scholarly journals Perempuan−Perempuan di Industri Gula Surakarta Abad XIX−XX

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Pratika Rizki Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Women Workers ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
Blue Collar Workers ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Small Market ◽  
Economic Necessity ◽  
Domestic Affairs

The role of adult women in Javanese society had closely been associated by public view to domestic affairs. Yet, this view slightly changed in the late nineteenth century. Adult women played a crucial economic role in the job market of the sugar industry in the Surakarta Regency in Central Java, which reached its peak at the turn of the twentieth century. This article shows that many adult women in Surakarta were involved in the blooming sugar industry in Surakarta between 1890s and 1930s because of economic necessity: they served as breadwinners to their families. These women participated either directly by becoming blue collar workers at the sugar industry, or indirectly by selling daily goods taking advantage of the small market thus created by the blossoming of the sugar factory. However, the 1929 Great Depression devastated this business and left the women workers jobless and in poverty. As a result, many of them returned fully the domestic role.

scholarly journals Fonó és Kisgyalán községek gazdasági épületeiben alkalmazott tartástechnológiai eljárások változása a 20. század második felében

2014 ◽  
pp. 257-266
Author(s):  
Gabriella Lanszkiné Széles
Keyword(s):  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
Joint Management ◽  
Breeding Technology ◽  
Economic Necessity

The aim of this study was to compare agricultural buildings and their economic role in two neighbouring villages of Outer-somogy; Fonó and kisgyalán. i analyzed how the function of these buildings altered within the branches of ani-mal husbandry, during joint management and after the change of regime. breeding technology employed in barns, feed stor-age strategies in sheds, corn-cribs and attics were also de-scribed based on reminiscences. The changes in economic conditions facilitated building economic-necessity structures in some cases. in addition, the effects of changing attitude of peasants due to lifestyle modification were also highlighted based on examples such as sleeping in the barn.

The Emergence of the Nonconformist Social Gospel in England

1990 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 255-280
Author(s):  
David M. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
Political Campaigns ◽  
Social Gospel ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Moral Concern ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Social Reaction ◽  
The Social ◽  
Domestic Affairs

Anyone who sets out to examine the theology behind Nonconformist social thought and action in the late nineteenth century has to answer two questions: Did such a theology exist? and Was it important? The second question is more fundamental. Twenty years ago John Kent argued that the realities of politics put an increasing strain on the late Victorian claim to a Christian conscience in public affairs, and that in any case Nonconformists did not enjoy a monopoly of moral concern in politics. Like other Liberals, they ‘found themselves trying to reconcile the older Cobden-type ideals of liberty, peace, arbitration and anti-militarism with a new belief in the positive values of an allegedly Christian British Empire’. The result was that ‘the struggle for political power coarsened their moral sensibility’. In such an analysis the emphasis falls on action rather than thought, and in domestic affairs particularly on the political campaigns for social purity, temperance, or against gambling, where they are easily dismissed as the result of evangelical pietism, class moralism, or social reaction. David Bebbington deliberately eschewed theology in his study of the Nonconformist Conscience. ‘Because the focus is on political issues that concerned Nonconformistsen masse’, he wrote, ‘the theological views of their leaders, and even their versions of the social gospel, do not loom large.’ In his thesis he also commented that ‘theology was largely unfashionable, even in sermons’, citing Charles Berry, a leading Congregationalist, as an example. Nevertheless, he did not deny that there was a theology.

scholarly journals KARAKTERISTIK BURUH WANITA PENGANGKUT IKAN DI TEMPAT PELELANGAN IKAN (TPI) TUMUMPA KOTA MANADO

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdinand Rumbewas ◽  
Jardie A. Andaki ◽  
Christian R. Dien
Keyword(s):  
Women Workers ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
Community Activities ◽  
Household Spending ◽  
North Sulawesi ◽  
The Family

Abstract Women's participation is absolutely necessary, because it is the basic capital in development. The use of female labor is aimed at increasing the participation or the role of women in society (Aninomous, 2000). Most women in Indonesia seek to cover the shortfall because of the husband's income needs of families of small and erratic. They are also forced to work because her husband got a disaster, illness and accidents so that women become heads of households. Women should be wise in managing household spending. Daily routine expenditures are basic needs such as food and school transport must be arranged properly. This study aims to determine the characteristics of women workers in share time with duties as a housewife, and identify factors driving and inhibiting female workers in carrying out his job as a laborer women in TPI Tumumpa Manado North Sulawesi. Data collection is done on women workers transporting fish from fishing boats catching pajeko, by observation, interviews, and questionnaires. The data obtained were processed and analyzed descriptively. Descriptive analysis performed for the interpretation of the data for the conclusion. Descriptive data analysis will provide an overview description of the sentences that are connected with the existing theory, through simple calculations like; the sum, average, and percentage. Based on the results of research and discussion, it can be concluded: 1) general factors that encourage women to work as laborers because of the economic needs of the family are insufficient, 2) work as a carrier of the fishery conducted on the sidelines of time between work as a housewife and opportunities of labor demand increases during the season good fish, 3) factors inhibiting women workers in doing their jobs is job competition with male workers, and 4) women fish transport has an important economic role for the family to actively participate in productive activities and earn income which can add to the family income, but still play a role as housewife and community activities. Keywords: characteristics, women laborers, driving factors, factors inhibiting Abstrak Partisipasi perempuan mutlak diperlukan, karena merupakan modal dasar dalam pembangunan. Penggunaan tenaga kerja perempuan bertujuan untuk meningkatkan partisipasi atau peranan perempuan dalam masyarakat (Aninomous, 2000). Sebagian besar perempuan di Indonesia berupaya menutupi kekurangan kebutuhan keluarga karena penghasilan suami kecil dan tidak menentu. Mereka juga terpaksa bekerja karena suami mendapat musibah, sakit serta kecelakaan sehingga perempuan menjadi kepala rumah tangga. Perempuan harus bijak dalam mengatur belanja rumah tangga. Pengeluaran rutin sehari-hari merupakan kebutuhan pokok seperti makanan dan transport sekolah haruslah diatur dengan baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui karakteristik buruh wanita dalam membagi waktu dengan tugas sebagai ibu rumah tangga, dan mengetahui  faktor pendorong dan penghambat buruh wanita dalam melaksanakan pekerjaannya sebagai buruh wanita di TPI Tumumpa Kota Manado Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada wanita buruh pengangkut ikan hasil penangkapan kapal ikan pajeko, dengan cara observasi, wawancara, dan kuisioner. Data yang diperoleh diolah dan dianalisis secara deskriptif. Analisis deskriptif dimaksud untuk memberikan bahasan atau penafsiaran terhadap data-data untuk memperoleh kesimpulan. Analisis data deskriptif akan memberikan gambaran keterangan dengan kalimat-kalimat yang dihubungkan dengan teori yang ada, melalui perhitungan sederhana seperti; penjumlahan, rata-rata dan persentase. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan pembahasan, maka dapat ditarik kesimpulan : 1) secara umum faktor yang mendorong wanita bekerja sebagai buruh karena kebutuhan ekonomi keluarga yang tidak mencukupi, 2) pekerjaan sebagai pengangkut hasil perikanan dilakukan di sela-sela waktu antara pekerjaan sebagai ibu rumah tangga dan peluang permintaan tenaga kerja meningkat saat musim ikan baik, 3) faktor penghambat buruh wanita dalam melakukan pekerjaannya adalah persaingan pekerjaan dengan buruh laki-laki, dan 4) wanita pengangkut ikan memiliki peran ekonomi yang cukup penting bagi keluarga dengan turut aktif pada kegiatan produktif dan memperoleh penghasilan yang dapat menambah pendapatan keluarga, namun tetap menjalankan perannya sebagai ibu rumah tangga dan kegiatan kemasyarakatan. Kata kunci : karakteristik, buruh wanita, faktor pendorong, faktor penghambat

scholarly journals Economic Growth and Biological Innovation: The Development of the European Dairy Sector, 1865–1940

Rural History ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
ISMAEL HERNÁNDEZ ADELL ◽  
JOSEP PUJOL-ANDREU
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Nutrition Transition ◽  
Dairy Farming ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
Northern European ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

Abstract:In this article we discuss an aspect of economic growth that has not been the subject of much consideration in economic and agrarian history to date: the effect of biological innovations on farming development between the mid nineteenth century and the 1930s. We have focused on dairy farming for two reasons. Firstly, dairy farming played a relevant economic role in a number of European regions during this period. Secondly, one of its products, liquid milk, was probably the most significant food during the early stages of the European nutrition transition. We present new statistical data for the evolution of dairy farming in different Northern European countries as well as Spain, and evaluate the impact of cattle population and milk yields in each case. We also link milk yields and the availability of fodder, but special attention is paid to the breeds kept and techniques for their improvement. The article shows that cattle improvement played a significant role in Central and Northern Europe from the mid nineteenth century, but that this was not the case in Spain. Improvement through inbreeding was soon discarded in Spain, absorbent crossbreeding failed, and the sector became dependent on foreign imports of bulls and cows, first from Switzerland and later from Holland. By taking these factors into consideration we can better understand why the dairy sector in Mediterranean Europe did not really begin until the late nineteenth century and why it stagnated in the wake of the First World War.

A Multifaceted Approach to Historic District Interpretation in Georgia

2010 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 42-50
Author(s):  
Stephanie Aylworth
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Historic District ◽  
Commercial Building ◽  
Multifaceted Approach ◽  
Historic Districts ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
Architectural Features ◽  
The City

Abstract There are many different approaches to the study of historic districts and buildings. This essay suggests utilizing a multifaceted approach, which provides a greater capacity for interpretation and augments current efforts to document, preserve, and promote historic commercial districts. This approach would shift the study of the commercial building from a problem of classifying and interpreting architectural features to the understanding of the motivations for building the district and eventually understanding the economic role that each building contributed to the district. The City of Douglasville's commercial historic district is examined as a case study in the context of late nineteenth-century ““New South”” ideology.

scholarly journals The Glory of Semarang Coastal City in the Past, Multi-Ethnic Merchants and Dutch Commerce

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Siti Rukayah ◽  
Muhammad Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Railway Track ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
The Past ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Watershed Services ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The City

In The Image of the City, Lynch describes how individuals perceive and recall features in urban spaces. Lynch's approach is categorized by paths, nodes, edges, districts, and landmarks – giving shape to individuals' mental representation of the city. Recently, to test that theory on a large-scale city requires high accuracy to understand a city. So, it requires tools such as computational techniques using the GIS system. The cities of the 14th-18th centuries were not as complicated as the ones Lynch was dealing with in the 1960s. How do you reveal the image of the city? The image of the city in the past had not been explored yet. To explore the glory of Semarang city, Central Java, Indonesia, as Venetia van Java, which has the sugar industry in Asia, and the first railway track in Indonesia, you can still use hand-drawn sketches to reconstruct the image of the old city. Old data such as maps, photographs, and videos are integrated to reconstruct the image of the city in the past. Recently, the name of port of Semarang, Tanjung Emas– cape of gold – implies the glory of Semarang. The Semarang seaport played an important role in the pre-colonial and colonial eras. The architectural heritage at the two-river estuary of the Semarang coast uncovers the history of naming it the ‘cape of gold’. The river serves as roads and train lines, as the path is important as a tool to evaluate the city transportation facilities for urban planners, watershed services, and urban conservation.

Intimate Exchanges: Work, Affect, and Exploitation in Edith Wharton’s The House of Mirth

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-68
Author(s):  
James Dorson
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Labor ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The World ◽  
Circle Of Friends ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Economic Necessity ◽  
The One ◽  
Work Affect ◽  
The House Of Mirth

The opposition between the world of work and the exchanges that constitute it, on the one hand, and that of intimacy and affect, on the other, has been a rich source of criticism on Edith Wharton’s The House of Mirth ever since its publication in 1905. Through a close rereading of the novel in terms of emotional labor, this essay argues that the novel is less concerned with questioning the confluence of work and intimacy in the late nineteenth century than with the problems arising from attempts to separate them. By thematizing the problem of compensation for work that is meant to resemble leisure, The House of Mirth is read here as a story of the exploitation that results from refusing to recognize emotional labor as work. While calculation and intimacy are inextricably joined by economic necessity in the figure of Lily Bart, it is ultimately not the commodification of intimacy that destroys her, but the compulsive search for “the real Lily Bart” that her circle of friends engage in.

Women’s Work and Economic Crisis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Milkman
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Women Workers ◽  
Great Depression ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
World War ◽  
Sex Typing ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
The Impact

This chapter examines the impact of the 1930s economic crisis on women workers, focusing on their experience during the Great Depression and World War II while also reflecting on the 1970s. It first considers women's unemployment and unpaid work in the Great Depression, noting how the sex-typing of occupations created an inflexibility in the structure of the labor market that prevented the expulsion of women from it. It then evaluates the “reserve army” theory by analyzing how women's economic role in the family was affected by the economic crisis of the 1930s, suggesting that it was the work of women in the home, rather than their labor market participation, that was forced to “take up the slack” in the economy during this period of contraction. The chapter demonstrates that job segregation by gender persists even during major economic upheavals like depressions and world war. It also refutes the reserve army theory by showing that women were less likely to suffer unemployment than men during the Great Depression.

CLARE DE GRAFFENREID AND THE ART OF CONTROVERSY: A PRIZEWINNING WOMAN ECONOMIST IN THE FIRST DECADE OF THE AMERICAN ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT W. DIMAND ◽  
GEOFFREY BLACK
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Women Workers ◽  
Child Labor ◽  
Academic Career ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
American Economic Association ◽  
Social Reformer ◽  
Economic Association ◽  
Economics Profession ◽  
Late Nineteenth

The outspoken social reformer Mary Clare de Graffenreid (born 1849, died 1921) stood out among the handful of early women members of the American Economic Association (founded 1885) as the winner of two essay competitions. In 1889, Clare de Graffrenreid’s essay shared the $100 first prize in an AEA essay competition on child labor, and appeared the following year in the Publications of the American Economic Association (1st series, 5, 2, March 1890, pp. 194–271). In 1891 her essay “The Condition of Wage-Earning Women” (published in Forum 15, March 1893, pp. 68–82) won the $300 first prize in an AEA essay competition on women workers (the $200 second prize went to Helen Campbell’s “Women Wage Earners,” 1893). Her valedictory address at Wesleyan Female College in Macon, Georgia, in 1865 provided her first taste of public controversy, as the general commanding Union troops in the area responded by placing the college under guard and threatening to close it, but by far the most controversial of her twenty-seven publications was “The Georgia Cracker in the Cotton Mill” (Century Magazine, February 1891). This paper examines de Graffenreid’s career and contributions, and what her career reveals about the paths for women to participate in the AEA and the American economics profession in the late nineteenth century. After teaching Latin, literature, and mathematics for a decade at Georgetown Female Seminary, de Graffenreid had a non-academic career as an investigator with the Bureau of Labor (from 1888, Department of Labor) from 1886 until she retired in 1906. Despite her AEA prizes, her published lectures to other conferences (YWCA, National Conference of Charities and Correction), and her published testimony to the Industrial Commission on the Relations of Capital and Labor, she was never on the program of an AEA meeting. Like other women economists of her time, de Graffenreid crossed boundaries between scholarly research and social reform, and between different scholarly disciplines (e.g., publishing “Some Social Economic Problems” in American Journal of Sociology, 1896). The paper examines how essay competitions provided women such as de Graffenreid and Campbell (and Julie-Victoire Daubié and Clémence Royer in France) with a voice in the predominately male economics profession of the late nineteenth century.

scholarly journals Korporatisme Pedesaan Orde Baru: Program Tebu Rakyat Intensifikasi (TRI) di Wilayah Kerja Pabrik Gula Mojo Sragen, 1975-1998

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Prima Dwianto
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Rice Farming ◽  
Sugar Factory ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Work Area ◽  
Social Protests ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Sugar Productivity

The Indonesian government has radically altered the structure of the national sugar industry by issuing Presidential Instruction no 9/1975 on the People’s Sugarcane Intensification Program (TRI) in order to increase sugar productivity. The dependence on the production process to sugar factories was replaced with the production process of the farmers from planting to harvesting. This research intends to document the socio-economic effects of the TRI program on farmers within the Mojo Sugar Factory work area in Sragen, Central Java, between 1975 until 1998. The result of the research has shown that farmers south of the Bengawan Solo river were resistant to the TRI program in favor of more lucrative rice farming. These farmers conducted social protests such as sugarcane field burnings. Farmers that lived north of the river supported the TRI program because planting sugarcane on non-irrigated fields was more profitable than planting other crops. This research shows that the TRI program has positively benefited to some farmers, a conclusion that is not shared by previous researches that point to only negative effect of the program.

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