scholarly journals Monitoring of Pollution of Salmonella sp. in Raw Milk Using Virulence Gen Marker

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Stefanie Yolanda Liwan ◽  
Tri Yahya Budiarso
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Factor ◽  
Enrichment Culture ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Time Effect ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Cellular Culture

Salmonella sp. is an enteropathogenic organism and it can spread through contaminated food which is rich in nutrition such as raw milk. The goal from this research is to find out the suitable pasteurization and time effect on the growth isolates Salmonella sp. that its invA presence is detected. Seventy-five (75) samples were taken in three locations of milk collection from groups of breeders. 10 ml of milk samples were grown in enrichment culture of modified Tryptic Soy Broth (mTSB) at 37oC for 12 hours. Cellular culture was then grown in differential selective medium of Salmonella Shigella Agar (SSA) and Chromocult Coliform Agar (CCA). From 75 milk samples produced 1392 colonies of typical Salmonella sp. pathogens. Then, isolates were selected using Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA) and Urea Broth media, producing 3 suspected isolates of Salmonella sp which was known from colonies color. Results of confirmation using API 20E and 50 CHE produced two isolates of Salmonella spp. with %ID = 99.6% and one isolate of Salmonella typhi with %ID = 72.1%. All of the isolates were then detected for virulence factor using invA marker and all positive isolates have virulence factor. It indicates that raw milk contains polluted pathogenic bacteria.Keywords: raw milk, enteric pathogenic, virulence gen

scholarly journals Microbiological analysis of raw milk, pasteurized milk and yogurt samples collected from different areas of Dhaka city, Bangladesh

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tasmina Rahman ◽  
Tanzia Akon ◽  
Iftikharun Nessa Sheuli ◽  
Naima Hoque
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Shigella Spp

A total of 300 different milk and yogurt samples were collected from Dhaka city and analyzed for total viable bacterial count (TVBC), total coliform count (TCC) and presence of several pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Vibrio spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. Raw milk samples collected from Moghbazar area showed highest TVBC (4.2 × 106 cfu/ml) and samples from Mohammadpur area showed lowest count (3.5 × 103 cfu/ml). All the pasteurized milk samples showed TVBC of 1.9 × 102 to 2.8 × 103 cfu/ml, and TCC only in one sample Yogurt samples (open) collected from vendor showed TVBC of 9.1 × 103 to 8.2 × 107 cfu/ml, and TCC only in sample collected from Dhanmondi, Dhaka. The packed yogurt samples showed TVBC of 2.2 × 102 to 6.1 × 103 cfu/ml, and TCC only in one sample. All the milk and yogurt samples were found contaminated with E. coli and Shigella-like species. Listeria monocytogenes was not detected in any of the samples studied.Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 39, No. 1, 31-36, 2015

scholarly journals Prevalence, Risk Factors Associated with Brucellosis and Presence of Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Camel Milk in Garissa County, Kenya

2020 ◽  
pp. 42-52
Author(s):  
M. Noor ◽  
V. Rotich ◽  
J. W. Kiarie ◽  
K. Cheruiyot ◽  
J. M. Kagira
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Camel Milk ◽  
Ring Test ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Milk Samples

Aim: The current study was undertaken to assess the prevalence, risk factors of brucellosis and presence of pathogenic bacteria isolated from camel milk in Garrisa County, Kenya. Methodology: The study design was cross-sectional where questionnaires were administered to farmers to assess the risk factors associated with brucellosis. The experimental study was also employed to identify bacteria in milk samples which were collected from 104 camels. Fifty milk samples were obtained from local farms while 54 were from sales point at Garissa market. Further test for brucellosis using milk ring test was also carried out. Results: The overall prevalence of brucellosis in camel milk was 8%. Most (12.5%) of the positive samples were from Dadaab Sub-county while the rest of the positive samples were from Fafi (5.9%) and Balambala (5.9%) sub-counties. All the 54 samples obtained from Garissa market were negative of brucellosis. Of the total (118) bacteria isolates, those from the farm level were 68.6% and from market were 31.2%. The bacteria isolated from the 104 milk samples were Pseudomonas spp. (32.2%), Salmonella spp. (30.5%), Staphylococcus spp (21.2%), Eschericia coli (8.5%) and Shigella spp. (7.6%). The risk factors that significantly (p<0.05) associated brucellosis were: age of lactating camels (higher in camels aged above 20 years), herd size (higher in camels from herd sizes of between 30-50 camels) and herding of camels with other livestock (higher in camels kept with other livestock). Conclusion: In conclusion, a few milk samples from camels in Garissa County were found to have brucellosis and were heavily infected with bacteria which can cause mastitis. Considering that most people in the study area drank raw milk, spread of these bacteria to man is a high possibility and thus animal and public health officers should implement one health disease control strategies.

Lactobacilli in raw milk and in Cheddar cheese

1960 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. Perry ◽  
M. Elisabeth Sharpe
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Cheddar Cheese ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Milk Samples

SummaryThe lactobacillus flora of the mixed morning and evening milk of a single herd and of sixty Cheddar cheese made from this milk, unheated, was examined over a period of 12 months. Few lactobacilli (usually not more than 1/ml) were found in the milk samples, and were identified asLactobacillus plantarum, L. casei, L. brevis, L. fermentiand unclassified strains. In addition,Pediococcus cerevisiaeand leuconostoc species were isolated on the selective medium used, the leuconostocs occurring more frequently than either the lactobacilli or the pediococci. The lactic-acid bacteria in the cheese varied considerably, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Although in general the same species of organisms were isolated from the cheese as from the milks, the relative frequencies of occurrence were not the same, leuconostocs being found much more often in milk than in cheese, andL. plantarumandL. caseimore frequently in cheese. No association between numbers or types of lactic-acid bacteria and flavour of the cheese was noted, nor did the season of the year or the ration fed to the milking herd affect the lactobacillus flora of the milk.

An Evaluation of a Conductance Method for the Enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae in Milk

1990 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 568-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVE L. COUSINS ◽  
FRAN MARLATT
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Quantitative Detection ◽  
Monitoring Method ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Conductance Method ◽  
Plating Method ◽  
R Value

A method for the quantitative detection of Enterobacteriaceae in raw milk utilizing automated, conductance monitoring of a selective medium was studied. The levels of pure Enterobacteriaceae cultures as well as Enterobacteriaceae levels in naturally contaminated raw milk were accurately measured using the conductance method when statistically compared to results obtained by an agar plating method. The correlation coefficient (r-value) for naturally contaminated raw milk samples was 0.92. Using a pass/fail limit of 100 CFU/ml, additional raw milk samples were analyzed and 90% of these samples were correctly classified into the correct pass/fail group using the results of the conductance monitoring method. Enterobacteriaceae were detected in raw milk at levels of &lt;10 – 500 CFU/ml in 12 - 6 hours, respectively, using the conductance method.

scholarly journals Isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. in raw milk from dairy herds in Colombia

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. e172805
Author(s):  
Rubiela Castañeda-Salazar ◽  
Adriana del Pilar Pulido-Villamarín ◽  
Geraldine Lorena Ángel-Rodríguez ◽  
Camila Andrea Zafra-Alba ◽  
Olimpo Juan Oliver-Espinosa
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
High Standards ◽  
Milking Machine ◽  
Milk And Dairy Products

Salmonellosis is a foodborne disease (FBD) that affects public health and can cause death in people. Many outbreaks of Salmonellosis have been reported due to the contamination of raw milk and dairy products with the pathogen. To determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in milk samples from four dairy herds in the Sabana of Bogotá in 2017, 112 milk samples were taken directly from the mammary gland during milking. All milk samples were cultured and tested to isolate and identify Salmonella spp. using microbiological and molecular methods. Salmonella spp. prevalence of milk samples was found to be 20.5% (n=23). The main Salmonella serovars isolated were S. Newport (60.87%), S. Typhimurium (17.4%), S. Virchow, S. Bredeney, and S. Anatum (4.3% each one of the serovars). However, it was not possible to determine the Salmonella serotype in two isolates. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in milk has not been studied extensively in Colombia. The 20.5% in the prevalence might be due to fact that the sample was taken directly from the mammary gland allowing a better chance of isolation by avoiding the dilutional effect of mixed milk from different cows in the buckets. This also suggests that the infection of the udder could have occurred by hematogenous dissemination or by milking machine contamination. This study highlights the need to implement measures to prevent contamination and reduce the problem in the herds, which will result in milk and dairy products with high standards of innocuity and quality and decrease the risk of foodborne illness.

scholarly journals Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of spp. in South Punjab-Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tariq Ismail ◽  
Aftab Qamar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Antibacterial Resistance ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Paratyphi B

Present study aimed at investigating the magnitude of the prevalence and antibiotic resistance among four Salmonella spp. i.e. S. typhi , S. paratyphi A, S. paratyphi B and S. typhimurium, present in raw milk and environment samples from five districts of southern part of the Province of Punjab in Pakistan i.e. Multan , Bahawalpur, Lodhran, Dera Ghazi Khan and Muzaffargarh. A total of 3000 raw milk and environment samples were collected from these sites and analyzed for detection and confirmation of Salmonella spp. Extent of antibiotic resistance was also determined and classified as resistant, intermediate and susceptible. S. typhimurium was found to be more prevalent in Multan region as compared to other districts. Increased emergence of antibacterial resistance among Salmonella spp. from raw milk samples was noted. Amongst 13 tested antibiotics, chloramphenicol and ofloxacin were found to be the most susceptible against Salmonella spp. Present study suggested serious interventions by relevant government agencies to ensure best practices in animal husbandry at farm level and sagacious use of antibiotics for the containment of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella spp.

scholarly journals Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Shigatoxigenic O157 and Non-O157 Escherichia coli in Raw Milk Marketed in Chittagong, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Kauser-Ul Alam ◽  
Nazmul Sarwar ◽  
Shireen Akther ◽  
Monsur Ahmad ◽  
Paritosh Kumar Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Macconkey Agar ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples

Background: Quality and microbial safety of milk is demanding day by day as it is considered as a host for pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. In this study, isolation and molecular characterization of shigatoxigenic O157 and non-O157 Escherichia coli in raw milk marketed in Chittagong, Bangladesh were done on 186 raw milk samples in Bangladesh. Methods: MacConkey agar was initially used to screen for the presence of E. coli and the suspected growth as evidenced by large pink colonies on MacConkey agar. Finally the organism was verified by plating through Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar (a selective medium for E. coli where it produces metallic sheen) and applying standard biochemical tests for E. coli. The presence of virulent genes, Shiga-like toxin (stx1 and stx2), Intimin (eaeA), O157 antigen rfbE and Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) Hemolysin (EHEC) hlyA in the contaminating E. coli population was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) run on a thermocycler (Applied Biosystem, 2720 thermal cycler, Singapore). Result: Among the raw milk samples, 33 samples were identified as E.coli positive and among the isolates, 6 (18.18%) were identified as possible EHEC O157 and rest of the isolates (81.82%) were considered as probable non EHEC O157. About, 3.23% (186 samples) EHEC O157 was isolated from raw milk samples. Then all the 33 isolates were taken under PCR assay for the identification of five virulent genes Stx1, Stx2, eaeA, rfbE and hlyA. No virulent genes were found in non- EHEC O157 isolates, but 4 stx2 (66.67%) and 1 hlyA (16.67%) gene were observed in another 4 EHEC O157 isolates out of 6, but one isolates contained the both genes and hence the prevalence of STEC was 2.15% in raw milk. Result indicated poor hygienic standard of raw milk from uncontrolled environments and the increased public health risk of those consuming raw milk from such uncontrolled sources.

scholarly journals Determination of the occurrence of plasmid virulence genes (spv) and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella strains isolated from raw milk

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
AGNIESZKA WISZNIEWSKA-ŁASZCZYCH ◽  
BARBARA ZDRODOWSKA ◽  
BEATA WYSOK ◽  
JOANNA SZTEYN ◽  
KATARZYNA LIEDTKE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Molecular Methods ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Bulk Tank Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Tank

The aim of the study was to measure the frequency of occurrence of Salmonella spp. in raw milk, to identify their serotype, as well as to determine their antibiotic resistance and the presence of Salmonella plasmid virulence (spv) genes. Out of 300 bulk tank milk samples, 5.3% were contaminated with Salmonella spp. All strains isolated belonged to the serovar S enteritidis, as confirmed by serotyping and molecular methods. The presence of spv genes was determined by PCR. Spv genes were present, in different patterns, in all strains tested. SpvA gene was present in all isolates (100%), spvB in 56.25%, spvC in 62.5%, spvD in 75%, and spvR in 56.25%. Antibiotic resistance was evaluated according to the NCCLS recommendations. All isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin (CIP), gentamicin (GE), and chloramphenicol (CH). Thirteen strains were resistant to ampicillin (AMP), 8 to erythromycin (E), 1 to doxycycline (DO), and 1 to tetracycline (TE). Different frequency of occurrence of the spv genes in Salmonella strains isolated from raw milk demonstrates their high adaptability. As many as 87.5% of isolates showed resistance to at least one of the antibiotics tested....

scholarly journals Prevalence and Characterization of Pathogenic Bacteria in Bulk Tank Raw Milk, Thailand

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 588-599
Author(s):  
Chanida KUPRADIT ◽  
Sasidhorn INNOK ◽  
Jirayus WORARATPHOKA ◽  
Mariena KETUDAT-CAIRNS
Keyword(s):  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Enterotoxin Genes ◽  
Bulk Tank

Although there are a number of raw milk collection centers in Nakhon Ratchasima, there is a lack of information with regard to the process of isolation and characterization of foodborne pathogens in raw milk. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the prevalence and characterization of foodborne pathogens, including Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus from 33 raw milk samples from 9 different raw milk collection centers located in 8 districts in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. This study was conducted from January to March 2016. Results revealed that the contaminations of L. monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. were not detected in any of the raw milk samples tested. The prevalence of B. cereus, E. coli, and S. aureus in raw milk samples was found to be 9 % (10 - 2.0 ×104 CFU/ml), 42.4 and 54 % (85 - 2.7 ×104 CFU/ml), respectively. The distribution of virulence genes was tested in B. cereus and S. aureus using gene specific primers by polymerase chain reaction. Out of the 29 analyzed coagulase-positive S. aureus isolates, 27 isolates (93 %) were positive for eap gene amplification and 14 isolates (48 %) showed amplicon of eap gene and all 5 enterotoxin genes, including seG, seGV, seI, seIV, and seM genes. All 8 B. cereus isolates tested showed positive PCR result with enterotoxin FM (entFM) gene but they showed negative with hemolysin gene (hblA and hblD genes) amplifications. It was inferred from these findings that bulk tank milk is a potential source of S. aureus and B. cereus in milk.

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