scholarly journals Valuable Chemicals Derived from Pyrolysis Liquid Products of Spirulina platensis Residue

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Jamilatun ◽  
Budhijanto Budhijanto ◽  
Rochmadi Rochmadi ◽  
Avido Yuliestyan ◽  
Arief Budiman
Keyword(s):  
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Water Phase ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Interesting Alternative

With a motto of preserving nature, the use of renewable resources for the fulfillment of human needs has been seen echoing these days. In response, microalgae, a water-living microorganism, is perceived as an interesting alternative due to its easy-to-cultivate nature. One of the microalgae, which possess the potential for being the future source of energy, food, and health, is Spirulina plantesis. Aiming to identify valuable chemicals possibly derived from it, catalytic and non-catalytic pyrolysis process of the residue of S. plantesis microalgae has been firstly carried out in a fixed-bed reactor over the various temperature of 300, 400, 500, 550 and 600 °C. The resulting vapor was condensed so that the liquid product consisting of the top product (oil phase) and the bottom product (water phase) can be separated. The composition of each product was then analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). In the oil phase yield, the increase of aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the decrease of the oxygenated have been observed along with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, which might be useful for fuel application. Interestingly, their water phase composition also presents some potential chemicals, able to be used as antioxidants, vitamins and food additives.

scholarly journals Pyrolysis of Table Sugar

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Adnan Bulut ◽  
Selhan Karagöz
Keyword(s):  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Hydroxymethyl Furfural ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Different Temperatures

Table sugars were pyrolyzed at different temperatures (300, 400, and 500°C) in a fixed-bed reactor. The effect of pyrolysis temperature on yields of liquid, solid, and gaseous products was investigated. As expected the yield of liquid products gradually increased and the yield of solid products gradually decreased when the pyrolysis temperature was raised. The yield of liquid products was greatest (52 wt%) at 500°C. The composition of bio-oils extracted with diethyl ether was identified by means of gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The following compounds were observed in bio-oils produced from the pyrolysis of table sugar at 500°C: 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-α-d-glucopyranose, 5-(hydroxymethyl) furfural, 5-acetoxymethyl-2-furaldehyde, and cyclotetradecane liquid product. The relative concentration of 5-(hydroxymethyl) furfural was the highest in bio-oils obtained from pyrolysis of table sugars at 500°C.

scholarly journals Athmospheric Hydrocracking of Jatropha Oil Using Woodchar Catalyst

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-119
Author(s):  
Hendriyana Hendriyana ◽  
Lulu Nurdini ◽  
Rizqi Ajeng Khusnul Khotimah ◽  
Nur Refianti Sukandi ◽  
Tika Dwi Ainun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Operating Temperature ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Injection Rate ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Jatropha Oil ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Cracking Process

Jatropha oil which is non-edible oil were hydro-crack at atmospheric pressure using an activated wood char catalyst in a fixed bed reactor. The hydro-cracking process was carried out at three temperature variations of 400, 450 and 500oC, and three variations of the oil feed injection rate of 2/2, 2/5 and 2 mL/10 minutes. The catalysts were characterized using SEM and BET. The composition of the liquid product obtained from the hydro-cracking process was analyzed using GC-MS. The effects of operating temperature and oil feed injection rate on oil recovery and conversion have been discussed. The results showed that the feed injection temperature and rate had an effect on the yield and conversion. The highest yield of 59.8% oil liquid products was achieved at a temperature of 450oC with injection rate of 2 mL/10 min. The composition of the oil-liquid product was dominated by heptanal at 32.9% -mass. Alkanes group contain C5 to C20 and alkene compounds consist of C8 until C18.

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature on Plasma-Assisted Catalytic Cracking of Palm Oil into Biofuels

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Istadi ◽  
Teguh Riyanto ◽  
Luqman Buchori ◽  
Didi Dwi Anggoro ◽  
Roni Ade Saputra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Plasma Reactor ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Catalytic Reactor ◽  
Catalytic Role ◽  
Reactor Temperature

Plasma-assisted catalytic cracking is an attractive method for producing biofuels from vegetable oil. This paper studied the effect of reactor temperature on the performance of plasma-assisted catalytic cracking of palm oil into biofuels. The cracking process was conducted in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD)-type plasma reactor with the presence of spent RFCC catalyst. The reactor temperature was varied at 400, 450, and 500 ºC. The liquid fuel product was analyzed using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the compositions. Result showed that the presenceof plasma and catalytic role can enhance the reactor performance so that the selectivity of the short-chain hydrocarbon produced increases. The selectivity of gasoline, kerosene, and diesel range fuels over the plasma-catalytic reactor were 16.43%, 52.74% and 21.25%, respectively, while the selectivity of gasoline, kerosene and diesel range fuels over a conventional fixed bed reactor was 12.07%, 39.07%, and 45.11%, respectively. The increasing reactor temperature led to enhanced catalytic role of cracking reaction,particularly directing the reaction to the shorter hydrocarbon range. The reactor temperature dependence on the liquid product components distribution over the plasma-catalytic reactor was also studied. The aromatic and oxygenated compounds increased with the reactor temperature.©2020. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved

Analysis of Gaseous and Liquid Products from Pressurized Pyrolysis of Flax Straw in a Fixed Bed Reactor

2010 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 4627-4632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Shahed Hasan Khan Tushar ◽  
Nader Mahinpey ◽  
Pulikesi Murugan ◽  
Thilakavathi Mani
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Flax Straw

Enhanced Catalytic Conversion of Camelina Oil to Hydrocarbon Fuels Over Ni-MCM-41 Catalysts

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaofeng Xu ◽  
Chengxinzhuo Jia ◽  
Zhengjun Shi ◽  
Ruijuan Liang ◽  
Chunhua Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crystalline Structure ◽  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Hydrocarbon Fuels ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Camelina Oil ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Mcm 41

The ex-situ catalytic cracking of camelina oil using nickel loaded MCM-41 as catalyst at 450 °C in fixed bed reactor was studied. Results revealed that the yield, selectivity and chemical composition of the liquid products was improved by nickel loaded MCM-41 without affecting the crystalline structure of MCM-41. Moreover, the loaded nickel onto MCM-41 facilitated the cyclization, alkylation, aromatization, deoxygenation, isomerization and cracking reactions.

Experimental Studies on Thermal and Catalytic Slow Pyrolysis of Groundnut Shell to Pyrolytic Oil

2015 ◽  
Vol 787 ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
R.M. Alagu ◽  
E. Ganapathy Sundaram
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Pyrolysis ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Thermal Pyrolysis ◽  
Pyrolytic Oil ◽  
Groundnut Shell

Pyrolysis process in a fixed bed reactor was performed to derive pyrolytic oil from groundnut shell. Experiments were conducted with different operating parameters to establish optimum conditions with respect to maximum pyrolytic oil yield. Pyrolysis process was carried out without catalyst (thermal pyrolysis) and with catalyst (catalytic pyrolysis). The Kaolin is used as a catalyst for this study. The maximum pyrolytic oil yield (39%wt) was obtained at 450°C temperature for 1.18- 2.36 mm of particle size and heating rate of 60°C/min. The properties of pyrolytic oil obtained by thermal and catalytic pyrolysis were characterized through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques to identify the functional groups and chemical components present in the pyrolytic oil. The study found that catalytic pyrolysis produce more pyrolytic oil yield and improve the pH value, viscosity and calorific value of the pyrolytic oil as compared to thermal pyrolysis.

Methods to delay deactivation of zeolites on furan acylation: continuous liquid-phase technology and solvent effects

RSC Advances ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (125) ◽  
pp. 103695-103702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuannan Xiong ◽  
Wenqi Chen ◽  
Jianjun Ma ◽  
Zhihua Chen ◽  
Aiwu Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Acetic Anhydride ◽  
Solvent Effects ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Beta Zeolite ◽  
Commercial Importance

The continuous liquid phase acylation of furan with acetic anhydride over H-beta zeolite was carried out in a fixed-bed reactor. 2-acetylfuran is of considerable commercial importance due to its application in food additives and drug industries.

Comparative study of catalytic conversion of glycerol, a by-product of transesterification, to cyclic hydrocarbons using MCM-22, ZSM-5 and alumina

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Kumar ◽  
Dinesh Kumar ◽  
Neeru Anand ◽  
Vinay Shah
Keyword(s):  
Rate Constant ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Glycerol Conversion ◽  
Ms Analysis

Abstract Recently chemical consumption has increased due to the growth of human population and industrialization. Depleting fuel reserves and increase in chemicals rise has led and researcher to focus on alternative bio based chemicals. Glycerol which is produced as a major byproduct from the trans-esterification reaction of fatty acids for producing biodiesel has been used in this work for conversion to value added products. Conversion of glycerol in presence of alumina, MCM-22 (pure silica based mesoporous catalyst) and ZSM-5 (Si-Al based catalyst) is investigated at different temperature and catalyst weight in a fixed bed reactor. The conversion of glycerol was found to be maximum in presence of alumina whereas maximum liquid products were obtained with ZSM-5. GC/MS analysis confirmed the production of Furan compounds in higher fraction with both alumina as well as ZSM-5 showing the importance of acid sites for the glycerol conversion to higher hydrocarbons. The GC/MS analysis of liquid product obtained in presence of catalyst was also observed with high area% of unconverted glycerol. The order is as follow 54% (MCM-22) > 44% (ZSM-5) > 42.2% (Alumina). For the investigation of the conversion for varying catalyst weight (0–3 g with 0.5 g weight difference), reaction temperature were varied between 450 and 550 °C. Different values of n = 0, 1, 2 etc. were used for the fitting of the respective plot. A change in reaction rate and the rate constant indicated that with the change of temperature, reaction rate was increased. The rate constant value obtained between 0.09 and 0.12 h−1. In all cases 450 °C and catalyst weight of 2.5 g was obtained as optimum for higher liquid yield. TGA analysis of spent catalyst also showed that alumina give high yield (∼50% by weight) of coke as compared to ZSM-5 and MCM-22.

Liquefaction of Harbul (Silopi SE Anatolia, Turkey) Asphaltite by Flash Pyrolysis

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdurrahman Saydut ◽  
Yalcin Tonbul ◽  
Candan Hamamci
Keyword(s):  
Column Chromatography ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Secondary Products ◽  
Hydrocarbon Gases ◽  
Flash Pyrolysis ◽  
Liquid Yield

Asphaltite, being petroleum originated solid fossil fuel, can be converted into a variety of secondary products such as light hydrocarbon gases, liquid product and high quality fuel char by means of pyrolysis. Liquefaction of Harbul (Silopi, Turkey) asphaltite,-0.60+0.25 mm particle size, and using flash pyrolysis was performed in a fixed bed reactor with a heating rate 40°C min−1 at a temperature ranging from 400 to 800°C under nitrogen atmosphere. The effect of temperature on conversion and liquid yield was examined. The flash pyrolysis temperature resulted in a large increase in the oil yield, tar, gases, large increase in the yield of hydrocarbon gases occurred as a result of temperature at 550°C which was attributed to an increase thermal cracking of pyrolysis vapours. The yield of asphaltite liquid at the condition of 550°C reached a maximum 19.66 wt %. The asphaltenes of the pyrolytic oils were precipitated by addition of n-pentane. Pentane solubles were fractioned by column chromatography into aliphatic, aromatic and polar fractions using n-hexane, toluene and methanol, respectively. The composition of these fractions from silica gel column chromatography of oil obtained by nitrogen pyrolysis was characterized by FTIR.

scholarly journals THERMOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF POLYPROPYLENE IN PRESENCE OF ALUMINUM SILICATES

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 85-89
Author(s):  
Lyubov V. Furda ◽  
Dmitry E. Smalchenko ◽  
Evgeny N. Titov ◽  
Olga E. Lebedeva
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Content ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Catalyst Composition ◽  
Developed Surface ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Thermocatalytic Conversion

The process of thermocatalytic conversion of polypropylene into liquid hydrocarbons using amorphous aluminum silicates with aluminum content of 1.6-12.9 wt.% as catalysts was studied. The aluminum silicates were synthesized by sol-gel method using hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane in a presence of aluminum salt at pH=9. All samples possessed acidic sites with pKa value of 3.46-5.00 and had a developed surface. Textural properties of the aluminum silicates were determined. Thermocatalytic conversion of polypropylene was carried out in a flow fixed-bed reactor with a fixed layer of the mixture of the catalyst and the reagent at a mass ratio of polymer : catalyst of 3 : 1 in argon atmosphere with a gradual rise of temperature in the range of 300 – 450 ºС. The sample of silica, which did not contain aluminum, was demonstrated to be inactive in polypropylene degradation, while other catalysts provided conversion of polypropylene into liquid products. The highest yield of liquid products was 80% for a catalyst with an aluminum content of 8.1 wt.%. According to the results of GLC saturated hydrocarbons were identified among the products for all samples. The effect of the concentration of acidic centers on the chemical and fractional composition of the target products was shown. For the studied aluminum silicates with the same pKa values, an increase in the aluminum content favored the formation of a lighter hydrocarbon fraction. For the catalyst with the highest aluminum content the n-alkanes of С5-С10 composition were identified. These products were closest to gasoline oil fraction. This provides a possibility to consider secondary polyolefins as an alternative source of motor fuels. An influence of catalyst composition on maximal temperature of polyethylene degradation was determined by differential thermal analysis.

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