scholarly journals POTENTIAL OF CELLULASE OF PENICILLIUM VERMICULATUM FOR PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE PRODUCED FROM α-CELLULOSE OF KAPOK PERICARPIUM (CEIBA PENTANDRA)

2019 ◽  
pp. 92-97
Author(s):  
HERMAN SURYADI ◽  
SUTRIYO ◽  
Mira Junnisa ◽  
YULIANITA PRATIWI INDAH LESTARI
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
The United States ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Clear Zone ◽  
United States Pharmacopoeia ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Particle Size Analyzer

Objective: This study aimed to find psychochemical properties of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) obtained from α-cellulose kapok pericarpium. Methods: The cellulase activity was screened by clear zone and sugar reduction method. The enzym from selected mold was purified by diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) chromatography. α-cellulose of kapok pericarpium was hydrolyzed using the purified cellulase enzymes. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) identified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, and qualitative analysis test. The samples were characterized for pH test, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and particle size analyzer (PSA). Results: The optimum cellulase activity was shown by Penicillium vermiculatum. It’s clear zone diameter around 3 cm and the cellulase activity was 67.73±0.25 mU/ml. The strongest cellulase activity was detected from 1st fraction (P1) out of 6 column fractions with optimum activity at 1.177±2 mU/ml. The optimal conditions for microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) preparation were at 50 ˚C, for 2 ours, using 20 ml of acetate buffer pH 5 and 2 ml of cellulase enzyme. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) obtained at 78% w/w and its FTIR spectrum and x-ray diffractogram similar to reference while the pH of MCC was fulfilled requirements of The United States Pharmacopoeia 2007. Conclusion: The use of purified enzyme of cellulase has succeded in microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) preparation andmicrocrystalline cellulose (MCC) obtained was 78% w/w, with similar characteristics to reference (Avicel PH 101) and the pH of MCC was fulfilled requirements of The United States Pharmacopoeia 2007.

scholarly journals CHARACTERIZATION OF KAPOK PERICARPIUM MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE PRODUCED OF ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS USING PURIFIED CELLULASE FROM TERMITE (MACROTERMES GILVUS)

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
YULIANITA PRATIWI INDAH LESTARI ◽  
HERMAN SURYADI ◽  
MIRAJUNNISA ◽  
WIBOWO MANGUNWARDOYO ◽  
SUTRIYO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Reference Product ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Clear Zone ◽  
X Ray

Objective: This study aimed to increase the yield of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from kapok pericarpium alpha-cellulose produced by enzymatic hydrolysis using purified cellulase from Termites (Macrotermes gilvus) and to compare the characteristics with the reference product. Methods: In this research, MCC was prepared from kapok pericarpium powder through the chemical isolation process of alpha-cellulose, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with purified cellulase from Macrotermes gilvus. The yield was improved by using purified cellulase in optimized temperature, pH, and hydrolysis time. Identification was carried out by using ZnCl and infrared spectrophotometry, followed by characterization of MCC include particle size analysis (PSA) and diffracto­gram pattern (X-Ray Diffraction). The results were compared with Avicel PH 101 as the reference product. Results: Purified cellulase from Macrotermes gilvus showed high cellulose activity. Cellulose in the concentration of 11.743 U/ml formed 49 mm clear zone area with cellulolytic index 7.16 that similar to the formed clear zone area of Trichoderma reesei (50 mm), the optimum hydrolysis condition was achieved at 50 °C, pH 6.0, in 2 h, which produced 80% yield of MCC. Produced MCC was analyzed with ZnCl and FTIR spectrum resulting in positive results, similar to reference. The results of the organoleptic test, particle size analysis, and diffracto­gram pattern (X-Ray Diffraction) showed crystalline characteristics of MCC is similar to the reference (Avicel PH 101). Conclusion: Cellulase Macrotermes gilvus yielded 80% MCC and higher enzymatic activity than Trichoderma reesei. Based on the organoleptic test, particle size analysis, and diffracto­gram pattern observation, MCC from kapok pericarpium has shown similar characteristics to reference (Avicel pH 101) and might be potential to be further developed.

Effect of Process on the Dielectric Properties of BaTiO3-Based X9R Ceramics

2014 ◽  
Vol 906 ◽  
pp. 18-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bao Lin Zhang ◽  
Bin Bin Zhang ◽  
Ning Ning Wang ◽  
Jing Ming Fei
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Dielectric Properties ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
Sintering Temperature ◽  
Sintering Process ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Sintered Ceramic ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Particle Size Analyzer

The effect of milling time and sintering process on the dielectric properties of BaTiO3-based X9R ceramics was investigated. The characterization of the raw powders and the sintered ceramic was carried out by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The particle size distribution of the mixed powders was examined by Laser Particle Size Analyzer. The results shown that with the milling time extended, the Cruie Peak was depressed, or even disappeared. Moreover, with the rise of sintering temperature, the dielectric constant of the ceramics increased and the dielectric loss decreased gradually. Eventually, by milling for 11h and sintering at 1090°Cfor 2h, good dielectric properties were obtained, which were ε25°C≥ 2526, εr/εr25°C≤± 12% (–55~200°C), tanδ≤1.12% (25°C).

scholarly journals Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Muntingia Calabura L. Leaf Extract as Bioreductor and Applied as Glucose Nanosensor

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 3088-3094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Wahid Wahab ◽  
Abdul Karim ◽  
Nursiah La Nafie ◽  
Nurafni Nurafni ◽  
I. Wayan Sutapa
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Reduction Method ◽  
Measurement Range ◽  
Structure Characterization ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Particle Size Analyzer ◽  
Muntingia Calabura

Silver nanoparticles have been synthesized by reduction method using extract of Muntingia calabura L. leaf a bioreductor. The process of silver nanoparticles formation was monitored by UV-Vis method. The results showed that the absorbance values increased according to the increase of reaction time. Maximum absorption of silver nanoparticle was obtained at a wavelength of 41-421 nm. The size of silver nanoparticles was determined using a PSA (Particle Size Analyzer) with a particle size distribution of 97.04 nm. The functional groups compound that contribute in the synthesis was analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Morphology of the silver nanoparticles was observed by an Scanning Electron Microscope instrument and the structure characterization of the compounds were analyzed using X-Ray Diffraction. The glucose nanosensor based on silver nanoparticles have the measurement range of 1 mM - 4 mM with the regretion (R2) is 0,9516, the detection limit of sensor is 3,2595 mM, the sensitivity of sensor is 2,0794 A. mM-1. mM-2.

scholarly journals Characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from fast-growing species Artocarpus elasticus

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Sunardi Sunardi ◽  
Wiwin Tyas Istikowati ◽  
Norhidayah Norhidayah ◽  
Dahlena Ariyani ◽  
Azlan Kamari
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Cellulosic Material ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Cellulose I ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Artocarpus Elasticus ◽  
Fast Growing Species

Microcrystalline cellulose is an important derivative of cellulosic material obtained from wood and non-wood sources, and is used for pharmaceutical, food, cosmetics, and other industries. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of various hydrochloric acid concentrations on the characteristics of cellulose microcrystals isolated from terap wood (Artocarpus elasticus). The microcrystalline cellulose was hydrolyzed using hydrochloric acid, at concentrations of 1.5 N, 2.5 N, and 3.5 N for 15 minutes, and within a temperature range of 100-105o C. Thesamples were then analyzed for changes in color and functional groups with Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), while crystallinity index was evaluated through X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (X-RDF). The FTIR results showed similarity with commercial products, while X-Ray Diffraction confirms the highest crystallinity index in the 2.5 N of cellulose I (69.395 %) and cellulose II (82.73 %).

Characterization of Unfractionated Heparin: Comparison of Materials from the last 50 Years

2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (12) ◽  
pp. 1052-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine Gray ◽  
Trevor Barrowcliffe ◽  
Barbara Mulloy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Unfractionated Heparin ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Standards ◽  
European Pharmacopoeia ◽  
United States Pharmacopoeia ◽  
International Standard ◽  
Over Time

SummaryPhysicochemical and anticoagulant characteristics of 27 samples from recent batches of commercially produced unfractionated heparin have been determined as part of the process of establishment of the 5th International Standard Unfractionated Heparin. They have been compared with current heparin standards (European Pharmacopoeia, United States Pharmacopoeia, Chinese), with the 4th International Standard Unfractionated Heparin, and with the three predecessor International Standards. The results indicate that the 4th International Standard Unfractionated Heparin, established in 1982, has significantly lower molecular weight and specific activity than recently produced heparin; this is also true of all preceding International Standard Heparins and of the United States Pharmacopoeial standard. The composition of commercial unfractionated heparin may therefore have changed over time; reasons for this are discussed.

The Determination of Low Levels of Quartz in Commercial Kaolins by X-ray Diffraction

1992 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.J. Elton ◽  
P.D. Salt ◽  
J.M. Adams
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
The United States ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Respirable Fraction ◽  
Profile Fitting ◽  
Potential Problems ◽  
Low Levels

AbstractLegislation in the United States and Canada requires labelling of products containing ≥ 0.1 wt.% crystalline silica. Kaolin clays are used in a variety of industries and usually contain low levels of total (i.e., respirable plus non-respirable) quartz, even after beneficiation. X-ray diffraction procedures have been developed here which are suitable for the quantification of total quartz in commercial kaolins with accuracy sufficient to satisfy the legislation. Separation and analysis of the respirable fraction is not addressed in this paper; however, the procedures described would be applicable to such samples if sufficient were available. Use of the 50.1° 2θrather than the 26.6° 26 (CuKα) quartz peak avoids most of the potential problems of overlap with reflections from other accessory minerals. It is shown that profile fitting techniques and optimised experimental procedures allow the determination of quartz in bulk samples to ± 0.03 wt.% (95% confidence) at the 0.1 wt.% level, and ± 0.1 wt.% at the 1.0 wt.% level, with tolerable data collection times.

The discreditation of girdite

2017 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 1125-1128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony R. Kampf ◽  
Stuart J. Mills ◽  
Mike S. Rumsey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Smithsonian Institution ◽  
Original Description ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Museum ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
History Museum ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cochise County

AbstractGirdite, a mineral described byWilliams in 1979 from the Grand Central mine, Tombstone, Cochise County, Arizona, USA, has been re-examined by powder X-ray diffraction, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe. Type material from The Natural History Museum, London and the United States National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution) was examined. The original description of girdite is shown to have been based upon data obtained from at least two and possibly three different phases, one corresponding to ottoite and another probably corresponding to oboyerite, although the latter itself appears to be a mixture. The discreditation of girdite as a valid mineral species has been approved by the IMA-CNMNC, Proposal 16-G.

The Use of Advanced Analytical Techniques for Characterization of the Chemical, Physical, and Crystallographic Nature of a Surface

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 132-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Herfert
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Studies of the nature of a surface, either metallic or nonmetallic, in the past, have been limited to the instrumentation available for these measurements. In the past, optical microscopy, replica transmission electron microscopy, electron or X-ray diffraction and optical or X-ray spectroscopy have provided the means of surface characterization. Actually, some of these techniques are not purely surface; the depth of penetration may be a few thousands of an inch. Within the last five years, instrumentation has been made available which now makes it practical for use to study the outer few 100A of layers and characterize it completely from a chemical, physical, and crystallographic standpoint. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides a means of viewing the surface of a material in situ to magnifications as high as 250,000X.

High Resolution Replication of Organoclay Surfaces

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 576-577
Author(s):  
W. W. Barker ◽  
W. E. Rigsby ◽  
V. J. Hurst ◽  
W. J. Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Organic Molecule ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Xrd Pattern ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Silicate Layers ◽  
Mineral Identification

Experimental clay mineral-organic molecule complexes long have been known and some of them have been extensively studied by X-ray diffraction methods. The organic molecules are adsorbed onto the surfaces of the clay minerals, or intercalated between the silicate layers. Natural organo-clays also are widely recognized but generally have not been well characterized. Widely used techniques for clay mineral identification involve treatment of the sample with H2 O2 or other oxidant to destroy any associated organics. This generally simplifies and intensifies the XRD pattern of the clay residue, but helps little with the characterization of the original organoclay. Adequate techniques for the direct observation of synthetic and naturally occurring organoclays are yet to be developed.

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