compared to women. Overall 56.4% of participants were engaged in danger control (preventive behavior) while the remaining 43.6% were engaged in fear control (non-preventive behavior) process. Conclusion More than half of all participants motivated by danger control. This indicated that more than half of participants had high perceived efficacy (i.e., self-efficacy and response efficacy). Self-efficacy scores were significantly higher among participants who were older, female, single, lived in rural areas, and had good economic status. The results suggest that socioeconomic and demographic factors are the main determinants of the COVID-19 risk perception. Indeed, targeted interventions are essential for controlling the pandemic.

scholarly journals What affected Chinese parents’ decisions about tuberculosis (TB) treatment: Implications based on a cross-sectional survey

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0245691
Author(s):  
Tingsong Xia ◽  
Juan Chen ◽  
Jian Rui ◽  
Jinxu Li ◽  
Yuli Guo
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Perceived Susceptibility ◽  
Perceived Severity ◽  
Response Efficacy ◽  
Tb Treatment ◽  
Chinese Parents

Objective Although progress has been made in tuberculosis (TB) treatment, China still remains one of the high-burden TB countries. One important reason that has not received sufficient scholarly attention is that Chinese individuals tend to underestimate the threat of TB. This contributed to the high rate of delay in seeking TB treatment and noncompliance with doctors’ regimen. Hence, this research examined how TB knowledge affected Chinese parents’ risk perceptions and their efficacy appraisal in TB treatment, and how their risk perception and efficacy appraisal affected their intentions to seek timely TB treatment for their children and adhere to doctors’ regimen. Methods We conducted an online cross-sectional survey with 1129 parents of children attending kindergarten, primary school, and middle school in Shajing, a region with high TB incidence in China. Perceived severity of TB threat to self and to others, perceived susceptibility, response efficacy, and self-efficacy were measured, in addition to TB knowledge and intentions to seek timely TB treatment and adhere to doctors’ regimens. Results Ordinal least squares regression demonstrated that TB knowledge was positively associated with perceived severity of TB threat to self, perceived severity of TB threat to others, perceived susceptibility, response efficacy, and self-efficacy, but it did not affect their medical decisions. In addition, binary logistic regression revealed that response efficacy and self-efficacy predicted both intentions positively, and perceived severity of TB threat to self only enhanced Chinese individuals’ intention to follow doctors’ regimens. Conclusion Health education aimed at knowledge improvement may be effective in changing one’s perceptions of the given health threat but may not be effective to change their behavior. Thus, practitioners need to focus on changing Chinese parents’ perceptions of TB rather than simply improving their knowledge. Specifically, it is necessary to lower their efficacy in self-management and enhance their perceived infectiousness of TB.

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