Dampak pembatasan sosial berskala besar terhadap kualitas udara di Jakarta

Abstrak Beberapa negara di dunia memberlakukan pembatasan sosial dan karantina wilayah sebagai upaya untuk menekan laju penularan wabah virus COVID-19. Pembatasan sosial dan karantina wilayah memberikan dampak negatif bagi perekonomian, namun juga dapat berdampak positif bagi perbaikan kondisi lingkungan khususnya kualitas udara di suatu wilayah. Selama periode Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB) di Jakarta tahun 2020, aktivitas penduduk di luar rumah menurun secara signifikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis secara kuantitatif perubahan parameter kualitas udara berupa PM2.5 dan visibility di Jakarta selama periode sebelum (2019) dan setelah pandemi (2020) menggunakan metode statistik. Pengaruh mobilitas penduduk dan distribusi spasial konsentrasi polutan juga dianalisis dalam penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan selama masa pandemi COVID-19, terdapat pengurangan konsentrasi polutan pada tahun 2020 hingga lebih dari 100 persen dibandingkan tahun 2019. Jarak pandang mendatar di Jakarta juga meningkat hingga 11 persen selama PSBB. Mobilitas penduduk mempengaruhi konsentrasi polutan di Jakarta sebesar 30 persen dan distribusi spasial menunjukkan adanya fluktuasi konsentrasi PM2.5 sebelum dan setelah diberlakukannya PSBB. Abstract Countries worldwide have implemented some sort of lockdowns to slow down COVID-19 infection and mitigate it. Lockdown due to COVID-19 has drastic effects on social and economic fronts. However, this lockdown also has some positive effects on the natural environment, especially on air quality. During the 2020 PSBB period in Jakarta, outdoor activity decreased significantly. This study quantitatively analyzes air quality parameters of PM2.5 and visibility changes in Jakarta during the period before (2019) and after the pandemic (2020) using statistical methods. The impact of mobility to polution also become a concern in this study. The results confirmed an improvement in air quality due to the implementation of social restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic. PSBB has an impact on reducing pollutant concentrations by more than 100 percent during PSBB compared to 2019. The horizontal visibility in Jakarta also increased by 11 percent during the PSBB. Mobility has affected PM2.5 concentration by 30 percent in Jakarta, and spatial distribution of PM2.5 shows evidence of fluctuation during and before PSBB enacted.

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Positive effects of COVID-19 lockdown on air quality of industrial cities (Ankleshwar and Vapi) of Western India

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-83393-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ritwik Nigam ◽

Kanvi Pandya ◽

Alvarinho J. Luis ◽

Raja Sengupta ◽

Mahender Kotha

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Quality Data ◽

Western India ◽

Rapid Reduction ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Pollutant Concentrations ◽

The Impact

AbstractOn January 30, 2020, India recorded its first COVID-19 positive case in Kerala, which was followed by a nationwide lockdown extended in four different phases from 25th March to 31st May, 2020, and an unlock period thereafter. The lockdown has led to colossal economic loss to India; however, it has come as a respite to the environment. Utilizing the air quality index (AQI) data recorded during this adverse time, the present study is undertaken to assess the impact of lockdown on the air quality of Ankleshwar and Vapi, Gujarat, India. The AQI data obtained from the Central Pollution Control Board was assessed for four lockdown phases. We compared air quality data for the unlock phase with a coinciding period in 2019 to determine the changes in pollutant concentrations during the lockdown, analyzing daily AQI data for six pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, CO, NO2, O3, and SO2). A meta-analysis of continuous data was performed to determine the mean and standard deviation of each lockdown phase, and their differences were computed in percentage in comparison to 2019; along with the linear correlation analysis and linear regression analysis to determine the relationship among the air pollutants and their trend for the lockdown days. The results revealed different patterns of gradual to a rapid reduction in most of the pollutant concentrations (PM10, PM2.5, CO, SO2), and an increment in ozone concentration was observed due to a drastic reduction in NO2 by 80.18%. Later, increases in other pollutants were also observed as the restrictions were eased during phase-4 and unlock 1. The comparison between the two cities found that factors like distance from the Arabian coast and different industrial setups played a vital role in different emission trends.

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Impact of urban parameterization on high resolution air quality forecast with the GEM – AQ model

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-12-10387-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 (21) ◽

pp. 10387-10404 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

J. Struzewska ◽

J. W. Kaminski

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

High Resolution ◽

Wind Speed ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Meteorological Conditions ◽

Specific Humidity ◽

Air Quality Forecast ◽

Pollutant Concentrations ◽

The Impact ◽

Quality Forecast

Abstract. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of urban cover on high-resolution air quality forecast simulations with the GEM-AQ (Global Environmental Multiscale and Air Quality) model. The impact of urban area on the ambient atmosphere is non-stationary, and short-term variability of meteorological conditions may result in significant changes of the observed intensity of urban heat island and pollutant concentrations. In this study we used the Town Energy Balance (TEB) parameterization to represent urban effects on modelled meteorological and air quality parameters at the final nesting level with horizontal resolution of ~5 km over Southern Poland. Three one-day cases representing different meteorological conditions were selected and the model was run with and without the TEB parameterization. Three urban cover categories were used in the TEB parameterization: mid-high buildings, very low buildings and low density suburbs. Urban cover layers were constructed based on an area fraction of towns in a grid cell. To analyze the impact of urban parameterization on modelled meteorological and air quality parameters, anomalies in the lowest model layer for the air temperature, wind speed and pollutant concentrations were calculated. Anomalies of the specific humidity fields indicate that the use of the TEB parameterization leads to a systematic reduction of moisture content in the air. Comparison with temperature and wind speed measurements taken at urban background monitoring stations shows that application of urban parameterization improves model results. For primary pollutants the impact of urban areas is most significant in regions characterized with high emissions. In most cases the anomalies of NO2 and CO concentrations were negative. This reduction is most likely caused by an enhanced vertical mixing due to elevated surface temperature and modified vertical stability.

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Impact of urban parameterization on high resolution air quality forecast with the GEM – AQ model

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-12-9517-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 9517-9551

Author(s):

J. Struzewska ◽

J. W. Kaminski

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

High Resolution ◽

Wind Speed ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Meteorological Conditions ◽

Anthropogenic Heat ◽

Air Quality Forecast ◽

Pollutant Concentrations ◽

The Impact ◽

Quality Forecast

Abstract. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of urban cover on high-resolution air quality forecast simulations with the GEM-AQ model. The impact of urban area on the ambient atmosphere is non-stationary and short-term variability of meteorological conditions may result in significant changes of the observed intensity of urban heat island and pollutant concentrations. In this study we used the Town Energy Balance (TEB) parameterization to represent urban effects on modelled meteorological and air quality parameters at the final nesting level with horizontal resolution of ~5 km over Southern Poland. Three one-day cases representing different meteorological conditions were selected and the model was run with and without the TEB parameterization. Three urban cover categories were used in the TEB parameterization: mid-high buildings, sparse buildings and a mix of buildings and nature. Urban cover layers were constructed based on an area fraction of towns in a grid cell. To analyze the impact of urban parameterization on modelled meteorological and air quality parameters, anomalies in the lowest model layer for the temperature, wind speed and pollutant concentrations were calculated. Anomalies of the specific humidity fields indicate that the use of the TEB parameterization leads to a systematic reduction of moisture content in the air. Comparison with temperature and wind speed measurements taken at urban background monitoring stations shows that application of urban parameterization improves model results. For primary pollutants the impact of urban areas is most significant in regions characterized with high emissions. In most cases the anomalies of NO2 and CO concentrations are negative. This reduction is most likely caused by an enhanced vertical mixing due to elevated surface temperature and modified vertical stability. Although the outcome from this study is promising, it does not give an answer concerning the benefits of using TEB in the GEM-AQ model in an operational configuration. Additional long term evaluation would be required to better estimate the anthropogenic heat flux and to assess the urban impact in longer time scales (seasonal and annual average).

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Can Public Spaces Effectively Be Used as Cleaner Indoor Air Shelters during Extreme Smoke Events?

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18084085 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (8) ◽

pp. 4085

Author(s):

Amanda J. Wheeler ◽

Ryan W. Allen ◽

Kerryn Lawrence ◽

Christopher T. Roulston ◽

Jennifer Powell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Indoor Air ◽

Air Conditioning ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Public Library ◽

Public Building ◽

Central Air Conditioning ◽

The Media ◽

The Impact ◽

Pm2.5 Concentration

During extreme air pollution events, such as bushfires, public health agencies often recommend that vulnerable individuals visit a nearby public building with central air conditioning to reduce their exposure to smoke. However, there is limited evidence that these “cleaner indoor air shelters” reduce exposure or health risks. We quantified the impact of a “cleaner indoor air shelter” in a public library in Port Macquarie, NSW, Australia when concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were elevated during a local peat fire and nearby bushfires. Specifically, we evaluated the air quality improvements with central air conditioning only and with the use of portable high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter air cleaners. We measured PM2.5 from August 2019 until February 2020 by deploying pairs of low-cost PM2.5 sensors (i) inside the main library, (ii) in a smaller media room inside the library, (iii) outside the library, and (iv) co-located with regulatory monitors located in the town. We operated two HEPA cleaners in the media room from August until October 2019. We quantified the infiltration efficiency of outdoor PM2.5 concentrations, defined as the fraction of the outdoor PM2.5 concentration that penetrates indoors and remains suspended, as well as the additional effect of HEPA cleaners on PM2.5 concentrations. The infiltration efficiency of outdoor PM2.5 into the air-conditioned main library was 30%, meaning that compared to the PM2.5 concentration outdoors, the concentrations of outdoor-generated PM2.5 indoors were reduced by 70%. In the media room, when the HEPA cleaners were operating, PM2.5 concentrations were reduced further with a PM2.5 infiltration efficiency of 17%. A carefully selected air-conditioned public building could be used as a cleaner indoor air shelter during episodes of elevated smoke emissions. Further improvements in indoor air quality within the building can be achieved by operating appropriately sized HEPA cleaners.

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Fine-Grained Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Impact of Restricting Factories, Motor Vehicles, and Fireworks on Air Pollution

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17134828 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (13) ◽

pp. 4828

Author(s):

Mei Yang ◽

Hong Fan ◽

Kang Zhao

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Air Quality ◽

Spatiotemporal Analysis ◽

Yangtze River Delta ◽

Influential Factors ◽

Motor Vehicles ◽

Emission Scenarios ◽

Fine Grained ◽

The Impact ◽

Pm2.5 Concentration

Aiming at improving the air quality and protecting public health, policies such as restricting factories, motor vehicles, and fireworks have been widely implemented. However, fine-grained spatiotemporal analysis of these policies’ effectiveness is lacking. This paper collected the hourly meteorological and PM2.5 data for three typical emission scenarios in Hubei, Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH), and Yangtze River Delta (YRD). Then, this study simulated the PM2.5 concentration under the same meteorological conditions and different emission scenarios based on a reliable hourly spatiotemporal random forest model ( R 2 exceeded 0.84). Finally, we investigated the fine-grained spatiotemporal impact of restricting factories, vehicles, and fireworks on PM2.5 concentrations from the perspective of hours, days, regions, and land uses, excluding meteorological interference. On average, restricting factories and vehicles reduced the PM2.5 concentration at 02:00, 08:00, 14:00, and 20:00 by 18.57, 16.22, 25.00, and 19.07 μ g / m 3 , respectively. Spatially, it had the highest and quickest impact on Hubei, with a 27.05 μ g / m 3 decrease of PM2.5 concentration and 17 day lag to begin to show significant decline. This was followed by YRD, which experienced a 23.52 μ g / m 3 decrease on average and a 23 day lag. BTH was the least susceptible; the PM2.5 concentration decreased by only 8.2 μ g / m 3 . In addition, influenced by intensive human activities, the cultivated, urban, and rural lands experienced a larger decrease in PM2.5 concentration. These empirical results revealed that restricting factories, vehicles, and fireworks is effective in alleviating air pollution and the effect showed significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity. The policymakers should further investigate influential factors of hourly PM2.5 concentrations, combining with local geographical and social environment, and implement more effective and targeted policies to improve local air quality, especially for BTH and the air quality at morning and night.

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Air and Seawater Quality Assessment Around Selected Area in Panjang Port Lampung Region

Proceeding International Conference on Science and Engineering ◽

10.14421/icse.v3.599 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 761-765

Author(s):

Agus Salim ◽

Nunung Isnaini Dwi Ningsih ◽

Albertus Sulaiman

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

Quality Standard ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Residential Areas ◽

Port Area ◽

Fuel Storage ◽

Seawater Quality ◽

Business District ◽

The Impact

The port area is a diverse business district, both industry and other activities. Even though it is positioned far from residential areas, the impact of its activities indirectly still reaches the surrounding community. The environmental conditions of the port area need to be controlled routinely so that their management does not violate applicable regulations. Environmental management is needed so that risks arising from all activities can be controlled. Panjang Port as one of the well-developed fuel storage terminals as part of the Pelindo II region. This study has been designed to assess air quality and seawater quality around Panjang Port, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia. Several air quality parameters and marine water quality parameters were monitored from 2011 to 2013. The air quality sampling conducted in the fuel storage tank area and chemicals as well as supporting facilities. The air quality parameters are SO2, NO2, O3, CO, H2S, and dust. The results of data analysis showed several air quality parameters such as SO2, NO2, O3, dust, H2S, and NH3 are below the threshold of minimum quality standard. Only the CO parameter tends to increase semester to semester. The seawater quality parameters include physical, chemical, and biological quality. Almost the physical quality parameters are below the quality standard, thus the chemical quality too, except the pH and TSS tends to higher than a quality standard. In general, these studies on air quality and seawater quality at the Panjang Port have been carried out well and the results show that the environmental conditions for the Panjang Port area are still quite good, only it is recommended to add a green area around the site.

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Oil and gas impacts on air quality in federal lands in the Bakken region: an overview of the Bakken Air Quality Study and first results

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-15-28749-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (20) ◽

pp. 28749-28792 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. J. Prenni ◽

D. E. Day ◽

A. R. Evanoski-Cole ◽

B. C. Sive ◽

A. Hecobian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Power Plants ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Quality Data ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Horizontal Drilling ◽

Federal Lands ◽

Pollutant Concentrations ◽

Quality Study ◽

The Impact

Abstract. The Bakken formation contains billions of barrels of oil and gas trapped in rock and shale. Horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing methods have allowed for extraction of these resources, leading to exponential growth of oil production in the region over the past decade. Along with this development has come an increase in associated emissions to the atmosphere. Concern about potential impacts of these emissions on federal lands in the region prompted the National Park Service to sponsor the Bakken Air Quality Study over two winters in 2013–2014. Here we provide an overview of the study and present some initial results aimed at better understanding the impact of local oil and gas emissions on regional air quality. Data from the study, along with long term monitoring data, suggest that while power plants are still an important emissions source in the region, emissions from oil and gas activities are impacting ambient concentrations of nitrogen oxides and black carbon and may dominate recent observed trends in pollutant concentrations at some of the study sites. Measurements of volatile organic compounds also definitively show that oil and gas emissions were present in almost every air mass sampled over a period of more than four months.

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ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ON SURROUNDING COMMUNITY OF COAL MINING AREA IN SAMARINDA, EAST KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA

Public Health of Indonesia ◽

10.36685/phi.v5i4.270 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 91-98

Author(s):

Ike Anggraeni ◽

Annisa Nurrachmawati ◽

Riza Hayati Ifroh ◽

Andi Anwar ◽

Siswanto Siswanto

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Water Sample ◽

Coal Mining ◽

Environmental Quality ◽

Normal Condition ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Mining Area ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Coal Mining Area ◽

The Impact

Background: The massive exploration of coal in Samarinda could lead to various environmental consequences, such as metal contamination of soil, toxic materials and sediments in rivers and air pollution. Scanning and exploring the impact of mining on environmental quality will strategic to develop and carry out rehabilitation on damaged ecosystems and as a preventive and adaptive action of the community in responding the threat of global environmental change.Objective: This paper mainly focused on determining environmental quality based on water and air quality parameters (sulfur dioxide/SO2, Nitrogen dioxide/NO2, Carbon monoxide CO and TSP/dust) also determining community perception about the environment.Methods: Water sample taken from Betapus river (upstream and downstream) and well. Air sample taken around residential in coal mining area. Household survey of 305 respondents conducted in five community neighborhoods in area that affected by mining activities. In general, the air quality parameters such as SO2, NO2, CO and TSP at normal condition.Result: The measurement result of wells water revealed that only the pH (power of hydrogen) at normal condition, while BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), Iron (Fe) exceed the threshold and almost all water sample exceeds the threshold in Manganese (Mn). The results of river quality in pH and COD showed that both in the upstream, midstream and downstream on normal condition, while Fe, COD exceeds the threshold. The BOD in the upper, middle parts of the river exceed the threshold.Conclusion: This study found that there had been anomaly in water environment compounds. These indicate that mining has led to the occurrence of water pollution. Therefore, needs reevaluation analysis of environmental impacts document of the mining companies in Bayur Village. It is also important to treating Mn and Fe of well or river water, especially if the water use for drinking.

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Investigating the Impact of Nature in Designing Cultural Environments for Children

International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences ◽

10.21791/ijems.2020.1.21 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 244-256

Author(s):

Nasibeh Sadafi ◽

L. Azhdari

Keyword(s):

Social Participation ◽

Natural Environment ◽

Educational Psychology ◽

Human Beings ◽

Emotional Experiences ◽

Verbal Skills ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Cultural Spaces ◽

The Impact ◽

Stimulation Of

There is a tendency to communicate with nature in human beings as a set of emotional experiences. This study investigates the impact of organic architecture in creating cultural spaces for children. The concepts of nature, naturalist architecture and children educational psychology, from the perspective of scholars and researchers in this area are investigated. The children’s perception of nature and their feelings were assessed and one hundred forty respondents among the instructors of cultural centres in different regions of Tehran have answered the questionnaires. To investigate the hypotheses, Univariate T - test and F - test were applied. The results showed that the stimulation of the natural environment has a positive and meaningful effect on curiosity, participation, and fantasy in children, while they show their impressions of nature indirectly. Therefore, designing applicable spaces according to children’s physics, using appropriate colours and furniture as well as more environmentally-related spaces, can have positive effects on social participation, intuitive and verbal skills of the children.

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Megacity and local contributions to regional air pollution: An aircraft case study over London

10.5194/acp-2019-955 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Kirsti Ashworth ◽

Silvia Bucci ◽

Peter J. Gallimore ◽

Junghwa Lee ◽

Beth S. Nelson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Early Career ◽

Atmospheric Measurements ◽

Airborne Measurements ◽

Sources Of Pollution ◽

Pollutant Concentrations ◽

Local Sources ◽

The Uk ◽

The Impact ◽

Pollution Events

Abstract. In July 2017 three research flights circumnavigating the megacity of London were conducted as a part of the STANCO training school for students and early career researchers organised by EUFAR (European Facility for Aircraft Research). Measurements were made from the UK’s Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) BAe-146-301 Atmospheric Research Aircraft with the aim to sample, characterise and quantify the impact of megacity outflow pollution on air quality in the surrounding region. Conditions were extremely favourable for airborne measurements and all three flights were able to observe clear pollution events along the flight path. A small change in wind direction provided sufficiently different airmass origins over the two days such that a distinct pollution plume from London, attributable marine emissions and a double-peaked dispersed area of pollution resulting from a combination of local and transported emissions were measured. We were able to analyse the effect of London emissions on air quality in the wider region and the extent to which local sources contribute to pollution events. The background air upwind of London was relatively clean during both days; concentrations of CO were 88–95 ppbv, total (measured) volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were 1.6–1.8 ppbv, and NOx were 0.7–0.8 ppbv. Downwind of London, we encountered elevations in all species with CO > 100 ppbv, VOCs 2.8–3.8 ppbv, CH4 > 2080 ppbv and NOx > 4 ppbv, and peak concentrations in individual pollution events higher still. Levels of O3 were inversely correlated with NOx during the first flight, with O3 concentrations of 37 ppbv upwind falling to ~ 26 ppbv in the well-defined London plume. Mass balance techniques were applied to estimate pollutant fluxes from London. Our calculated CO2 fluxes are within 10 % of those estimated previously, but there was a greater disparity in our estimates of CH4 and CO. On the second day, winds were lighter and downwind O3 concentrations were elevated to ~ 39–43 ppbv (from ~ 32–35 ppbv upwind), reflecting the contribution of more aged pollution to the regional background. Elevations in pollutant concentrations were dispersed over a wider area than the first day, although we also encountered a number of clear spikes from local sources. This series of flights demonstrated that megacity outflow, local fresh emissions and more distant UK sources of pollution all contribute to pollution events in the southeast of the UK. These sources must therefore all be well-characterised and constrained to understand air quality around London.

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