A Survey of Macro Damages from Non-Communicable Chronic Diseases: Another Challenge for Global Governance

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1850220 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Mayer-Foulkes
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Global Governance ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Nutrition Transition ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Preventive Action

Non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) are currently the largest global cause of adult mortality, one of the principal burdens of disease in developed and underdeveloped countries. Their main causes are well known, tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and the harmful use of alcohol. The prevalence of these risk factors is directly related to the activities of transnational corporations (TNCs). For example, just the TNC budgets dedicated to advertising risky consumption are larger than the budget of the World Health Organization. A literature survey shows that NCDs have important long-term macroeconomic impacts, whose detailed evaluation has only just begun. The sheer burden on the working and aged population implies strong impacts on labor, saving and investment, as well as increased human capital depreciation. These will all impact long-term economic growth. It is a research priority to quantify these impacts. However, in the context of globalization, NCD is developing faster than its rigorous analysis. Research results show that what is needed is preventive action. This requires a global institutional framework capable of controlling NCD risk factors, which can also promote health and economic growth in general. Developing legal mechanisms to slow the negative impact of the deficient nutrition transition would be a step in that direction. Global markets need to be balanced with global governance holding TNCs responsible for their impact, promoting cooperative solutions when available, and taxing them so that they carry their fair share of social weight.

scholarly journals 29.E. Workshop: Data analysis, advocacy activities, and actions to counteract the double burden of malnutrition

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Double Burden Of Malnutrition ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The burden of non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) represents a public health issue of gigantic proportion at global level. Among others, diet has been demonstrated to be a key element to maintain health and prevent NCDs. Today's world is facing the so-called “double burden of malnutrition”, characterized by the coexistence of undernutrition along with overweight, obesity or diet-related NCDs due to a substantial shift toward unhealthy diet high in sugars and ultra-processed foods and concomitant inadequate accessibility of nutritious foods. While interventions to improve diet quality and nutrition knowledge are of paramount importance in order to decrease the burden of NCDs over the next decades, the international policy framework should aim to develop evidence-based policy approaches to reduce such burden globally. In this context, the EUPHA Food and nutrition section, the EUPHA Chronic diseases section, the EUPHA Health promotion section, in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO), aim to propose a joint workshop to provide the latest updates from leading scientists and experts involved in global health research, with a special focus on NCDs, obesity and nutrition-related risk factors as well as ongoing interventions aimed to reduce the double burden of malnutrition. The objectives of the present workshop are the following: To quantify the global burden and temporal trends of NCDs risk factors; To assess the impact of nutrition-related risk factors on NCDs; To provide examples of advocacy activities and actions at global level to improve nutrition education and dietary behaviors; To promote translatable information at global level and drive implementation of knowledge into policy and practice. Organizing the present workshop would provide an important occasion for gathering experts in the field and sharing opinions with the audience in light of the presented results. Given the many actors involved, the workshop will provide a unique occasion to discuss about potential policy approaches in the context of the conference. Key messages There is science-based evidence demonstrating that healthy nutrition is a key factor to maintain global health and prevent chronic non-communicable diseases. Governmental and non-governmental efforts are currently working to counteract malnutrition worldwide.

scholarly journals A review of post infectious pulmonary fibrosis in the era of COVID-19 and potential treatment options

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (40) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Medha Ghose ◽  
Maehali Patel
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
World Health ◽  
Potential Treatment ◽  
Pulmonary Injury ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Post Infectious

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) released a statement characterizing COVID-19 as a pandemic that has, as of October 2020, caused almost 36 million confirmed global cases and over 1 million deaths. One of the long-term complications suggested by researchers is fibrosis. It has been hypothesized that the combination of ongoing pulmonary injury caused by COVID-19 and the inability to promptly repair damage results in interstitial matrix widening and eventual compression and destruction of alveoli and capillaries. Here we focus on pathogenesis, risk factors, different infectious causes of fibrosis along with COVID-19, and potential treatment options that might reduce its effects. Key words: COVID-19, pulmonary fibrosis, mechanism, treatment

Long-Term Functional Outcome of Bilateral Spontaneous and Simultaneous Achilles Tendon Ruptures

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 318-320
Author(s):  
Prasad Ellanti ◽  
Nikos Davarinos ◽  
Thomas E. Burke ◽  
Lester G. D’Souza
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Functional Outcome ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Level ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Good Functional Outcome ◽  
Tendon Ruptures

Bilateral simultaneous ruptures are rare comprising less than 1% of all Achilles tendon ruptures. Risk factors for bilateral ruptures include chronic diseases and medications such as corticosteroids and fluoroquinolones. There is little in the literature on the long-term functional outcome of bilateral Achilles tendon ruptures. This article present a series of 3 cases of simultaneous and spontaneous bilateral Achilles tendon ruptures with a minimum of 5-year follow up suggesting a good functional outcome. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV

scholarly journals Impact of long-term and short-term therapies on seminal parameters

2013 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Jlenia Elia ◽  
Norina Imbrogno ◽  
Michele Delfino ◽  
Rossella Mazzilli ◽  
Vincenzo Spinosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
World Health ◽  
Term Therapy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Image Analysis System ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Seminal Parameters ◽  
Significant Difference

Aim: The aim of this work was: i) to evaluate the prevalence of male partners of subfertile couples being treated with long/short term therapies for non andrological diseases; ii) to study their seminal profile for the possible effects of their treatments on spermatogenesis and/or epididymal maturation. Methods: The study group was made up of 723 subjects, aged between 25 and 47 years. Semen analysis was performed according to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines (1999). The Superimposed Image Analysis System (SIAS), which is based on the computerized superimposition of spermatozoa images, was used to assess sperm motility parameters. Results: The prevalence of subjects taking pharmacological treatments was 22.7% (164/723). The prevalence was 3.7% (27/723) for the Short-Term Group and 18.9% (137/723) for the Long-Term Group. The subjects of each group were also subdivided into subgroups according to the treatments being received. Regarding the seminal profile, we did not observe a significant difference between the Long-Term, Short-Term or the Control Group. However, regarding the subgroups, we found a significant decrease in sperm number and progressive motility percentage in the subjects receiving treatment with antihypertensive drugs compared with the other subgroups and the Control Group. Conclusions: In the management of infertile couples, the potential negative impact on seminal parameters of any drugs being taken as Long-Term Therapy should be considered. The pathogenic mechanism needs to be clarified.

Fiscal policy as a source of economic growth

2017 ◽  
pp. 5-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kudrin ◽  
A. Knobel
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Structure Change ◽  
Fiscal Multiplier ◽  
Multiplicative Effect ◽  
General Government ◽  
Multiplicative Effects

We investigate mechanisms of budget expenditures structure influence on economic development. General government fiscal multiplier in various functional directions is estimated. We show that productive expenses in general have bigger multiplicative effect on GDP, than unproductive ones. By means of multiplicative effects models estimation for various functional items we calculate potential effect on economic growth of the budget maneuver in favor of productive expenses and the implemented effect of the recent years budget expenditures structure change. We show that resources redistribution from non-productive expenses to productive ones could increase long-term rates of economic growth approximately by 0,8 p. p. per year. On the contrary, the budget expenditures structure change observed during 2011-2017 has a negative impact on average annual rates of economic growth about 0,3 p. p. per year.

ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN A PANDEMIC CONDITION: CURRENT CHALLENGES AND ECONOMIC SOLUTIONS

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryna Myronets ◽  
◽  
Tetiana Kulinich ◽  
Yuliia Tsipan ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Ecological Effect ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Careful Handling ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Entire Planet

The ecological effect of the pandemic has been known since the beginning of our era, when the "Justinian plague" restored the flora and fauna of the planet. However, with the development of scientific and technological progress, the means of combating the epidemic have changed, and accordingly its impact on the environment has been transformed. With this in mind, this paper discusses the environmental problems that arise in the modern corona viral pandemic. It is determined that if earlier tissue masks were used to fight the epidemic, which could be disposed of without any problems, now the current means of protection require much more careful handling. In particular, it is not only necessary to properly dispose of medical care, but also to dispose of it according to special protocols, which in practice is not always performed. In addition, it has been established that in the conditions of a pandemic, the use of disposables, ie plastic bags, rubber gloves, etc., is increasing, which also has a negative impact on the environment after a long period of decay. In addition, the article found that the pandemic is causing a decline in the ranks of the economy, as well as an increase in the use of personal, transport, which also pollutes the environment. It has been studied that the pandemic affects the ecological situation in the Arctic, which determines the climate of the entire planet. At the same time, the article states that the World Health Organization has made a number of recommendations to improve the situation. In addition, a number of measures have been taken to improve the environmental situation in a pandemic. The positive impact of the introduction of global quarantine on the environment, as well as the probable directions of change in the situation after its completion have been studied. In particular, it is noted that in order to improve the long-term ecological environment of the planet, it is necessary not only to take measures to improve the situation, but also to form environmental awareness in people.

scholarly journals Bangkit Pascainfeksi: Dinamika Resiliensi pada Penyintas Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Yudi Kurniawan ◽  
Markus Nanang Irawan Budi Susilo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
World Health ◽  
Psychological Resilience ◽  
First Onset ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Long Term Impact

<p><strong>Abstract</strong>. This study aims to qualitatively understand the dynamics of resilience in survivors of COVID-19. Since the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization, the number of people infected has increased. Until April 2021, the number of positive confirmed COVID-19 cases in Indonesia has reached 1.5 million cases. Of these, 1.3 million people became survivors. In many cases, survivors of COVID-19 are still symptomatic for more than 60 days after the first onset appeared. This condition is known as long COVID. In addition to long COVID-19, survivors also face the risk of stigmatization from the environment that is burdensome for patients who have recovered to be able to return to normal activities. This study uses a phenomenological approach. Researchers conducted in-depth interviews with four respondents who had tested positive for COVID-19 based on the results of PCR swabs and experienced several long symptoms of COVID. The researchers found that the dynamics of resilience in COVID-19 survivors in this study emerged as an interaction between protective factors and risk factors. The protective factor consists of the components I can, I have, and I am plus the empathy and spiritual factors. The risk factors experienced by participants in this study were social stigma and the long-term impact of COVID-19. Collaboration between components of adaptive thinking, the ability to manage emotions, social support and empathy and spiritual factors is the key to achieving psychological resilience.</p><p> <strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: pandemic, COVID-19 survivors, resilience</em><em>, long COVID, social stigma</em></p><p><em></em> </p><p><strong>Abstrak.</strong> Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami secara kualitatif dinamika resiliensi pada penyintas COVID-19. Sejak Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) ditetapkan sebagai pandemi oleh Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia, jumlah masyarakat yang terinfeksi kian meningkat. Hingga April 2021, jumlah konfirmasi positif COVID-19 di Indonesia mencapai 1,5 juta kasus. Dari jumlah tersebut, 1,3 juta orang menjadi penyintas. Pada banyak kasus, penyintas COVID-19 masih bergejala hingga lebih dari 60 hari setelah onset pertama muncul. Kondisi ini dikenal sebagai <em>long COVID. </em>Selain <em>long COVID</em>, penyintas pun menghadapi risiko stigmatisasi dari lingkungan yang memberatkan pasien yang telah pulih untuk dapat kembali berkegiatan secara normal. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan fenomenologi. Peneliti melakukan wawancara mendalam terhadap empat responden yang pernah dinyatakan positif COVID-19 berdasarkan hasil swab PCR dan mengalami beberapa gejala long COVID. peneliti menemukan bahwa dinamika resiliensi pada penyintas COVID-19 dalam penelitian ini muncul sebagai interaksi antara faktor protektif dan faktor risiko. Faktor protektif terdiri atas komponen <em>I can, I have, dan I am</em> ditambah dengan faktor empati dan spiritual. Faktor risiko yang dialami oleh partisipan dalam penelitian ini adalah stigma sosial dan dampak jangka panjang COVID-19. Kolaborasi antara komponen pola pikir adaptif, kemampuan mengelola emosi, dukungan sosial dan faktor empati serta spiritual merupakan kunci untuk mencapai resiliensi psikologis.</p><p><strong><em>Kata kunci</em></strong><em>: pandemi, penyintas COVID-19, resiliensi, long COVID, stigma sosial</em></p>

scholarly journals The Fiscal Deficit and Economic Growth in Pakistan: New Evidence

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (Special Edition) ◽  
pp. 53-72
Author(s):  
Nasir Iqbal ◽  
Musleh ud Din ◽  
Ejaz Ghani
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Smooth Transition ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Fiscal Deficit ◽  
New Evidence

This study revisits the relationship between the fiscal deficit and economic growth in Pakistan to determine whether there exists a threshold fiscal deficit that might serve as a benchmark for policymakers aiming to promote growth through fiscal expansion. We apply the smooth transition autoregressive model to time-series data for the period 1972–2014. The empirical analysis shows that the threshold level of fiscal deficit is 5.57 percent of GDP, above which the deficit has a negative impact on growth. Overall, the fiscal deficit has a negative impact on economic growth, mainly because it has tended to remain above the threshold level. However, there is room for fiscal policy to promote growth, provided the fiscal deficit is kept below the threshold level and public spending is channeled into productive investments that raise the country’s long-term growth potential.

scholarly journals Limited effect of red blood cell transfusion on long-term mortality among anaemic cardiac surgery patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-382
Author(s):  
Long Tran ◽  
Guri Greiff ◽  
Alexander Wahba ◽  
Hilde Pleym ◽  
Vibeke Videm
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Postoperative Complications ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
World Health ◽  
Red Blood Cell Transfusion ◽  
Rbc Transfusion ◽  
Long Term Mortality

Abstract OBJECTIVES Our goal was to investigate long-term mortality associated with red blood cell (RBC) transfusion among patients with anaemia undergoing cardiac surgery when adjusting for known risk factors. METHODS Adults with preoperative anaemia as defined by World Health Organization criteria undergoing open-heart surgery from 2000 through 2017 were included. Cox regression was performed for long-term mortality (30 days–5 years), comparing patients who received ≥1 unit of RBC with those who did not. Unadjusted and multivariable analyses adjusted for risk factors were performed. RESULTS The study included 1859 patients, 1525 (82%) of whom received RBC transfusion. A total of 370 (19.9%) deaths were registered between 30 days and 5 years; 88 patients (23.8%) died between 30 days and 1 year. The unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) associated with RBC transfusion was 2.09 (1.49–2.93, P &lt; 0.001) from 30 days to 5 years postoperatively. The HR for RBC transfusion were 4.70 (1.72–12.81, P = 0.002) and 1.77 (1.23–2.55, P = 0.002) for 30 days–1 year and 1–5 years, respectively. Adjusting for perioperative risk factors, which included postoperative complications, the HR decreased to 1.16 (0.80–1.68, P = 0.43), 1.79 (0.63–5.12, P = 0.28) and 1.11 (0.75–1.65, P = 0.61) for observation time from 30 days to 5 years, 30 days to 1 year and 1 to 5 years, respectively. Results were similar when postoperative complications were excluded from the adjustment variables. CONCLUSIONS No statistically significant association between RBC transfusion and long-term mortality was found when we adjusted for known risk factors. This study suggests that the observed difference in mortality in this patient group is largely due to patient-related risk factors.

scholarly journals A Longitudinal Study on the Prevalence and Risk Factors for Depression and Anxiety, Quality of Life, and Clinical Outcomes in Incident Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maggie M.Y. Mok ◽  
Carmen K.M. Liu ◽  
Man Fai Lam ◽  
Lorraine P. Y. Kwan ◽  
Gary C.W. Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
World Health ◽  
First Year ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Younger Age

Background Starting dialysis is an important life event. The prevalence and evolution of psychological symptoms at commencement of long-term dialysis is unclear. We examined the prevalence of and risk factors for depression and anxiety, and the quality of life (QOL) of incident peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, and also the change of these parameters in the first year of PD in relation to clinical outcomes under the PD-first policy. Methods All patients commencing long-term PD from March 2011 to April 2015 were asked to complete the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF and the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Instrument Short Form questionnaire. Patient demographics and the incidence of hospitalization, peritonitis, exit-site infection, and all-cause mortality were studied. The HADS was repeated after 9 – 12 months. Results A high depression score was present in 39.6% of 191 patients at commencement of PD and was more common in diabetes patients (odds ratio [OR] 2.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09 – 3.81). A high anxiety score was present in 23.6%, and the risk factors included younger age (OR 0.96 per year, 95% CI 0.94 – 0.99) and diabetes (OR 2.59, 95% CI 1.20 – 5.57). Both high depression and anxiety scores were associated with an inferior QOL, overall and across most QOL domains. Depression and anxiety symptoms did not change in the first year of PD and were not associated with short-term clinical outcomes. Conclusions High depression and anxiety scores were prevalent in incident PD patients where PD-first policy is adopted and were associated with inferior QOL. There was no improvement after 1 year of PD. The impact of strategic interventions targeting patient groups at risk such as those with diabetes or of younger age warrants further investigation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document