scholarly journals Non -verbal Politeness in English Etiquette Books and Prophetic Sunnah

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
Muhammed Badeaꞌ Ahmed ◽  
Ayhan Abdul Mun’im Ghaffori
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Communication ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
Similarity And Difference ◽  
High Degree

Non-verbal politeness is an important feature that characterizes human communication. Through this type of communication one can find a high degree of sophistication and civility in the language of the body, as this type of language can say and express more than language itself. Thus, there should be a use of certain cues to express courtesy and politeness such as: facial expression, eye contact, gestures, posture, and proxemics. This study aims at explaining the role of the different forms of non-verbal politeness in Prophetic Sunnah and the British etiquette books in particular, then analyzing these texts within the eclectic model of this study, highlighting points of similarity and difference between the two cultures. It is hypothesized that the two cultures display different orientations to the ways of acting non-verbally. The model adopted in this study is Martin and Nakayama (2010) with reference to Andersen (1999), Poyatos (2002) and Koneru (2008) within the framework of Brown and Levinson’s model of politeness and in accordance with Hofstede's (2001) cultural values. The main conclusions of the current study are: (i) Non-verbal politeness almost goes hand in hand with other forms of verbal politeness. (ii) Non-verbal politeness is employed differently in both the Prophetic Sunnah and English etiquette books. (iii) Islamic Sunnah as compared to English etiquette books concentrates on cordiality and maintaining positive politeness among Muslims, while English etiquette texts emphasize individuality and negative politeness.

scholarly journals The future of SIMS: Who embodies which smile and when?

2010 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 464-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula M. Niedenthal ◽  
Martial Mermillod ◽  
Marcus Maringer ◽  
Ursula Hess
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
Top Down ◽  
The Core ◽  
Facial Expression Of Emotion ◽  
Expression Of Emotion ◽  
Target Article ◽  
The Future

AbstractThe set of 30 stimulating commentaries on our target article helps to define the areas of our initial position that should be reiterated or else made clearer and, more importantly, the ways in which moderators of and extensions to the SIMS can be imagined. In our response, we divide the areas of discussion into (1) a clarification of our meaning of “functional,” (2) a consideration of our proposed categories of smiles, (3) a reminder about the role of top-down processes in the interpretation of smile meaning in SIMS, (4) an evaluation of the role of eye contact in the interpretation of facial expression of emotion, and (5) an assessment of the possible moderators of the core SIMS model. We end with an appreciation of the proposed extensions to the model, and note that the future of research on the problem of the smile appears to us to be assured.

Trust in the Workplace: The Role of Social Interaction Diversity in the Community and in the Workplace

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 378-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Cui ◽  
Ilan Vertinsky ◽  
Sandra Robinson ◽  
Oana Branzei
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
Collectivistic Cultures ◽  
Capital Development ◽  
The Impact

Extending the literature on social capital development in the community, this article examines the impact of diverse social interactions (in the community and the workplace) on the development of social trust in the workplace, and investigates whether their effects differ in individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Using survey data collected in Canada and China, the authors find that the diversity of one’s social interactions in the community is positively associated with one’s social trust in the workplace, and this relationship is not significantly different between the two cultures. Diversity of one’s social interactions in the workplace is also positively associated with one’s social trust in the workplace, though only in collectivistic cultures.

scholarly journals A Differential Construct Methodology for Modelling Predictive Cultural Values

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Béatrice Boufoy-Bastick
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Explanatory Model ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Fiji Islands ◽  
Target Construct ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
Natural Laboratory

This paper presents an explanatory model of cultural behaviours, which resulted from a four-year ethnographic study of the different academic attainments in English of indigenous Fijians and the Indo-Fijians in the Fiji Islands. Fiji is a natural laboratory for investigating differential cultural behaviours because of these two culturally distinct main ethnic groups. Their different cultural behaviours were found to serve different values within each culture. A three-construct grounded model of these different values emerged from observations and analyses of these behaviours. These constructs were then de-constructed to define and explain a fourth target construct of their Differential Teaching Behaviours, which were contributing to the different academic attainments of the two cultures. The validity of the resulting four-construct model was both empirically and quantitatively ascertained and it is argued that the model can be used to predict culturally determined behaviours and educational outcomes in similar multicultural contexts.

Benford in His Own Words

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Slusser
Keyword(s):  
Science Fiction ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
University Of California ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Rhetorical Devices ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
The Two Cultures

This chapter considers the series of essays Gregory Benford wrote for University of California Riverside's Eaton Conference from 1979 to 2009. It explores Benford's personal vision by connecting the various threads of his essays, including his analysis of J. G. Ballard's term of “experience” from the point of view of the “intuitionist” school of natural philosophy; the process of alien ingestion; the narrative and rhetorical devices needed to achieve what he calls that “falsely quiet” moment when the practicing scientist senses the possibility of alien encounter; the role of aliens in science fiction; his use of the cyberpunk phenomenon to denounce what he sees as the disturbing rise of fantasy as a cultural phenomenon; and the two-cultures gap in science fiction.

scholarly journals Sir Peter Medawar: science, creativity and the popularization of Karl Popper

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Calver
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
Karl Popper ◽  
Literary Practice ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
The Public ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Public Role ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
The Way

Sir Peter Medawar was respected by scientists and literati alike. It was perhaps not surprising, then, that he would choose to involve himself in the ‘two cultures’ debate of 1959 and beyond. The focus of his intervention was the philosophy of Sir Karl Popper. However, Medawar's Popper was not the guru of falsification familiar from philosophy textbooks. Medawar's distinctive interpretation of Popper treated him instead as the source of insights into the role of creativity and imagination in scientific inquiry. This paper traces the context for Medawar's adoption of Popperian philosophy, together with its application before the debate. It then examines, within the context of the debate itself, the way in which Medawar attempted to reconcile scientific inquiry with literary practice. Medawar became increasingly convinced that not only was induction epistemologically unsound, but it was also damaging to the public role of the scientist. His construction of Popperianism would, he envisaged, provide a worthy alternative for scientists’ self-image.

scholarly journals Human-Alien Encounters in Science Fiction: A Postcolonial Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-203
Author(s):  
Borbála Bökös
Keyword(s):  
Science Fiction ◽  
Identity Formation ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
The Body ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
James Cameron ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
Science Fiction Films ◽  
Abel Ferrara ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract An (un)conventional encounter between humans and alien beings has long been one of the main thematic preoccupations of the genre of science fiction. Such stories would thus include typical invasion narratives, as in the case of the three science fiction films I will discuss in the present paper: the Invasion of the Body Snatchers (Don Siegel, 1956; Philip Kaufman, 1978; Abel Ferrara, 1993), The Host (Andrew Niccol, 2013), and Avatar (James Cameron, 2009). I will examine the films in relation to postcolonial theories, while attempting to look at the ways of revisiting one’s history and culture (both alien and human) in the films’ worlds that takes place in order to uncover and heal the violent effects of colonization. In my reading of the films I will shed light on the specific processes of identity formation (of an individual or a group), and the possibilities of individual and communal recuperation through memories, rites of passages, as well as hybridization. I will argue that the colonized human or alien body can serve either as a mediator between the two cultures, or as an agent which fundamentally distances two separate civilizations, thus irrevocably bringing about the loss of identity, as well as the lack of comprehension of cultural differences.

scholarly journals ABOUT THE CURRENCY OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE MODERN SOCIETY

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Verbal Communication ◽  
Verbal Interaction ◽  
Level Of Understanding

The article considers the features of non-verbal communication under the conditions of the modern society The forms of non-verbal communication include paralysis, eye contact, facial expression, posture, gestures, touches, proximics, clothes, etc. Although non-verbal forms of communication are mostly of a subconscious nature, they can be used to convey information of any importance . With the help of non-verbal signals, our communication can become complicated and reach a level of understanding that is not available for verbal communication. The authors come to the conclusion that the role of non-verbal interaction in communication increases.

scholarly journals Tilegnelse af fortællerperspektiv og referentperspektiv i dansk tegnsprog: introduktion af en ny referent

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (48) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Engberg-Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Sign Language ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Body Orientation ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Deaf Children ◽  
Rhetorical Style ◽  
Strong Emphasis ◽  
Linguistic Means

Linguistic perspective can be used either to denote the way en event is described as seen from the perspective of one of the referents, or as a term for various linguistic means used to indicate whether a referent is new or given and whether an event is foreground or background. In this article, the former type is called referent perspective, the latter narrator perspective. In Danish Sign Language (DTS) narrator perspective is expressed by the signer’s eye contact with the addressee, the sign EN (‘one, a’) to indicate a new, prominent referent, and nonmanual signals indicating topicalization and accessibility. Referent perspective is expressed by combinations of predicates of motion and location with gaze, facial expression, and head and body orientation that represent a referent. Narratives elicited from DTS-signing adults by means of cartoons are shown to have a strong emphasis on referent perspective compared with narratives in spoken Danish elicited by means of the same cartoons. DTS-signing deaf children of six to nine years of age are shown to be well underway in acquiring the use of en, but they struggle with the expression of the referent perspective, especially the use of gaze direction and facial expression. The results are discussed in relation to Slobin’s (1996) notion rhetorical style and the role of iconicity in acquisition.

scholarly journals RECEPTION OF THE FOREIGNNESS – MIGRANT LITERATURE AS CULTURAL TRANSFER

2020 ◽  
pp. 97-104
Author(s):  
Antoaneta Mihailova ◽  
Kalina Minkova
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The Body ◽  
Austrian Society ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cultural Transfer ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Migrant Literature ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
German Speaking

The article reviews the distinction between emigrant, immigrant and migrant literature from the perspective of the contemporary Bulgarian literary criticism. The body of emigrant literature is regarded as comprising the works of nineteenthcentury Bulgarian authors (Rakovski, Karavelov, Vazov) who wrote in Bulgarian and intended their works for the Bulgarian readership. The works from the first half of the twentieth century, written in Bulgarian by Bulgarian authors living mostly in Germany and France, are perceived as part of the Bulgarian literature from this period on the grounds of their engaging with themes recognized as characteristically Bulgarian (Elisaveta Bagryana, Pencho Slaveykov, Kiril Hristov, Svetoslav Minkov etc.). The Bulgarian intellectuals who moved to Western Europe in three immigrant waves after 1944, however, wrote in the language of the country in which they settled. This is the reason why Bulgarian literary criticism did not acknowledge their works as part of Bulgarian literature. The authors this article deals with – Ilija Trojanov, Dimitre Dinev and Tzveta Sofronieva – do not deny their Bulgarian origins. They have chosen to write in German in order to be understood by readers in their new country. The German-speaking readership regards them as mediators between Bulgarian history, traditions and culture and the German, respectively Austrian, society precisely because they have rendered Bulgarians and the Bulgarian past in a language that is easy to understand. The interest in Bulgarian authors writing in languages other than Bulgarian in Western Europe peaked in the years immediately preceding and following Bulgaria’s accession to the European Union as the Western European citizens wanted to find out more about the new country in the Union. With their established reputation as eminent artists, these authors continue to cast a bridge between the two cultures. Their works keep being translated into many different languages and have won prestigious international awards.

scholarly journals Socio-Cultural Characteristics Found in Russian-Korean Translation of Metaphoric Expressions

2006 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 368-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hye-Seung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Short History ◽  
Cultural Characteristics ◽  
Dynamic Activity ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
Metaphoric Expression ◽  
Diverse Cultures ◽  
Additional Explanation

Abstract Translation is an act of communication across dissimilar cultures as well as a dynamic activity in which translators are required to make choices and decisions for the purpose of resolving problems. This paper draws on metaphoric expressions and their translations to recapitulate that the work of translation is not limited to the languages or the texts involved but is a dynamic activity that bridges two diverse cultures. Metaphoric expressions are non-literal, have implied meanings, and are used to emphasize a point or to enhance the expression’s impressibility. Furthermore, metaphoric expressions are affected greatly by the culture to which they belong because they are created through a complex interaction between object, image, and sense. Consequently, in order to properly communicate the true meanings of these metaphoric expressions, translators play the role of an active mediator by either replacing the metaphoric expression found in ST with a different but compatible metaphoric expression or by using non-metaphoric, descriptive expressions or by appending additional explanation. This paper uses Korean translations of metaphoric expressions found in Russian source texts as examples to discuss the socio-cultural differences between the two cultures, how these characteristics are revealed in Russian-Korean translations, and how these issues are overcome. Based on the research results, the paper also emphasizes that understanding the vastly different socio-cultural characteristics of these two cultures is essential to the field of Russian-Korean translation with its relatively short history, to not only improve the quality of translations but also for the field’s continual advancements.

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