scholarly journals Rational Way of Forming Stubble Coulisses under North Kazakhstan Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
V. L. Astaf'ev
Keyword(s):  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Arid Steppe ◽  
Technological Evaluation ◽  
Chemical Fallow ◽  
Snowy Winter

The main limiting factor for increasing yields in the arid steppe conditions of Northern Kazakhstan is moisture. Shoots are usually uneven due to the lack of moisture at the initial stage of their growing. The main source of moisture in this period is winter precipitation. Currently, the following methods of winter precipitation moisture accumulation are used in North Kazakhstan: leaving high standing stubble, seeding coulisses on pure fallow fields, herbicide (chemical) fallow field, snow ridging, harvesting of crops with continuous combining; and forming stubble coulisses. The most preferable way of increasing snow moisture accumulation is the formation of stubble coulisses that can be done in two ways.Research purpose Efficiency evaluation of the ways of forming stubble coulisses.Materials and methods Agroengineering and technological evaluation is used as a main research method of different ways of forming stubble coulisses, which is followed by the selection of a more preferable way.Results and discussion It has been found that in snowy winter both ways of forming stubble coulisses – with alternative passes of a direct combining reaper and a stripping reaper and using a direct combining reaper with a stripper adapter – have shown the same results. However, when there is a little snow in winter, the second way provides more intensive snow accumulation.Conclusions It has been experimentally found that using the direct combining reaper with the stripper adapter decreases labour inputs by 17.8% and total costs by 23.8% as compared to the formation of coulisses by using sequential passes of the direct combining and the stripping reapers. It has been found that the formation of stubble coulisses every 5-9 meters along with in-line para-plowing at a depth of up to 35 cm provides the highest yield increase of in snowy winter as compared to the conventional ways of moisture accumulation.

scholarly journals Climate change threatens archeologically significant ice patches: insights into their age, internal structure, mass balance and climate sensitivity

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rune Strand Ødegård ◽  
Atle Nesje ◽  
Ketil Isaksen ◽  
Liss Marie Andreassen ◽  
Trond Eiken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Original Position ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosols ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Melt Water

Abstract. Despite numerous spectacular archaeological discoveries worldwide related to melting ice patches and the emerging field of glacial archaeology, governing processes related to ice patch development during Holocene and their sensitivity to climate change are still largely unexplored. Here we present new results from an extensive 6-year (2009–2015) field experiment at Juvfonne ice patch in Jotunheimen in central southern Norway. Our results show that the ice patch existed continuously since the late Mesolithic period. Organic-rich layers and carbonaceous aerosols embedded in clear ice shows ages spanning from modern at the surface to ca. 6200 BCE at the bottom. This is the oldest dating of ice in mainland Norway. Moss mats appearing along the margin of Juvfonne in 2014 were covered by the expanding ice patch about 2000 years ago. During the study period the mass balance record shows a strong negative balance, and the net balance is highly asymmetric over short distances. Snow accumulation is poorly correlated with winter precipitation and single storm events may contribute significantly to the total winter balance. Snow accumulation is approx. 20 % higher in the frontal area compared to the upper central part of the ice patch. The thermal regime in Juvfonne is similar to what is found close to the equilibrium line of nearby glaciers. There is sufficient melt water to bring the permeable snowpack to an isothermal state within a few weeks in early summer. Below the seasonal snowpack ice temperatures are between −2 and −4 °C, similar to the surrounding permafrost terrain. Juvfonne has clear ice stratification of isochronic origin. The cumulative deformation of ice over millennia explain the observed curved layering in the basal parts of the ice patch, which makes it difficult to relate the present thickness to previous thickness of the ice patch. Ice deformation and surface processes (i.e. wind and melt water) may have caused significant displacement of artefacts from their original position. Thus the dating and position of artefacts cannot be used directly to reconstruct previous ice patch extent. In the perspective of surface energy and mass balance; ice patches are in the transition zone between permafrost terrain and glaciers. Future research will need to carefully address this interaction to build reliable models.

Technological Evaluation and Optimization of E-Learning Systems Components

2011 ◽  
pp. 150-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenijus Kurilovas ◽  
Valentina Dagiene
Keyword(s):  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Learning Objects ◽  
Learning Systems ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Evaluation Models ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Multiple Criteria Evaluation ◽  
Technological Evaluation ◽  
Learning Software

The main research objective of the chapter is to provide an analysis of the technological quality evaluation models and make a proposal for a method suitable for the multiple criteria evaluation (decision making) and optimization of the components of e-learning systems (i.e. learning software), including Learning Objects, Learning Object Repositories, and Virtual Learning Environments. Both the learning software ‘internal quality’ and ‘quality in use’ technological evaluation criteria are analyzed in the chapter and are incorporated into comprehensive quality evaluation models. The learning software quality evaluation criteria are further investigated in terms of their optimal parameters, and an additive utility function based on experts’ judgements, including multicriteria evaluation, numerical ratings, and weights, is applied to optimize the learning software according to particular learners’ needs.

scholarly journals An estimation of snow accumulation on Svalbard glaciers on the basis of standard weather-station observations

2005 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 269-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariusz Grabiec
Keyword(s):  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Weather Station ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Relevant Point ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Using Data

AbstractWinter precipitation in the form of snow is the major factor determining accumulation on Arctic glaciers. In this paper, I present a simple method to assess snow accumulation on the glaciers of Svalbard. I deduce snow accumulation from the sum of winter precipitation and the fraction of precipitation of different types at a reference weather station. The accumulation is then converted to a relevant point on the glacier, using an accumulation gradient and a location coefficient. I apply this algorithm of accumulation assessment to eight glaciers of southern and central Spitsbergen using data from 23 seasons. On the basis of measured accumulation data, the mean error of the calculated accumulation, with no distinction of precipitation types, amounted to 23%. When the distinction between precipitation types is used for glaciers of southern Spitsbergen, the average error of estimation was 19%. Errors result from factors influencing accumulation distribution over the glacier elevation profile (e.g. glacier topography, orography of its surroundings, precipitation inversion). Application of this accumulation algorithm may provide a crucial method of estimating mass balance for glaciers not included in permanent monitoring.

scholarly journals Winter precipitation and snow accumulation drive the methane sink or source strength of Arctic tussock tundra

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 2818-2833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Blanc-Betes ◽  
Jeffrey M. Welker ◽  
Neil C. Sturchio ◽  
Jeffrey P. Chanton ◽  
Miquel A. Gonzalez-Meler
Keyword(s):  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Source Strength ◽  
Tussock Tundra ◽  
Methane Sink

Dendroclimatic response of mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) in Pacific North America

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ze'ev Gedalof ◽  
Dan J Smith
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Queen Charlotte Islands ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
Cross Correlations ◽  
Tsuga Mertensiana

In this paper we review the ecology and physiology of mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carrière) in the context of a dendroclimatological analysis. To better understand the relationship between mountain hemlock growth and climate variability throughout its range we have analyzed chronologies from 10 coastal sites, located along a transect extending from northern California to southern Alaska. The chronologies exhibit significant large-scale cross-correlations, with two distinct growth regions implied: chronologies from the northern Cascades in California, to the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, are correlated with each other but are distinct from Alaskan chronologies. While intervals of coherent reduced growth along the entire transect occur episodically throughout the record, intervals of coherent enhanced growth are less common. Response function analyses indicate that summer temperature is the most influential factor limiting growth throughout the study region, while winter precipitation is an additional limiting factor south of Alaska. Warm summer temperatures are associated with enhanced growth in the current year but with reduced growth in the following year. This response is believed to be a reflection of the energy required to mature cones initiated in the preceding year. The association with winter precipitation may reflect the role of deep, persistent snowpacks in regulating the duration of the growing season.

scholarly journals PROBLEMS OF VERIFICATION OF ACCOUNTING (FINANCIAL) STATEMENTS IN THE DOCUMENTATION OF CRIMINAL BANKRUPTCY

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 153-159
Author(s):  
S.A. Konovalenko ◽  
◽  
M.N. Trofimov ◽  
N.G. Gadzhiev ◽  
R.A. Abdusalamov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Practical Recommendations

Examination of documents when detecting crimes under Art. 196 and 197 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, is always carried out in a certain sequence. At the initial stage, the specialist-auditor understands the specific tasks assigned to him, arising from the questions submitted for research, determines the sufficiency of the documentary data provided for the study and chooses the research methodology. One of the most important problematic issues facing a specialist auditor at the initial stage of the study is the problem of confirming the reliability of accounting (financial) statements. The purpose of the scientific article was to study the economic and legal main forms of interaction between the state and business, as well as to develop practical recommendations for their improvement. The purpose of the scientific article is to study the existing problems of the reliability of accounting (financial) statements and propose ways to solve them. Methodological base of the research. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research in the scientific article was the work of both Russian and foreign specialists in the field of control and auditing, the system of normative documents on the research topic, as well as materials from the scientific literature of leading legal scholars and economists. The main research methods used in writing the work were observation, comparison, induction, deduction and monographic (descriptive) methods.

scholarly journals SOME THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF NO-TILL FARMING IN THE ARID STEPPE OF ORENBURG REGION

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
F.G. Bakirov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Orenburg Region ◽  
Theoretical Substantiation ◽  
No Till ◽  
Arid Steppe ◽  
Dry Out

The article provides theoretical substantiation for yield increase through more efficient use of the most fertile topsoil layer in field crop cultural practices in the arid steppe. The paper used findings of the stationary and field experiments conducted on the soils of the southern Orenburg Region as a basis for the study. Giving up plowing practices and use of low-till and no till methods in crop rotation for 12 years resulted in differentiation of the arable horizon into strata with a more fertile upper layer similar to virgin soils. Humus increased by 18 %, nitrate nitrogen rose by 15 % compared to the tilled layer, and the figures increased by 17 % and 45 %, respectively, with a layer of 20–30 cm. The conventional cultural practices do not use this layer as it tends to dry out and no roots are found in it. This disrupts effective use of precipitation (no more than 5– 7 mm) during the growing season. A technology ensuring water infiltration into soil (2–8 cm) is needed for developing a secondary root system in grain crops and side shoots in root crops. This will increase grain yield by 0,7–1,0 t/ha and improve root crop yields significantly.

scholarly journals The Importance of Near-Surface Winter Precipitation Processes in Complex Alpine Terrain

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska Gerber ◽  
Rebecca Mott ◽  
Michael Lehning
Keyword(s):  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Windward Side ◽  
Leeward Side ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Orographic Precipitation ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Simulated Precipitation ◽  
Snow Precipitation ◽  
Precipitation Enhancement

Abstract In this study, near-surface snow and graupel dynamics from formation to deposition are analyzed using WRF in a large-eddy configuration. The results reveal that a horizontal grid spacing of ≤50 m is required to resolve local orographic precipitation enhancement, leeside flow separation, and thereby preferential deposition. At this resolution, precipitation patterns across mountain ridges show a high temporal and spatial variability. Simulated and observed event-mean snow precipitation across three mountain ridges in the upper Dischma valley (Davos, Switzerland) for two precipitation events show distinct patterns, which are in agreement with theoretical concepts, such as small-scale orographic precipitation enhancement or preferential deposition. We found for our case study that overall terrain–flow–precipitation interactions increase snow accumulation on the leeward side of mountain ridges by approximately 26%–28% with respect to snow accumulation on the windward side of the ridge. Cloud dynamics and mean advection may locally increase precipitation on the leeward side of the ridge by up to about 20% with respect to event-mean precipitation across a mountain ridge. Analogously, near-surface particle–flow interactions, that is, preferential deposition, may locally enhance leeward snow precipitation on the order of 10%. We further found that overall effect and relative importance of terrain–flow–precipitation interactions are strongly dependent on atmospheric humidity and stability. Weak dynamic stability is important for graupel production, which is an essential component of solid winter precipitation. A comparison to smoothed measurements of snow depth change reveals a certain agreement with simulated precipitation across mountain ridges.

scholarly journals Soil bacterial community and functional shifts in response to altered snowpack in moist acidic tundra of northern Alaska

SOIL ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Ricketts ◽  
Rachel S. Poretsky ◽  
Jeffrey M. Welker ◽  
Miquel A. Gonzalez-Meler
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Bacterial Community Structure ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Soil Bacterial Communities ◽  
Soil Bacterial

Abstract. Soil microbial communities play a central role in the cycling of carbon (C) in Arctic tundra ecosystems, which contain a large portion of the global C pool. Climate change predictions for Arctic regions include increased temperature and precipitation (i.e. more snow), resulting in increased winter soil insulation, increased soil temperature and moisture, and shifting plant community composition. We utilized an 18-year snow fence study site designed to examine the effects of increased winter precipitation on Arctic tundra soil bacterial communities within the context of expected ecosystem response to climate change. Soil was collected from three pre-established treatment zones representing varying degrees of snow accumulation, where deep snow  ∼ 100 % and intermediate snow  ∼ 50 % increased snowpack relative to the control, and low snow ∼ 25 % decreased snowpack relative to the control. Soil physical properties (temperature, moisture, active layer thaw depth) were measured, and samples were analysed for C concentration, nitrogen (N) concentration, and pH. Soil microbial community DNA was extracted and the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced to reveal phylogenetic community differences between samples and determine how soil bacterial communities might respond (structurally and functionally) to changes in winter precipitation and soil chemistry. We analysed relative abundance changes of the six most abundant phyla (ranging from 82 to 96 % of total detected phyla per sample) and found four (Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Chloroflexi) responded to deepened snow. All six phyla correlated with at least one of the soil chemical properties (% C, % N, C : N, pH); however, a single predictor was not identified, suggesting that each bacterial phylum responds differently to soil characteristics. Overall, bacterial community structure (beta diversity) was found to be associated with snow accumulation treatment and all soil chemical properties. Bacterial functional potential was inferred using ancestral state reconstruction to approximate functional gene abundance, revealing a decreased abundance of genes required for soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition in the organic layers of the deep snow accumulation zones. These results suggest that predicted climate change scenarios may result in altered soil bacterial community structure and function, and indicate a reduction in decomposition potential, alleviated temperature limitations on extracellular enzymatic efficiency, or both. The fate of stored C in Arctic soils ultimately depends on the balance between these mechanisms.

CONSERVATION OF SOIL MOISTURE FROM FALL AND WINTER PRECIPITATION

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Staple ◽  
J. J. Lehane ◽  
A. Wenhardt
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Moisture Storage

Twenty years' results showed that 37 per cent of the over-winter precipitation at Swift Current was conserved in stubble fields and 9 per cent in fallow. Further analysis showed that rainfall and snowfall were conserved equally well in stubble but that conservation in fallow was mostly from rainfall. Much of the snow was blown from the fallow and accumulated in the stubble.Fall moisture was also a factor, in that each inch of moisture stored in the soil in the fall reduced the over-winter conservation by approximately 0.2 inch.Nine years' results with fall cultivation on stubble showed that one-way disking after harvest reduced the winter storage in 3 years out of 9. Apparently any gain in moisture conservation from the removal of weed growth was more than offset by reduced snow accumulation during the winter. Blade tillage in the fall resulted in greater moisture storage at seed-time in 1 year out of 9.

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