A CARBON FOOTPRINT FROM WOOD PELLET

Daily emissions of greenhouse gasses have a negative impact on the quality of the atmosphere. In almost every sector there is a certain emission of these gasses. This means that every sector, whether it is the energy, industry, transport sector or the household has a part in the degradation of the environment. In this connection, many models have been developed, whose task is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and carbon dioxide as well to improve the environmental quality. This paper will discuss the carbon footprint model. A carbon footprint is the set of greenhouse gas emissions caused by something. It can be calculated for a product, service, person or even a country, and is used to understand the impact of human activity on the earth’s climate. Also, an analysis of carbon footprint using different types of fuel for heating households will be presented.

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CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS OF CARBON FARMING DEVELOPMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN

Vestnik of Kazan state agrarin university ◽

10.12737/2073-0462-2021-7-13 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 7-13

Author(s):

Radik Safin ◽

Ayrat Valiev ◽

Valeriya Kolesar

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Carbon Footprint ◽

Crop Production ◽

Agricultural Soils ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

The Republic

Global climatic changes have a negative impact on the development of all sectors of the economy, including agriculture. However, the very production of agricultural products is one of the most important sources of greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere. Taking into account the need to reduce the “carbon footprint” in food production, a special place is occupied by the analysis of the volume of greenhouse gas emissions and the development of measures for their sequestration in agriculture. One of the main directions for reducing emissions and immobilizing greenhouse gases is the development of special techniques for their sequestration in the soil, including those used in agriculture. Adaptation of existing farming systems for this task will significantly reduce the “carbon footprint” from agricultural production, including animal husbandry. The development of carbon farming allows not only to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but also to significantly increase the level of soil fertility, primarily by increasing the content of organic matter in them. As a result, it becomes possible, along with the production of crop production, to produce “carbon units” that are sold on local and international markets. The paper analyzes possible greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and the potential for their sequestration in agricultural soils. The role of various elements of the farming system in solving the problem of reducing the “carbon footprint” is considered and ways of developing carbon farming in the Republic of Tatarstan are proposed

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Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Carbonated Soft Drinks Using LCA Methodology

Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers ◽

10.4491/ksee.2021.43.1.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Jongsek Kim ◽

Noh-Hyun Lim ◽

Yoonmi Shin ◽

Kyungwook Park ◽

Ihn Sup Han

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Carbon Footprint ◽

Soft Drinks ◽

International Standards ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Carbonated Soft Drinks ◽

The Impact ◽

Manufacturing Stage

Objectives:In accordance with the concern of global warming problem, many companies in Korea are striving to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in accordance with consumer awareness. Many studies have been reported for various products; however it is difficult to find carbonated soft drinks in Korea. The purpose of this study is to the impact of the greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbonated soft drinks in Korea.Methods:Calculation method of the greenhouse gas emissions followed “Guidelines for Carbon Footprint of Products” used in Korean Carbon Footprint Labeling. It was developed based on international standards such as ISO 14040 series. Life cycle of carbonated soft drinks was considered as a pre-manufacturing stage, manufacturing stage, distribution and disposal stage. Use stage of the product was excluded.Results and Discussion:This study shows that the package types and amounts for pre-manufacturing, manufacturing and disposal steps of carbonated soft drinks (the unit contents: 500 mL/unit, 1.5 L/unit), and also shows the results of greenhouse gas emissions. From the results, the pre-manufacturing stage of PET bottle manufacturing is the first contributor that occupy above 60% of greenhouse gas emissions. For reducing carbon emissions, low carbon manufacturing techniques for PET bottle are important. Sensitivity analysis was performed for PET bottle manufacturing, cap manufacturing and waste plastic disposal including site data and assumptions made. The sensitivity of each item was less than 7%.Conclusions:In conclusion, this study shows that the pre-manufacturing step of PET bottle and cap production have very significant impact on the greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore lightweight packages and usage of recycled plastics would be main techniques for reducing greenhouse gas emissions of carbonated soft drinks. From this study, the increment of product’s carbon footprint certification would be used as an effective policy instrument for achieving reduction goals of Korea Government. And also it could be used to spread the culture of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

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Refrigerated Transport: State of the Art, Technical Issues, Innovations and Challenges for Sustainability

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14217237 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (21) ◽

pp. 7237

Author(s):

Angelo Maiorino ◽

Fabio Petruzziello ◽

Ciro Aprea

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Cold Chain ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Routing Problem ◽

Alternative Technologies ◽

Refrigerated Transport

The cold chain is responsible for perishable products preservation and transportation, maintaining a proper temperature to slow biological decay processes. Often the efficiency of the cold chain is less than ideal, significantly increasing food waste and energy consumption. Refrigerated transport is a critical phase of the cold chain because of its negative impact on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. It is estimated that around 15% of global fossil fuel energy is used in the refrigerated transport sector, so there has been a growing interest in the last decades in the optimization of these systems in order to reduce their environmental impact. Vapor compression refrigeration units, usually powered by means of a diesel engine, are the most commonly used systems in road refrigerated transport. This paper provides a review of (a) currently used systems and alternative technologies that could reduce the environmental impacts of road refrigerated transport and (b) optimization models and methods used to minimize fuel/energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, focusing both on reducing the thermal loads and solving the refrigerated vehicle routing problem.

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Microbiological Nitrogen Transformations in Soil Treated with Pesticides and Their Impact on Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11080787 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 787

Author(s):

Stefania Jezierska-Tys ◽

Jolanta Joniec ◽

Joanna Bednarz ◽

Edyta Kwiatkowska

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Microbial Activity ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Nitrogen Transformations ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

Disturbed Soil ◽

The Impact ◽

Impact Of Pesticides

Research was conducted in connection with the pressure exerted by man on the environment through the use of pesticides. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of pesticides on soil and to evaluate the effect of these changes on greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. The research was carried out on soil sown with oilseed rape. The activity of protease and urease, ammonification, nitrification in soil, as well as CO2 (carbon dioxide) and N2O (nitrous oxide) gas emissions from soil were assessed. The analyses were carried out directly after harvest and 2 months after. Pesticides most frequently negatively affected the tested parameters, in particular enzymatic activities. Of the two herbicides used, Roundup had a stronger negative impact on microbial activity. The application of pesticides, especially the fungicide, resulted in an increase in gas emissions to the atmosphere over time. Pesticides disturbed soil environmental balance, probably interfering with qualitative and quantitative relationships of soil microorganism populations and their metabolic processes. This led to the accumulation of microbial activity products in the form of, among others, gases which contribute to the greenhouse effect by escaping from the soil into the atmosphere.

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THE IMPACT OF CARBON REGULATION MECHANISMS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRY IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Strategic decisions and risk management ◽

10.17747/2618-947x-915 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 354-365

Author(s):

M. M. Balashov

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Carbon Footprint ◽

Russian Federation ◽

Carbon Tax ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Carbon Regulation ◽

Regulation Mechanisms ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

The Impact

The European Commission is currently preparing to implement a new form of carbon regulation a cross-border carbon tax. As conceived by the authors, such a decision will force exporters of goods with a significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions during production to improve the environmental friendliness of production and, as a result, to reduce their carbon footprint. In addition, the carbon tax will create a competitive advantage for foreign companies with low greenhouse gas emissions. Such a policy of the European Union can seriously affect the economy of the Russian Federation and Russian companies that are export-oriented. Today, all over the world, more and more importance is attached to environmentally neutral technologies and industries. To keep up with the global trend, as well as to maintain the level of competitiveness, the Russian economy needs to adapt. The speed and efficiency of adaptation directly depend on system solutions both at the state level (development of the necessary regulatory legal acts and standards for reporting and disclosure of information) and at the level of enterprises most sensitive to carbon regulation (audit of the carbon footprint, modernization of production facilities, responsible approach to neutralization carbon footprint). The purpose of this work is to study the impact of carbon regulation mechanisms on the development of industry in the Russian Federation, in accordance with it, the following tasks are formed: to describe the mechanisms of carbon regulation, to assess the economic impact on the domestic industry, to consider world practices of confirming the carbon footprint, to identify threats to implementation of the national program “International cooperation and export” from the introduction of carbon regulation.

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Impact of climate change on water resources and crop yield in the Middle Egypt region

Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology—AQUA ◽

10.2166/aqua.2021.019 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Soha M. Mostafa ◽

Osama Wahed ◽

Walaa Y. El-Nashar ◽

Samia M. El-Marsafawy ◽

Hany F. Abd-Elhamid

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Water Resources ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Impact Of Climate Change ◽

The Impact

Abstract Egypt's water resources are already limited. Moreover, climate change will put greater pressure on these resources. This research aims to assess the impact of climate change on the water demands for one of the most important Egyptian food crops which is the wheat crop. In addition, a number of adaptation strategies were tested to mitigate the negative impact of climate change on wheat productivity and its water relations. The current study was carried out in the Middle Egypt region. Two models were used, the first is the climate model (MAGICC/SCENGEN), which is used to simulate the impact of global greenhouse gas emissions on the rate of rise in temperature at the regional level. The second is the irrigation model (CROPWAT8.0), which is used to simulate the irrigation water requirements under current and likely climate change conditions. The results indicated that the increase in greenhouse gas emissions will cause the temperature to rise over the study area by about 2.12 °C in 2050 and 3.96 °C by 2100. As a result, wheat productivity is likely to drop by 8.6 and 11.1% in 2050 and 2100, respectively. Crop water productivity will also decline by about 11.6% in 2050 and 19.1% in 2100.

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Carbon footprint from helitankers: sustainable decision making in aerial wildfire fighting

International Journal of Wildland Fire ◽

10.1071/wf15011 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 24 (7) ◽

pp. 983 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sergio Alvarez ◽

Rosa Planelles ◽

Agustín Rubio

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Carbon Footprint ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Economic Costs ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Key Factor ◽

Wildfire Suppression ◽

Compound Method

Carbon footprint (CF) can be a key factor stimulating innovation while driving sustainable decision making. The air transport sector and wildfires are considered to be relevant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. Among the available resources for wildfire suppression, aerial firefighting – particularly using helitankers – is the most effective method. However the high economic costs and fuel-related emissions incurred by helitankers prevent their widespread use. This work aims to calculate the CF from helitankers in order to assess this new indicator for sustainable decision making. The CF is calculated here by a compound method based on the financial accounts of a Spanish company that owns 20 helitankers. The total cumulative corporate CF in 2012 was 5497 t CO2 equivalents. We discuss the influence of the method, its implications and future actions for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Our experience should be considered as a pilot study providing further evidence of the value of using sustainable indicators in decision making.

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Carbon footprint of selected building structures

IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering ◽

10.1088/1757-899x/1209/1/012015 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1209 (1) ◽

pp. 012015

Author(s):

J Budajová

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Global Warming ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Carbon Footprint ◽

Global Warming Potential ◽

Building Materials ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

The Impact

Abstract In general, we can call the carbon footprint as emissions of gases that affect the Earth’s climate, while being used by humans. The impact of construction, building materials, structures, or the overall life cycle of a building on the environment is great. Sustainable architecture is gaining more prominence, using reduced carbon footprint. Today’s construction industry is increasingly moving towards sustainable construction, which is constantly being formed. The great weather fluctuations that take place from day to day are forcing us to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions. The global warming potential GWP (global warming potential) caused by these greenhouse gas emissions is increased to carbon dioxide CO2 and expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent CO2eq. Using GWP we can determine the carbon footprint of a product. The aim of this paper is to change the three compositions of the perimeter walls using LCA analysis (life cycle assessment) and to choose the composition that has the best carbon footprint and is therefore more advantageous. The need for a sustainable built environment is urgent due to its positive impact on the environment.

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