The Relationship Between the  Type of Infection and Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic resistance causes reduced therapeutic effectiveness. Understanding of people's behavior plays an important role in countering antibiotic resistance especially by preventing irrational use of antibiotics. The purpose of the study was to depict the experience of respondents in using antibiotics without prescription and the relationship of characteristics of respondents with unwillingness to remain a customer at a pharmacy that had refused to provide antibiotics without a prescription. The study design applied cross-sectional using a questionnaire, and sampling was done by purposive sampling. Respondents were people who used antibiotics without a doctor's prescription. The survey was conducted in Yogyakarta in September-October 2018. The data were analyzed descriptively and used multivariate logistic regression. As many as 44.2% of the total 670 respondents used antibiotics the last time more than a year ago; 69.5% received information about antibiotics from previous treatments; 93.4% received antibiotics from pharmacies, and 69.2% stated that the most used antibiotic was amoxicillin. More than half (62.2%) of respondents were still willing to become customers at a pharmacy that had refused to provide antibiotics without a prescription. Respondents with high school education or lower as the latest education degree (OR = 1.513; 95% CI 1.017-2.252); from family income below the regional minimum wage (OR = 1.858; 95% CI 1.302-2.651), and from Sleman Regency (OR = 1.457; 95% CI 1.016-2.089) became a predictor of the unwillingness of respondents to become customers at a pharmacy who had refused to provide antibiotics without a prescription. Supervision of antibiotic (especially amoxicillin) in pharmacies and education to the community needs to be used as part of a strategy against irrational use of antibiotics. In addition, education needs to be given to pharmacists to reduce fears of decreased in the number of their customers because they refuse to deliver antibiotics without a prescription.

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The Relationship of Birth Weight Infant with Bacteriological Profile and Antibiotic Resistance of Neonatal Sepsis

Asian Journal of Applied Sciences ◽

10.24203/ajas.v7i5.5932 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Nisrina Asysyifa ◽

Husjain Djajaningrat ◽

Diah Lestari

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Blood Culture ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Neonatal Sepsis ◽

P Value ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Bacteriological Profile ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

Neonatal sepsis is a major issue on neonatal-care field. This incident occurs by many factors, one of the factor is infant with a low birth weight. Blood culture is used as the gold standard for diagnosis. The spectrum of bacteria which caused neonatal sepsis is constantly change and vary due to antibiotic resistance phenomenon. This study aimed to determine the relationship of birth weight infant with bacteriological profile and antibiotic resistance of neonatal sepsis in RSAB Harapan Kita Jakarta. This study used observational method with cross sectional design and purposive sampling method which is analyzed by chisquare test. Medical record data and blood culture and antibiotic resistance test from all subjects in Januari until December 2018 were reviewed. The sample in this research is neonatal sepsis patients who met inclusion criteria were 51 patients. From 51 (55,43%) subjects, there were 39 (76,47%) neonatal sepsis in low birth weight infant. Klebsiella pneumonia spp (41,17%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (19,60%) were the predominant pathogens. Amikacin (62,74%), and meropenem (50,98%) were the most susceptible antibiotic towards bacteria. Maximum resistance among organisms was seen in cefotaxime (84,31%), ceftazidime (78,43%), and amoxicillin (70,58%).Â The result of the analysis found there is a relationship between birth weight infant and bacteriological profile (p-value = 0,035), but there is no relationship between birth weight infant and antibiotic resistance of neonatal sepsis (p-value =0,092; 0,066; and 0,521). There is a relationship between birth weight infant and bacteriological profile , but there is no relationship between birth weight infant and antibiotic resistance of neonatal sepsis.

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Potential impact of outpatient stewardship interventions on antibiotic exposures of common bacterial pathogens

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.52307 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Christine Tedijanto ◽

Yonatan H Grad ◽

Marc Lipsitch

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antibiotic Stewardship ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Selective Pressure ◽

Bacterial Pathogens ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Infection Incidence ◽

Potential Impact ◽

The Relationship

The relationship between antibiotic stewardship and population levels of antibiotic resistance remains unclear. In order to better understand shifts in selective pressure due to stewardship, we use publicly available data to estimate the effect of changes in prescribing on exposures to frequently used antibiotics experienced by potentially pathogenic bacteria that are asymptomatically colonizing the microbiome. We quantify this impact under four hypothetical stewardship strategies. In one scenario, we estimate that elimination of all unnecessary outpatient antibiotic use could avert 6% to 48% (IQR: 17% to 31%) of exposures across pairwise combinations of sixteen common antibiotics and nine bacterial pathogens. All scenarios demonstrate that stewardship interventions, facilitated by changes in clinician behavior and improved diagnostics, have the opportunity to broadly reduce antibiotic exposures across a range of potential pathogens. Concurrent approaches, such as vaccines aiming to reduce infection incidence, are needed to further decrease exposures occurring in ‘necessary’ contexts.

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Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance and the Relationship between the Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Microbial Compositions under Long-Term Exposure to Tetracycline and Sulfamethoxazole

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16234681 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (23) ◽

pp. 4681 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bingbing Du ◽

Qingxiang Yang ◽

Ruifei Wang ◽

Ruimin Wang ◽

Qiang Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

The Core ◽

Aerobic Wastewater Treatment ◽

The Relationship ◽

Bacterial Groups ◽

Wastewater Treatment Systems

The removal of antibiotics and widespread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have received continuous attention due to the possible threats to environment. However, little information is available on the evolution of antibiotic resistance and the relationship between ARGs and microbial communities under long-term exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics. In our study, two laboratory-scale anoxic-aerobic wastewater treatment systems were established and operated for 420 days to investigate the evolution of antibiotic resistance under exposure of 5 mg·L−1 tetracycline (TC) or 5 mg·L−1 TC and 1 mg·L−1 sulfamethoxazole (SMX). The average removal rates of TC and SMX were about 59% and 72%, respectively. The abundance of the main ARGs responsible for resistance to TC and SMX increased obviously after antibiotics addition, especially when TC and SMX in combination (increased 3.20-fold). The tetC and sul1 genes were the predominant genes in the development of TC and SMX resistance, in which gene sul1 had the highest abundance among all the detected ARGs. Network analysis revealed that under antibiotic pressure, the core bacterial groups carrying multiple ARGs formed and concentrated in about 20 genera such as Dechloromonas, Candidatus Accumulibacter, Aeromonas, Rubrivivax, in which intI1 played important roles in transferring various ARGs except sul3.

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Torn between responsibility and loyalty: how the veterinarian profession designs antibiotic resistance policies that shake its foundations

Review of Agricultural Food and Environmental Studies ◽

10.1007/s41130-020-00122-y ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Muriel Surdez ◽

Lorène Piquerez ◽

Alexandre Hobeika

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Human Medicine ◽

State Control ◽

Veterinary Profession ◽

Autonomous Decision ◽

The Government ◽

The Relationship ◽

Different Levels

Abstract Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) policies, which aim to redefine how antibiotics are used, reshape the veterinary profession’s relationships in at least two ways. The policies can give state veterinarians greater power over practising veterinarians and thus change the relationship between the profession and the government supposed to regulate it. The policies also call for coordination with other relevant professionals, mainly in the areas of human medicine and food safety, which can limit the veterinary profession’s autonomous decision-making. Based on a survey of veterinarians working at different levels of the administration and their non-veterinary colleagues in Switzerland, it is shown that AMR policies, by strengthening the administration’s planning and supervisory functions, do contribute to increased state control of the veterinary profession. However, this shift is limited because implementing the policies requires negotiating with representatives of the profession.

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