scholarly journals TOXIC EFFECT OF PHARMACEUTICALS WITH REFERENCE TO OXYTETRACYCLINE

2021 ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
MADHU SHARMA
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Livestock Industry ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Growing Economy ◽  
Environmental Compartments

Manufacturing and release of pharmaceuticals are increasing in different countries of the world especially in developing countries. The discharge from wastewater plant contains a wide range of classes of pharmaceuticals. Rapidly growing economy, aquaculture, and livestock industry has led to increased incidences of diseases and has increased the release of pharmaceuticals into natural environment which is affecting the biodiversity of hotspots adversely. This review mainly focuses on antibiotic oxytetracycline, its use, structure, occurrence in aquatic environments and other environmental compartments, lastly an overview of toxicity to fish is provided. The threats posed by these pharmaceuticals are evident from the studies showing their toxic effect on different aquatic organisms.

Investment in the agricultural sector as a way to solve food security problems in developing countries: the example of investment activity of the US agribusiness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Stepanovna Ustinovich ◽  
Tatyana Petrovna Boldyreva
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
International Investment ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
Agricultural Investment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Potential Benefits

It is clear to everyone that investment in the agricultural sector in developing countries is one of the most effective ways to reduce poverty and hunger in the world. Agricultural investment can generate a wide range of development opportunities. However, these benefi ts cannot be expected to arise automatically. Some forms of large-scale investment pose significant risks to investor states. It should be noted, however, that, despite discussions about the potential benefits and risks of international investment, there is still no evidence of negative actual consequences for the countries receiving investments. This article examines the issues of investment activity in relation to developing countries using the example of US agribusiness entities.

scholarly journals The International Legal Regime for Biotechnology Patenting: an Appraisal from the Standpoint of Developing Countries

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-325
Author(s):  
Jean-Faustin Badimboli Atibasay
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
The Core ◽  
Legal Implications ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Biological Innovations ◽  
Ipr Protection

The development of biotechnology, which promises many economic opportunities, has revived the debate over the ownership of biological resources and its derivatives, as well as the sharing of the benefits which derive from its multiple applications. At the core of the debate, is the recent marriage between intellectual property rights (IPR) and international trade, within the framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO). In this context, the need of developed countries to prevent trade distortions due to the lack of adequate IPR protection in developing countries, is weighed against the need to promote local interests in these countries. However, the legal impact of recent multilateral agreements, which address biological innovations, is still subject to controversy. An assessment of these instruments reveals divergent approaches to the issues which divide the parties concerned. This results in ambiguities and conflicts with respect to relevant provisions of these agreements. From a wide range of possible solutions discussed, industrial and developing countries might consider to review the disputed provisions in a way that attempts to harmonise the agreements and render legal implications of their respective initiatives in this area more predictable.

Challenges and Issues in E-Banking Services and Operations in Developing Countries

2016 ◽  
pp. 237-281
Author(s):  
Preeti Rana ◽  
Durgesh Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Banking Services ◽  
Banking And Finance ◽  
Banking Service ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Developments

In recent years we have seen a number of changes in banking sector of India. Main objective of banks is to create more value for customers; that is why most of the banks have begun to take an innovative approach for this purpose. In the world of banking and finance, nothing stands still. Now a day's banking activities is not limited to deposit and lending money to customers Apart from traditional business, banks provide a wide range of services to satisfy the needs of all types of customers whether it is financial or non-financial needs from the smallest account holder to the largest company and in some cases of non-customers. As a result of recent developments, the entire banking industry has restructured and new technologies are also introduced to make it competitive. Revolution of Information Technology has made it possible to provide ease and flexibility in operations to customers thus making life simpler and easier so bank can provide a variety of products and services to the customers. The E-Banking process has changed the way of working of banks across the world. In the chapter, the author reviews the literature on “The issues and challenges of e-banking service operation” what is the perception of people towards E-Banking in different developing countries?” As E-Banking is an emerging concept in the field of commerce and banking. This paper furnishes the study of E-banking in developing countries through an analysis of content & existing literature that focused on developing countries. The main purpose of the study is to present the current level of research on E-banking in developing countries. Electronic banking (e-banking) is the new technology in banking environment that allows the bank customers to do banking activities at any time and from any place.

scholarly journals Diversification of Private Participation in Public Infrastructure in Developing Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 12060-12070 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Public Infrastructure ◽  
Water Projects ◽  
Macroeconomic Conditions ◽  
Private Finance ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Private Participation ◽  
The World

Public Private Partnership (PPP) is widely practiced in delivering public infrastructure. PPP utilizes private finance and management strengths. A number of countries worldwide have diverse demands. Political, institutional and macroeconomic conditions are involved in PPP in a wide range of public infrastructures and services. In diverse situations, countries worldwide are involved in a multiple number of PPP projects. With the proliferation of wide engagement in PPP, this paper examines how countries are attracting the private sector in the development of public infrastructure. The paper also determines what is engaged in PPP infrastructure using the multiple discrete-continuous extreme value (MDCEV) model. By examining the 4,423 projects from 86 developing countries, we found that countries are likely to be involved in telecommunication projects, followed by the energy and transportation and water projects. Water is one of the least preferred sectors among the four major infrastructure sectors provided by the PPI database of the World Bank.

scholarly journals How Does the Global Economy Crisis Influence in Managing Investment in Indonesia

The Winners ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Enggal Sriwardiningsih
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Subprime Mortgage ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Mortgage Crisis ◽  
The World ◽  
Liquidity Crisis ◽  
Growing Economy

July 2007 is the beginning of the world’s subprime mortgage crisis. Since then, the world’s liquidity crisis occurred and never found any solution until now. The liquidity crisis began to spread from developed countries to poor countries, developing countries and emerging markets with two channels. This contagious crisis made growing economy and emerging economy fell. No country in the world survived, including Indonesia. This paper discussed the management of investments in Indonesia. It started from the spread of global crisis to Indonesia and its impact on investment in Indonesia. Then, we discussed the government's efforts to encourage investment. The last was the view of the investment for the next three years (2010-2014)

scholarly journals Microalgal applications in bioindustry

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Susan Blackburn
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Arthrospira Platensis ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Blue Green Alga ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Aquatic Food

Microalgae are microscopic plants inhabiting the world?s oceans and other aquatic environments. They are critical for the health of the planet, being responsible for at least half of the global primary productivity. Like other photosynthetic (autotrophs) organisms, microalgae capture solar radiation and convert it to chemical energy as biomass, forming the basis of aquatic food webs, fixing carbon dioxide and producing oxygen as part of the process. Other microalgae (heterotrophs) can utilise organic compounds for growth. As single-celled packages of bioactive molecules that can be cultured to produce high levels of biomass, microalgae are a renewable resource with a wide range of applications in bioindustry. Their use is established in the human nutraceutical industry with ?super foods? such as Spirulina from the cyanobacterium (blue green alga) Arthrospira platensis (Figure 1). Intense interest surrounds the development of microalgae as a source of biofuels, and in the mitigation of CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHG). Other bioactive compounds, as well as genes from microalgae, offer new opportunities for bioindustry.

Conference “Africa in the Context of the Formation of a Polycentric World”

2020 ◽  
pp. 66-98
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
African Studies ◽  
Scientific Conference ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Russian Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The COVID-19 pandemic that spread to Russia as well as to other states of the world caused additional problems for our scientific life, making it impossible to hold the preplanned scientific events in usual format. The Centre for the Study of the Russian-African Relations and African States’ Foreign Policy of the Institute for African Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences had scheduled on March 31, 2020 an international scientific conference “Africa in the context of the formation of a polycentric world”. The significance of this problem seems considerable enough, since its discussion raises a number of important issues, including the growing role of African countries in the process of creating a polycentric world and the desire of the African countries for greater subjectivity. At the same time, the fact that the modern global processes are taking place in the context of the growing competition among international actors for influence in the world, including Africa, becomes particularly important for Russia. Given the importance and relevance of the raised issues and the interest shown by potential participants (more than 40 applications were submitted), it was decided to hold the conference on March 31, 2020 by correspondence. The scholars, postgraduates and students, representatives of research institutes of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute for African Studies RAS, Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, IMEMO RAS, Institute for the US and Canada Studies RAS, Institute of Far Eastern Studies RAS, Institute of Control Sciences RAS), as well as higher educational institutions (RUDN, MGIMO, etc.) took part in this conference. A wide range of issues was discussed, including various aspects of the African countries’ foreign policy, issues of African integration, Africa’s role and place in new geopolitical conditions, the policy of the leading economically developed and developing countries and Russia’s current policy on the African continent. The discussion on the first block of themes “Africa: global problems and current trends in the world economy” was opened with RUDN Prof. V. I. Yurtaev’s paper “Afro-Eurasia: challenges of participation in the formation of a polycentric world”. Не raised the following questions: will the rise of the Afro-Asian world as a new alternative to the existing world order occur in the 21st century, and how necessary are the European and/or Eurasian components in this process? A.I. Neklessa made a contribution on the rather controversial topic of “Postcolonialism in the context of civilizational and regional development”. In addition, there were papers on economic trends in North Africa (A.A. Tkachenko), digitalization in Tropical Africa (N. N. Tsvetkova), challenges that Africa faces today in the fight against drug trafficking (N. N. Grishina), money laundering and the financing of terrorism (Ntegge Edward). The second block of issues “Russia and Africa” was opened with E.N. Korendyasov’s substantive research paper dedicated to the new stage in the development of Russian-African relations, the milestone of which was the Russian-African Summit and Economic Forum in Sochi in October 2019. This topic was also discussed by G. M. Sidorova and E.V. Kharitonova. The economic aspect of Russian-African relations was reflected in the reports of E.V. Morozenskaya and S.N. Volkov, and the presentations of Z.S. Novikova and L.N. Kalinichenko contained an analysis of Russia’s cooperation with African countries in the fields of new technologies and energy sector. The increase in the scientific interest for African policy of the leading Western powers was shown by the reports of the third block “Western countries and Africa”. Five presentations (A.Yu. Urnov, V.K. Parkhomenko, G.R. Grigoryan, A.A. Stepanov, A.Ya.Matkovskaya) were devoted to US policy in Africa; the topic of three other reports (O. S. Kulkova, N.V. Ivkina, N. G. Gavrilova) were the relations of African countries with the EU. Two speakers (A. M. Khalitova and M. R. Toure) focused on the problem of French policies in Africa. Finally, this section concluded with the report on Japanese-African relations (A.A. Zabella). In contrast to the above papers, concerning the policies of separate developed countries or their groups in Africa, the report of corresponding member of RAS, doctor of Economics, Professor Leonid L. Fituni focused on the role of the concept of a politically exposed persons in the structure of mechanisms of the West’s sanctions pressure on African elites. The participants in the discussion showed the expected interest in the problem of the “new players” in Africa. This interest was particularly manifest during the discussion on the topics of the fourth block of problems “Emerging and developing countries and Africa”. The BRICS countries policy in Africa was in the focus of attention. Three reports were devoted to China’ s African policy (T.L. Deych, E.M. Serbina and O.L. Fituni), while two other (A.Yu. Borzova and A.L. Sapuntsov) – to Brazil-Africa relations. Such active new players on the continent as Turkey (Mirmehti Agazade) and the United Arab Emirates (S. V. Kostelyanets) were not left without attention, as well. The fifth block contains papers on a fairly broad topic “Foreign policy of African countries and inter-African relations”. Two participants (O. V. Konstantinova and A.Yu. Sharova) addressed the issue of African integration that has become particularly relevant in recent years, while the others devoted their reports to the problems of foreign policy of individual African countries: S.V. Nenashev – Angola, T.S. Denisova and E.N. Zanoskina – Nigeria, N.A.Panin and Yu.D. Vertashov – South Africa, S.M. Shlenskaya – Madagascar. The conference demonstrated a great interest of the scholars, postgraduates and students in the discussed problems and contributed to further researches within these main trends.

scholarly journals Linking Business Ecosystem and Natural Ecosystem Together—A Sustainable Pathway for Future Industrialization

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Yongjiang Shi ◽  
Chao Lu ◽  
Hong Hou ◽  
Lu Zhen ◽  
Jialun Hu
Keyword(s):  
Future Development ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Industrial Ecology ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Comprehensive System ◽  
Natural Ecosystem ◽  
Business Ecosystem ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
New Framework

China has emerged as the second largest economy in the world during the globalization in the last forty years. However, in the last decade, Chinese manufacturing has also demonstrated its dark side causing wide range of concerns globally and directly jeopardize people’s health because of serious pollutions. How could the world keep its industrialization yet without damages to the natural environment? The paper proposes a new framework entitled ‘IE3’ by integrating three domains of knowledge—Industrial Entrepreneurship, Industrial Engineering and Industrial Ecology. The IE3 model provides a potential answer to the future development pathway for industrialization, changing from pursuit of quantity to quality via considering resources efficiency and ecology efficiency. The novelty of the research lies in incorporating three originally separated theories into a comprehensive system.

Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alternanthera Philoxeroides ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Aquatic Habitats ◽  
Alligator Weed ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World

Abstract A. philoxeroides is one of the worst weeds in the world because it invades both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. The aquatic form of the plant has the potential to become a serious threat to rivers, waterways, wetlands and irrigation systems. The terrestrial form grows forming dense mats with a massive underground rhizomatous root system (ISSG, 2016). This weed is extremely difficult to control, is able to reproduce from plant fragments and grows in a wide range of climates and habitats, including terrestrial areas. In aquatic habitats it has deleterious effects on other plants and animals, water quality, aesthetics, vector populations, water flow, flooding and sedimentation. In terrestrial situations, it degrades riverbanks, pastures, and agricultural lands producing massive underground lignified root systems penetrating up to 50-60 cm deep. Currently, A. philoxeroides is listed as invasive in the United States, Puerto Rico, France, Italy, India, Sri Lanka, China, Taiwan, Indonesia, Myanmar, Singapore, Australia and New Zealand (Weber et al., 2008; Chandra, 2012; Rojas-Sandoval and Acevedo-Rodriguez, 2015; DAISIE, 2016; USDA-ARS, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2016; Weeds of Australia, 2016). Once established, it behaves as an aggressive invader with the capability to totally disrupt natural aquatic ecosystems, shoreline vegetation and terrestrial and semi-aquatic environments (ISSG, 2016; USDA-NRCS, 2016).

scholarly journals ОБЗОР СОВРЕМЕННЫХ МЕТОДОВ ЭКОЛОГО-ЛАНДШАФТНЫХ ИСЛЕДОВАНИЙ ПРИБЕЖНЫХ АКВАТОРИЙ

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. Pyanov
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Anthropogenic Impact ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Nature Management ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Red Tides ◽  
River Channels ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Moment

В статье приведен обзор существующих и ныне использующихся методов, которые позволяют проводить исследования прибрежных акваторий, применительно к широкому кругу задач, а именно: экологических, геоморфологических, марикультурных, промышленных, общехозяйственных и т.д. Среди обозреваемых методов выделяются прямые наблюдения и анализ информации, полученной удалённо. Для принятия эффективных мер по улучшению экологической ситуации необходимо комплексное изучение основных факторов, определяющих динамику абиотической составляющей экосистемы, анализ ключевых механизмов самоочищения, скопления массовых видов продуцентов, а также разработка эффективной системы мониторинга состояния акватории. Помимо классического прямого водолазного исследования с помощью легководолазного снаряжения (SCUBA) рассматриваются методы исследования с использованием дистанционных телеуправляемых необитаемых подводных аппаратов (ТНПА), а также анализ спутниковых снимков и обследование посредством кабельной камеры. Актуальность подводных исследований морских ландшафтов обусловлена всё более нарастающим антропогенным воздействием на природную среду и необходимостью поиска максимально эффективного способа ведения природопользовательской деятельности, в том числе и в переходных геосистемах, например, на стыке наземной и водной среды. На данный момент вполне известным и обоснованным является тот факт, что максимальная продуктивность экосистемы наблюдается в прибрежной зоне морей и океанов, следовательно, и основная природопользовательская деятельность ведётся именно там. Подробное изучение, а также описание подводных ландшафтов является ключом к ведению рационального природопользования в морской среде. Долговременные наблюдения с помощью удалённо расположенных приборов позволяют накапливать и анализировать данные за десятилетия наблюдений и на основании их строить модели и прогнозы, связанные с будущими потенциальными опасностями природного характера, такими как цунами, красные приливы , ураганы, изменения русел рек и иных событий, влияющих на экосистемы. Результаты комплексных исследований подводных ландшафтов с применением всех методов, доступных исследователям, являются наиболее достоверными.This article provides an overview of existing and currently used methods that allow for the study of coastal waters, with reference to a wide range of tasks, namely: environmental, geomorphological, maricultural, industrial, general economic, etc. Among the observed methods, direct observations and analysis of information obtained remotely are distinguished. Among the observed methods, direct observations and analysis of information obtained remotely are distinguished. To take effective measures to improve the ecological situation, a comprehensive study of the main factors determining, first of all, the dynamics of the abiotic component of the ecosystem, the analysis of key selfcleaning mechanisms, the accumulation of mass species of producers, and the development of an effective system for monitoring the state of the water area are necessary. In addition to the classic direct diving research using light diving equipment (SCUBA), research methods using remote telecontrolled uninhabited underwater vehicles (ROV), as well as analysis of satellite images and examination using a cable camera are considered. The relevance of underwater studies of marine landscapes is due to the increasing anthropogenic impact on the natural environment and the need to find the most effective way to conduct nature management activities, including in transitional geosystems, for example, at the junction of terrestrial and aquatic environments. The relevance of underwater studies of marine landscapes is due to the increasing anthropogenic impact on the natural environment and the need to find the most effective way to conduct nature management activities, including in transitional geosystems, for example, at the junction of terrestrial and aquatic environments. At the moment, the fact that the maximum productivity of the ecosystem is observed in the coastal zone of the seas and oceans is quite wellknown and justified, therefore, the main natureuser activity is carried out there. A detailed study, as well as a description of underwater landscapes, is the key to rational nature management in the marine environment. Longterm observations using remotely located instruments make it possible to accumulate and analyze data from decades of observations and, based on them, build models and forecasts related to future potential natural hazards, such as tsunamis, red tides, hurricanes, changes in river channels and other events, affecting ecosystems. The results of comprehensive studies of underwater landscapes are the most reliable, only using all methods available to researchers.

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