scholarly journals Jim Crow Laws in Langston Hughes’ “Breakfast in Virginia” and “Trouble with the Angels”

Lexicon ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Listiyaningsih Listiyaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Langston Hughes ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Public Facilities

This graduating paper analyzes Jim Crow laws as reflected in Langston Hughes’ short stories “Breakfast in Virginia” and “Trouble with the Angels”. This study aims to identify the practice of Jim Crow laws as seen in “Breakfast in Virginia” and “Trouble with the Angels”. This graduating paper applies mimetic theory proposed by Abrams since it is the most suitable approach to be used to analyze the connection between the literary work and the reality. There are two types of data which are used in this paper. The primary data are the short stories entitled, “Breakfast in Virginia” and “Trouble with the Angels”. Meanwhile, the secondary data are the references that support the analysis and are taken from the internet browsing.Based on the data analysis, this research concludes that segregation is the practice of Jim Crow laws in these two short stories. The segregations are clearly seen mostly in public places. In “Breakfast in Virginia” the segregations happen in the train, specifically in Jim Crow car and in the dining car in Virginia. Meanwhile, in “Trouble with the Angels” the segregations are clearly visible in the hotel and in the theater in Washington. In “Breakfast in Virginia” the segregations are faced by African American soldiers during World War II. Meanwhile, in “Trouble with the Angels” the segregations are experienced by African American actors and the other African American citizens of Washington. These two short stories show that Jim Crow laws made African Americans life getting worse, especially in public places. Both in “Breakfast in Virginia” and in “Trouble with the Angels”, African Americans cannot use the same public facilities as the whites. They can only use public facilities specially provided for the African Americans which have improper conditions. During the practice of Jim Crow laws, their rights are denied. This is proved by the segregations that do not only restrict African Americans from middle or low class status but also restrict those who have a higher status regardless their influential contribution toAmerica. This condition is painful for them.

Emancipation and Free African Americans

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Archer
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
New England ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
African Descent ◽  
American Population ◽  
African American Population ◽  
Free African Americans

Except in parts of Rhode Island and Connecticut, slavery was a peripheral institution, and throughout New England during and after the Revolution there was widespread support to emancipate slaves. Some of the states enacted emancipation laws that theoretically allowed slavery to continue almost indefinitely, and slavery remained on the books as late as 1857 in New Hampshire. Although the laws gradually abolished slavery and although the pace was painfully slow for those still enslaved, the predominant dynamic for New England society was the sudden emergence of a substantial, free African American population. What developed was an even more virulent racism and a Jim Crow environment. The last part of the chapter is an analysis of where African Americans lived as of 1830 and the connection between racism and concentrations of people of African descent.

Gwendolyn Bennett's “The Ebony Flute”

PMLA ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 744-755
Author(s):  
Belinda Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
African American ◽  
Coming Out ◽  
Harlem Renaissance ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Langston Hughes ◽  
Black Artists ◽  
Assistant Editor ◽  
Cover Art ◽  
The Harlem Renaissance

IntroductionGwendolyn Bennett (1902-81) is often mentioned in books that discuss the harlem renaissance, and some of her poems Occasionally appear in poetry anthologies; but much of her career has been overlooked. Along with many of her friends, including Jessie Redmond Fauset, Langston Hughes, and Countee Cullen, Bennett was featured at the National Urban League's Civic Club Dinner in March 1924, an event that would later be “widely hailed as a ‘coming out party’ for young black artists, writers, and intellectuals whose work would come to define the Harlem Renaissance” (McHenry 383n100). In the next five years Bennett published over forty poems, short stories, and reviews in leading African American magazines and anthologies, such as Cullen's Caroling Dusk (1927) and William Stanley Braithwaite's Anthology of Magazine Verse for 1927; she created magazine cover art that adorned two leading African American periodicals, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People's Crisis: A Record of the Darker Races and the National Urban League's Opportunity: Journal of Negro Life; she worked as an editor or assistant editor of several magazines, including Opportunity, Black Opals, and Fire!; and she wrote a renowned literary column, “The Ebony Flute.” Many scholars, such as Cary Wintz, Abby Arthur Johnson and Ronald Maberry Johnson, and Elizabeth McHenry, recognized the importance of Bennett's column to the Harlem Renaissance in their respective studies, but their emphasis on a larger Harlem Renaissance discussion did not afford a detailed examination of her column.

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 185-200
Author(s):  
Tyrone McKinley Freeman
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Black Women ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
First Century ◽  
Voluntary Action ◽  
American Life ◽  
Intellectual Inquiry ◽  
Historical Importance ◽  
Twenty First Century

The conclusion brings together the lessons and insights provided by examining Walker’s philanthropic life. After summarizing the origins, evolution, and character of Madam Walker’s gospel of giving, it underscores the historical importance of black women’s philanthropy in undermining and resisting Jim Crow and its enduring role in ultimately dismantling the institution. Further, it suggests an approach to theorizing black women’s generosity as being based on five characteristics: proximity, “resourcefull-ness,” collaboration, incrementalism, and joy. It also affirms philanthropy as a powerful interpretive and analytical lens through which to examine African American life in general and black women in particular. It urges collaboration between scholars interested in philanthropy and black women to mutually strengthen intellectual inquiry and understanding of who counts as a philanthropist and what counts as philanthropic giving. It contends that Walker’s gospel of giving is more accessible as a model of generosity than the prevailing examples offered by today’s wealthiest 1 percent. It is certainly the direct inheritance of African Americans today, but relevant to all Americans, regardless of race, class or gender, interested in taking voluntary action in the twenty-first century.

Exhibiting a New South Empire

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Cardon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
New South ◽  
The United States ◽  
Clerical Staff ◽  
Technical Schools ◽  
Imperial Expansion ◽  
International Exposition

Chapter 4 argues that the Jim Crow modernity at the fairs foreshadowed a Jim Crow empire after 1898. The Cotton States and International Exposition and Tennessee Centennial Exposition presented arguments for a distinctly southern imperial expansion. The Negro Buildings coupled with African American participation provided a blueprint for the incorporation of nonwhite colonial natives into the United States. By solving the supposed problems of a multiracial society by including the labor of African Americans while denying them the rights of citizenship, the South presented a framework for empire. At the same time, the exhibits and conferences held at the Negro Buildings often embraced the civilizing language of imperialism. Rhetoric about “primitive” and “heathen” Africans and the need for technical schools in Africa placed the southern African American professional and clerical staff within and alongside American expansionism.

scholarly journals Jim Crow Downunder? African American Encounters with White Australia, 1942––1945

2002 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Brawley ◽  
Chris Dixon
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
American South ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
White Americans ◽  
American Experience ◽  
The American South ◽  
The U.S

Between 1941 and 1945, as the U.S. military machine sent millions of Americans——and American culture——around the world, several thousand African Americans spent time in Australia. Armed with little knowledge of Australian racial values and practices, black Americans encoutered a nation whose long-standing commitment to the principle of "White Australia" appeared to rest comfortably with the segregative policies commonly associated with the American South. Nonetheless, while African Americans did encounter racism and discrimination——practices often encouraged by the white Americans who were also stationed in Australia during the war——there is compelling evidence that their experiences were not always negative. Indeed, for many black Americans, Australians' apparent open-mindedness and racial views of white Britons and others with whom African Americans came into contact during the war. Making use of U.S. Army censors' reports and paying attention to black Americans' views of their experiences in Australia, this article not only casts light on an aspect of American-Australian relations that has hitherto recieved scant scholarly attention and reveals something about the African American experience, but also offers insights into race relations within the U.S. armed forces.

scholarly journals Inside the Nation of Islam

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 198-200
Author(s):  
Natasha Persaud
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
American History ◽  
Harlem Renaissance ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
African American History ◽  
Nation Of Islam ◽  
Resistance Movements ◽  
The North ◽  
Extensive Involvement

The author, who embraced the teachings of Louis Farrakhan's revampedNation of Islam (NOI) in the late I 970s to find solutions to America's raceproblems, left disillusioned in the mid-1990s. What he witnessed as hepassed through the organization's rank and file compelled him to compilehis experiences to give others a clearer understanding of the Nation's originsas well as its role concerning the issues facing African-Americans.Inside the Nation of Islam is divided into I I chapters and contains aforeword by Mike Wallace an epilogue by the author, extensive notes, abibliography, and an index. Also included are several photographs thatillustrate White's extensive involvement in the NOLWith a brief overview of African-American history prior to the NOI'screation, chapters 1 and 2 touch on the Harlem Renaissance, the origin ofthe Jim Crow laws, and the mass exodus of African-Americans from theSouth to the North. With the fall of similar resistance movements, theNOJ stepped in to address the bitter disillusionment that many of themexperienced upon their arrival in the North ...

scholarly journals Health Promotion in Public Places of Sakinah Supermarket Surabaya

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Zulfia Husnia ◽  
Hario Megatsari
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Adequate Information ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
Issue Health

Background: Humans daily activities are inseparable from public places. Public places are facilities used for communal public activities, such as buying and selling in supermarket. The management of supermarkets have to ensure clean, healthy, safe, and comfortable facilities which do not give disadvantages for health. In responding this issue, health promotion is required in public places to get rid of environmental pollution and disease transmission. Objective: This study described health promotion in public places as found in Sakinah Supermarket. Method: This study was descriptive research with a quantitative approach. Data were categorized into primary data through observation and in-depth interview, as well as secondary data through Sakinah Supermarket’s document. The analysis was explored by using Ottawa Charter's 5 means of action as basic health promotion tool. Results: Health promotion in Sakinah Supermarket was still lacking. Health promotion efforts that have been done well are the concept of a No-Smoking Area, where Sakinah Supermarket did not sell cigarettes and did not provide smoking area. Conclusion: Sakinah Supermarket has not supported healthy public places since it does not give adequate information to improve individual’s awareness of health.

scholarly journals “Deiksis” dalam Kumpulan Cerpen Al-Kabuus Tinjauan Sosiopragmatik

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-364
Author(s):  
Darsita Suparno
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Short Story ◽  
Language Translation ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
The Social ◽  
Secondary Data Sources ◽  
Social Deixis ◽  
Intended Use

Abstrak Penelitian ini berupaya untuk menggambarkan pemakaian deiksis dalam teks terjemahan berbahasa Indonesia dari bahasa sumbernya, bahasa Arab. Deiksis dipahami sebagai bagian dari studi pragmatik, dengan begitu deiksis merupakan salah satu objek bidang kajian dari pragmatik. Masalah dalam penelitian ini: 1) bagaimanakah jenis-jenis deiksis; 2) bagaimanakan maksud dibalik penggunaan deiksis sosial pada kumpulan cerpen Al-Kabuus. Tujuan yang hendak dicapai dalam penelitian ini adalah: 1) untuk mendeskripsikan aneka jenis deiksis, 2) mendeskripsikan maksud penggunaan deiksis sosial pada kumpulan cerpen Al-Kabuus. Objek penelitian yang dikaji adalah jenis, maksud serta hubungan deiksis sosial dengan  yang terdapat pada cerpen Al-Kabuus. Subjek penelitiannya adalah cerpen karya Najib Kailani yang diterjemahkan oleh Zuriyati. Data dalam penelitian ini adalah kata, frase, klausa, kalimat yang di dalamnya terdapat jenis dan maksud penggunaan deiksis sosial dalam cerpen Al-Kabuus. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari sumber data primer dan sumber data sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dengan menggunakan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 20 cerpen dari Al-Kabuus diperoleh 60 deiksis sosial, terdapat 5 deiksis sosial jenis gelar, 4 deiksis sosial jenis jabatan, 12 deiksis sosial jenis profesi, dan terdapat 36 deiksis sosial jenis julukan.---Abstract This study attempted to describe the use of deixis in Indonesian language translation text from the source language, Arabic. Deixis understood as part of a pragmatic study, so deixis is one of the object field of study of pragmatics. The problem in this research: 1) how the types of deixis; 2) how is the intention behind the use of social deixis on a collection of short stories Al-Kabuus. Goals to be achieved in this research are: 1) to describe the various types of deixis, 2) describe the intended use of social deixis on a collection of short stories Al-Kabuus. The object of research by reviewing the type, purpose and relationship with the social deixis contained in Al-Kabuus short stories. Subject of research is the short story by Najib Kailani translated by Zuriyati. The data in this study are words, phrases, clauses, sentences in which there are different types and the intended use of social deixis in short stories Al-Kabuus. Sources of data in this study consisted of primary data sources and secondary data sources. Data collection techniques in this study using documentation. The results of this study indicate that as many as 20 short stories from Al-Kabuus obtained 60 social deixis, social deixis there are 5 types of titles, positions four types of social deixis, social deixis 12 kinds of professions, and social deixis there are 36 kinds of nicknames.

scholarly journals Penyediaan Fasilitas Hunian di Perumahan KORPRI Salatiga: Realita dan Konsep Neighborhood Unit

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-260
Author(s):  
S Sunarti ◽  
Nany Yuliastuti ◽  
Wido Prananing Tyas ◽  
Dwi Putri Puspa Sari
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Public Facilities ◽  
Housing Area ◽  
Neighborhood Unit ◽  
The City

KORPRI housing in Salatiga City is one form of providing low-cost housing to overcome the backlog problem for civil servants who do not yet have a home. Since it was built in 2014, until now not 100% development has been realized, especially in the provision of residential facilities. It is important for an environment to be able to provide services and provide adequate facilities to meet the needs for the survival of the occupants. This study aims to examine the physical environment of housing based on the provision of facilities in KORPRI housing, Praja Mulia, in the perspective of a neighborhood unit as a physical structuring concept of an ideal residential environment. The method used is quantitative by using descriptive analysis techniques. Primary data collection techniques are carried out by means of observation and interpretation of images, secondary data derived from documents and literature studies related to KORPRI housing development. The results showed that based on the concept of neighborhood units, as cheap housing, Praja Mulia Housing with a planned population of 1,380 inhabitants had non-ideal neighborhood unit facilities. The existing facilities are only open spaces in 3 locations (3% of the total housing area) and other public facilities that are still planned. Novelti of this research housing for civil servants do not use environmental unit theory but only pay attention to the house as objects (nouns) used for investment and commodity. This condition creates a burden and becomes a challenge for the city and the surrounding area in providing facilities and services for residents who are not served in their neighborhood units.

The Making of the Modern Death Penalty in Jim Crow North Carolina

2019 ◽  
pp. 192-214
Author(s):  
Seth Kotch
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
The State ◽  
Religious Convictions ◽  
The Impact

focuses on the transition from local public hangings to state-controlled electrocutions in North Carolina in the early twentieth century. The chapter addresses the impact of this shift on African American communities. Although the death penalty had long served as an instrument of racial control, the ritual of a local hanging nevertheless had allowed the condemned and black witnesses a public space to express religious convictions and honor the condemned’s suffering. Once the state seized control of this ritual, African Americans were largely excluded as witnesses. The modern death penalty thus came to represent the racial subjugation of Jim Crow, indeed having more in common with lynchings than legal hangings had.

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