scholarly journals CRITICAL SURVEY ON THE GUIDELINES UNDER RECOMMENDATION OF CHILD RESISTANT PACKAGING FOR PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Sangeeta Singh ◽  
Manish Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
World Health ◽  
Critical Survey ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
Us Congress ◽  
The Us ◽  
Packaging Industry ◽  
Poison Prevention ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Poisoning In Children

Child resistant packaging is an integral part of packaging industry. In order to reduce the risk of poisoning in children due to accidental ingestion of hazardous chemicals like over - the - counter (OTC) medications, household items, pesticides & automobile chemicals, led the US Congress to pass the Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970 under the authorship of US Senator Frank E. Moss (Politician).(1) The introduction of child resistant packaging resulted in considerable drop in the rate of poisoning. Guidelines of various countries helps in preventing forty to eighty percent of childhood poisoning. The World Health Organization & UNICEF states that Child Resistant Packaging is one of the best documented success in preventing poisoning in children.

scholarly journals RESEARCH ON SELF MEDICATION: A HYPE OR A HOPE? A LITERATURE REVIEW.

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Mythri Halappa
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Recent Trend ◽  
Public Health Practice ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractMedications are one of the most important tools in public health practice. Since the 1980s, self‑medication is of prime public health importance as World Health Organization, in order to reduce the burden on health care professionals changed some prescription drugs to be sold over the counter. Each drug has its own advantages & disadvantages. Hence, always they have to be taken with caution. Considering this a recent trend has increased in surveying the prevalence of self medication. Hence, this review critically evaluated the studies to put a light on basic concept of self medication.Key words: Self medication, Drug abuse, Self care, Substance abuse, Antibiotic usage. 

scholarly journals A framework for the assessment and implementation of diagnostics in outbreak situations

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliot P. Cowan
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Agent ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Us ◽  
Health Need ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Test Requirements ◽  
Regulatory Evaluation ◽  
Development Assessment ◽  
Outbreak Situation

Observation: Outbreak situations require in vitro diagnostics (IVDs) to identify those who are infected and to track the infectious agent in the population. However, such IVDs are typically not available and must be developed. In addition, the process of IVD development, assessment, and implementation are very time and resource intensive. Recognising the extraordinary public health need for IVDs in an outbreak situation, streamlined processes are needed to provide tests that meet the standard of a reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness in the shortest amount of time. These IVDs are designated for outbreak use.Addressing Issues: This paper presents a pathway to the outbreak use of IVDs that can be considered by countries experiencing an outbreak situation. It takes into account recognition of the outbreak, product development, regulatory evaluation, implementation, and monitoring of the outbreak-use test. Streamlined assessment programmes for emergency-use tests have been established by the US Food and Drug Administration and the World Health Organization. These programmes take into account test requirements for the country in which the outbreak exists. Therefore, countries can consider adopting these tests without the need to conduct expensive and time consuming assessments, such as performance studies. Key responsible parties are identified for each step of the pathway, recognising that transparency and communication among all parties are critical.

The elderly caregiver questionnaire for COVID-19 (ECQC-24)

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanif Abdul Rahman ◽  
Wegdan Bani Issa ◽  
Mohammad Rababa ◽  
Deeni Rudita Idris ◽  
Khadizah H. Abdul-Mumin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
World Health ◽  
Psychometric Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Us ◽  
Caregiver Questionnaire ◽  
Health Organization

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new tool called the elderly caregiver questionnaire for COVID-19 (ECQC-24) that helps to assess caregiver attributes toward best possible care for elderly during this pandemic. Design/methodology/approach ECQC-24 was developed based on international team of experts and draw upon latest advice from reliable governing bodies such as World Health Organization and the US Centre of Disease Control. Psychometric analysis was applied to ensure the newly developed ECQC-24 is valid and reliable. Findings Cronbach’s alpha ranged from 0.72 to 0.87, and construct validity by exploratory factor analysis was acceptable. The results provide good estimates for the reliability and validity of ECQC-24. Originality/value More evidence is urgently needed to better inform clinicians, health and social policymakers and related stakeholders and organizations involved in caring for the elderly. ECQC-24, the manual to use and analyzing tools are freely available for download and use at https://sites.google.com/view/the-elderly-caregiver-covid19/home.

Investigation of the physicochemical and pharmacognostical properties of Anzaroot (The manna of Astragalus sarcocola Dymock.) according to the World Health Organization

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 564-571
Author(s):  
Hadi Esmaeeli ◽  
Ali Davoodi ◽  
Masoud Azadbakht ◽  
Mohammad Azadbakht
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
World Health ◽  
Flavonoid Content ◽  
Therapeutic Properties ◽  
The Common ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Scientific Name

Background: Anzaroot is a manna produced from Astragalus sarcocola Dymock (Family Leguminosae) that is widely distributed in Fars, Kerman, Baluchestan and Hormozgan in Iran. Since the study of the physicochemical properties and quality control (QC) of herbal materials results in the validation and standardization for clinical uses, in accordance with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, it is necessary to carry out for Anzaroot which has indication in traditional medicine. Methods: Anzaroot was identified and determinated scientific name by a systematic specialist after purchasing from Niak pharmaceutical co. in gorgan. Physicochemical and pharmacognostical properties of Anzaroot have been determinated According to the WHO guidlines. Results: Anzaroot is a very bitter, crisp and fragile manna and non-stick in dry state, which is seen as separate binary grains under the microscope. The moisture content, foreign matter, sucrose content, total ash and water-soluble ash were reported 5.25 ± 0.2, 2.8 ± 0.2, 12.09 ± 0.04, 9.8 ± 0.5 and 2.9±0.15, respectively. It has significant foaming index, 72% Solublity in water and less than 50% in 96% ethanol and not swelling index. The levels of lead, mercury and cadmium were 0.0006, 0.0002 and 0.0007 ppm and total flavonoid content was reported 18.61 μg/ml with respect to standard Quercetin at 415 nm. Conclusion: This study can be a novel idea for the discovery or development of pharmaceutical products based on Anzaroot of Iran and its diverse therapeutic properties, such as the common cold, contusion, and bone fracture in traditional medicine.

scholarly journals Alcohol skin preparation causes surgical fires

2012 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Rocos ◽  
LJ Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Fire Risk ◽  
World Health ◽  
Training Curriculum ◽  
Skin Preparation ◽  
Us States ◽  
National Patient Safety Agency ◽  
The Us ◽  
National Patient ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Uk

INTRODUCTION Surgical fires are a rare but serious preventable safety risk in modern hospitals. Data from the US show that up to 650 surgical fires occur each year, with up to 5% causing death or serious harm. This study used the National Reporting and Learning Service (NRLS) database at the National Patient Safety Agency to explore whether spirit-based surgical skin preparation fluid contributes to the cause of surgical fires. METHODS The NRLS database was interrogated for all incidents of surgical fires reported between 1 March 2004 and 1 March 2011. Each report was scrutinised manually to discover the cause of the fire. RESULTS Thirteen surgical fires were reported during the study period. Of these, 11 were found to be directly related to spirit-based surgical skin preparation or preparation soaked swabs and drapes. CONCLUSIONS Despite manufacturer's instructions and warnings, surgical fires continue to occur. Guidance published in the UK and US states that spirit-based skin preparation solutions should continue to be used but sets out some precautions. It may be that fire risk should be included in pre-surgical World Health Organization checklists or in the surgical training curriculum. Surgical staff should be aware of the risk that spirit-based skin preparation fluids pose and should take action to minimise the chance of fire occurring.

scholarly journals Is COVID-19 the end of US hegemony? Public bads, leadership failures and monetary hegemony

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
pp. 1281-1303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Norrlöf
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Hegemony ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Public Bads ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract COVID-19 is the most invasive global crisis in the postwar era, jeopardizing all dimensions of human activity. By theorizing COVID-19 as a public bad, I shed light on one of the great debates of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries regarding the relationship between the United States and liberal international order (LIO). Conceptualizing the pandemic as a public bad, I analyze its consequences for US hegemony. Unlike other international public bads and many of the most important public goods that make up the LIO, the COVID-19 public bad not only has some degree of rivalry but can be made partially excludable, transforming it into more of a club good. Domestically, I demonstrate how the failure to effectively manage the COVID-19 public bad has compromised America's ability to secure the health of its citizens and the domestic economy, the very foundations for its international leadership. These failures jeopardize US provision of other global public goods. Internationally, I show how the US has already used the crisis strategically to reinforce its opposition to free international movement while abandoning the primary international institution tasked with fighting the public bad, the World Health Organization (WHO). While the only area where the United States has exercised leadership is in the monetary sphere, I argue this feat is more consequential for maintaining hegemony. However, even monetary hegemony could be at risk if the pandemic continues to be mismanaged.

scholarly journals Probiotic Products in Canada with Clinical Evidence: What Can Gastroenterologists Recommend?

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregor Reid ◽  
Kingsley Anukam ◽  
Tara Koyama
Keyword(s):  
United States Of America ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
The Us ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Health Canada

Probiotics, defined as ‘live microorganisms, which when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host’, are finally becoming an option for gastroenterologists in Canada, after being available for many years in Japan, Europe and the United States of America. Unfortunately, Health Canada and the US Food and Drug Administration have not controlled the use of the term ‘probiotic’ or put into place United Nations and World Health Organization guidelines. The net result is that a host of products called ‘probiotics’ are available but are not truly probiotic. The aim of the present review was to discuss the rationale for probiotics in gastroenterology, and specifically examine which products are options for physicians in Canada, and which ones patients might be using. It is hoped that by clarifying what probiotics are, and the strengths and limitations of their use, specialists will be better placed to make recommendations on the role of these products in patient care. In due course, more clinically documented probiotics will emerge, some with therapeutic effects based on a better understanding of disease processes.

MEASUREMENT OF RADON ACTIVITY CONCENTRATION IN UNDERGROUND WATER OF BURETI SUB-COUNTY OF KERICHO COUNTY KENYA

2020 ◽  
Vol 192 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
Charles K Rotich ◽  
Nadir O Hashim ◽  
Margaret W Chege ◽  
Catherine Nyambura
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Activity Concentration ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Annual Dose ◽  
Radon Activity ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Us ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract The activity concentration of radon in underground water of Bureti sub-county was measured using liquid scintillating counter device. The average radon activity concentration in all the water samples was 12.41 Bql−1. The maximum and minimum activity concentrations of radon were 22.5 and 4.57 Bql−1, respectively. In total, 53% of the total samples analysed had radon concentration levels above the US Environmental Protection Agency-recommended limit of 11.1 Bql−1. The annual dose received by an individual as a result of waterborne radon was determined according to the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation reports and was found to be 33.23 𝜇Svy−1. All the samples recorded a value <100 𝜇Svy−1 recommended by the World Health Organization and the European Union council.

Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases - Past, Present and Future

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshifumi Takeda ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Control Law ◽  
Global Response ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Global Threat

The global threat of new infectious diseases first became widely recognized in the 1990s. The US government published a report on emerging and reemerging infectious diseases followed by the World Health Organization (WHO), which adopted the slogan "Emerging Infectious Diseases: Global Alert, Global Response" in 1997. Typical examples of the more than 30 infectious diseases emerging since 1970s are HIV/AIDS, Vibrio cholerae O139 infection, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and avian influenza. The New Infectious Diseases Control Law enacted in Japan in 1999 was to control these emerging infectious diseases and the already existing ones.

scholarly journals A Review of Dietary Zinc Recommendations

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalind S. Gibson ◽  
Janet C. King ◽  
Nicola Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
World Health ◽  
Institute Of Medicine ◽  
Dietary Zinc ◽  
Zinc Bioavailability ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
The Us ◽  
Zinc Nutrition ◽  
Health Organization

Background: Large discrepancies exist among the dietary zinc recommendations set by expert groups. Objective: To describe the basis for the differences in the dietary zinc recommendations set by the World Health Organization, the US Institute of Medicine, the International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group, and the European Food Safety Agency. Methods: We compared the sources of the data, the concepts, and methods used by the 4 expert groups to set the physiological requirements for absorbed zinc, the dietary zinc requirements (termed estimated and/or average requirements), recommended dietary allowances (or recommended nutrient intakes or population reference intakes), and tolerable upper intake levels for selected age, sex, and life-stage groups. Results: All 4 expert groups used the factorial approach to estimate the physiological requirements for zinc. These are based on the estimates of absorbed zinc required to offset all obligatory zinc losses plus any additional requirements for absorbed zinc for growth, pregnancy, or lactation. However, discrepancies exist in the reference body weights used, studies selected, approaches to estimate endogenous fecal zinc (EFZ) losses, the adjustments applied to derive dietary zinc requirements that take into account zinc bioavailability in the habitual diets, number of dietary zinc recommendations set, and the nomenclature used to describe them. Conclusions: Estimates for the physiological and dietary requirements varied across the 4 expert groups. The European Food Safety Agency was the only expert group that set dietary zinc recommendations at 4 different levels of dietary phytate for adults (but not for children) and as of yet no tolerable upper intake level for any life-stage group.

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