Skin manifestations of COVID-19

The infection caused by the recently identified SARS-CoV-2, dubbed coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), has become a pandemic. With exponential growth of morbidity among the people around the world, the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 are becoming clearer and description of new disease symptoms descriptions is emerging. The sufficient amount of descriptions of various skin manifestations in patients with COVID-19 has appeared, however they are characterized by great heterogeneity. The pathogenetic mechanisms of the development of skin rashes in patients with COVID-19 are currently unknown, however, hypotheses have been put forward that they have an overactive immune response, activation of the complement system and microvascular damage. Based on the published literature data and our own experience, the following characteristic types of skin rashes can be distinguished among the skin manifestations of this viral disease: urticaria, confluent, papulovesicular exanthema, acral rashes similar to frostbite, livedo reticularis and purpura. Possible development of skin lesions against the background of the development of COVID-19 provides the need to inform dermatologists about the features of the skin manifestations of this disease, as well as to study further these symptoms of COVID-19 to determine their diagnostic and prognostic value.

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Dermatological manifestations in novel coronavirus infection COVID-19

Тромбоз, гемостаз и реология ◽

10.25555/thr.2021.2.0971 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

А.А. Хрянин ◽

В.Г. Стуров ◽

А.П. Надеев ◽

В.К. Бочарова

Keyword(s):

Primary Infection ◽

Skin Lesions ◽

The Novel ◽

Skin Manifestations ◽

Skin Symptoms ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

The Complement System ◽

Secondary Consequence

Обзор посвящен анализу дерматологических проявлений при новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19, информация о которых непрерывно обновляется и дополняется. Однако до сих пор имеющиеся данные не были систематизированы. Цель обзора: проанализировать дерматологические проявления новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19. В среднем, у 12,5–20,4% пациентов с подтвержденным COVID-19 развились кожные проявления. Вопрос о том, являются ли кожные симптомы вторичным следствием респираторной инфекции или первичной инфекцией самой кожи, на данный момент остается открытым. Обсуждаются вероятные механизмы развития поражений кожи и роли системы комплемента и гиперкоагуляции крови в патогенезе развития дерматологических проявлений. В обзоре также приводятся клинические примеры вовлечения кожных покровов в инфекционный процесс при COVID-19. Поскольку COVID-19 имеет тенденцию к бессимптомному течению в течение 14 дней после заражения, кожные проявления могут служить индикатором инфекции, способствуя своевременной диагностике. Кроме того, осведомленность врачей о кожных симптомах, связанных с инфекцией COVID-19, имеет решающее значение для предотвращения неправильного диагноза заболевания. Review focuses on the analysis of dermatological manifestations of the novel coronovirus infection COVID-19; this information is continuously updated and supplemented. However, the available data have not been systematized until now. The purpose of this review is to analyze the dermatological manifestations of the novel coronavirus infection COVID-19. On average, 12.5–20.4% of patients with confirmed COVID-19 have developed skin manifestations. Whether the skin symptoms are a secondary consequence of a respiratory infection or a primary infection of the skin itself presently remains still open. Possible mechanisms of skin lesions development are discussed as well as the role of the complement system and blood hypercoagulation in the pathogenesis of the dermatological manifestations. The review also provides clinical examples of skin involvement in the infectious process in COVID-19. Since COVID-19 tends to be asymptomatic within 14 days of infection, so skin manifestations can serve as an indicator of infection, facilitating timely diagnosis. Moreover, physicians’ awareness of skin symptoms associated with COVID-19 is crucial for preventing misdiagnosis of the disease.

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SUBTYPE A/H7N9 INFLUENZA: PATHOGENICITY AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES

Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy ◽

10.34071/jmp.2013.2.13 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 95-100

Author(s):

Dinh Binh Tran

Keyword(s):

H7n9 Virus ◽

Disease Symptoms ◽

The People ◽

High Risk Disease ◽

Before And After ◽

H7n9 Infection ◽

Risk Of Disease ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Subtype A ◽

Avian Populations

H7N9 is a serotype of the species Influenzavirus A. H7 virus normally circulates amongst avian populations with some variants known to occasionally infect humans. A H7N9 virus was first reported to have infected humans in 2013. The people with H7N9 virus are respiratory tract infections leading to pneumonia and can be death. To cope with H7N9 virus should strengthen supervision, strengthening management and treatment, epidemiological investigation and observe who has been exposed to the fatal cases. To limit the risk of disease, WHO recommends that people should be clean, safe eating, wash the hands often, especially before and after eating, after using the toilet, after contact with animals, after contact with sick people, use a mask when in contact with human or environmental exposure to the high-risk disease. Symptoms of influenza H7N9 infection are fever and cough then switch to pneumonia. Therefore, if having the symptoms like this, and then have the cough and shortness of breath, chest pain that should be early come the health facilities to diagnose and treat.

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The protean phenotype of MSH6 pathogenic variants (PV) in Lynch syndrome (LS) patients (pts).

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.10537 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. 10537-10537

Author(s):

Michelle J McSweeny ◽

Susan Montgomery ◽

Kristen Danielle Whitaker ◽

Mary Beryl Daly ◽

Michael J. Hall

Keyword(s):

Skin Disease ◽

Early Onset ◽

Skin Lesions ◽

Published Data ◽

Pedigree Data ◽

Skin Manifestations ◽

Pathogenic Variants ◽

Ca 50 ◽

Uncertain Variant ◽

Histologic Types

10537 Background: LS is among the most common hereditary cancer (CA) syndromes. PVs in MSH6 are 2-4 fold more common in the population (1/758) than those in MLH1 (1/1946) or MSH2 (1/2841), and are increasingly regarded as lower penetrance for CRC due to published data supporting later mean age of CRC onset and lower CRC risk. Unlike for MLH1/MSH2, NCCN 2020 CA risk estimates recognize only endometrial CA (EC) and CRC risks in MSH6+ carriers as clearly above SEER population estimates. Further, risks of other LS manifestations such as skin disease/Muir-Torre, ovarian CA (OC), and possible rare tumors in LS like sarcoma, have been minimally characterized in MSH6+ carriers. Methods: Pedigree data for 44 MSH6+ index (first-evaluated family member by our program) pts consecutively ascertained since 2009 at Fox Chase (FCCC) were reviewed. 1 pt w/a rare MSH6 uncertain variant w/personal history (PHx) of MSH6-expression deficient EC (age 50) and MSH6-deficient sebaceous skin CA (age 50) and a strong family history (FHx) c/w LS is also included here. 34% (15/44) index pts were referred to FCCC for cascade testing due to a known MSH6 PV in the family. Of the remaining 29 index pts, ascertainment included: 14% w/positive universal LS tumor screening, 21% w/early-onset or synchronous LS CA, 14% w/multi-gene panel for PHx of OC, 10% w/incidental MSH6+ result (2 had testing for PHx breast CA, 1 tumor genomic profiling), and 28% w/PHx and/or FHx of LS CA warranting genetic testing. Age of CA onset and path data were verified in > 90% index pts. Results: Index pts had a mean age of 55.5 yrs, and 77% were female. Overall, 11% (5/44) of MSH6+ index pts were found to have LS at diagnosis of synchronous primary CAs (3 EC/OC, 1 CRC/CRC, 1 CRC/EC), and 4/5 of these occurred <50 yrs. An additional 20% (9/44) index pts reported PHx of >2 metachronous LS CAs. OC was the presenting CA in 14% (6/44) female index pts; 2 additional index pts had rarer OC variants (Mullerian duct @ 41, primary peritoneal CA @ 50). Skin manifestations of LS were documented in 9.1% (4/44) index pts (3 sebaceous, 1 SCC in-situ/Bowen’s disease); 1 other family had documented sebaceous CAs in an FDR (father) but the 2 daughters seen @FCCC (both 30s) had yet to develop skin lesions. 2 index pts were found to have LS after developing early-onset breast CA (age 39) and contralateral breast CA (ages 50 and 54). Finally, 7% (3/44) index pts had a PHx of sarcoma: 2 were liposarcomas (ages 57 and 67), and 1 was a dermatofibrosarcoma. 2 other index pts had siblings w/childhood sarcomas. Conclusions: Our data, encompassing 44 MSH6+ pts evaluated in our clinic and consecutively ascertained, suggest MSH6 PV carriers develop synchronous primaries (11%), common and rare OC histologic types (18%), sarcomas (7%) and skin disease/Muir-Torre (9%). While common in the population and lower penetrance for CRC, MSH6 PV can behave in uncommon ways and may have significant extra-colonic CA risks such as OC, sarcoma and skin manifestations.

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Histo-morphology of cutaneous papillomatosis in indigenous cattle

10.33109/bjvmjj19fam2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (17) ◽

Author(s):

U. Ayman ◽

S. K. Das

Keyword(s):

Morphological Changes ◽

Microscopic Analysis ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Skin Lesions ◽

Eosin Y ◽

Body Parts ◽

Indigenous Cattle ◽

Study Results ◽

Internal Core ◽

Perineal Region

Background: Papillomatosis is a viral disease manifested with benign cutaneous growths (skin epithelium hyperplasia) in different body parts which is encountered in cattle, goat, dog, rabbit, horse, rodent and also in human. The purpose of the present study is to detect the histo-morphological changes of cutaneous papillomatosis in indigenous cattle. Methods: Ten (10) random samples from skin lesions of warts were collected from adult indigenous cattle (10 cattle) that were diagnosed as cutaneous papillomatosis by clinical examination at Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh. For gross observations, location of appearance of warts, color and size was taken into consideration. Immediately after collection of sample, they were preserved in Bouin’s fluid followed by dehydration, clearing and infiltration and finally embedded by paraffin wax. Then samples were sectioned using rotatory microtome and stained with Harris’s Haematoxylin and Eosin Y to facilitate microscopic study. Results: The results of present study revealed that cutaneous papillomas were mostly located on the head and neck, around eyes, under the chin and perineal region in indigenous cattle. Grossly, warts in cattle are bumpy or cauliflower-like masses of various sizes and numbers that projected from the skin having grey, rough, scaly, and dry surface. When incised, its cut surface has an external layer- keratinized epithelium and an internal core- moist white connective tissue. Histopathological changes indicate hyperplastic features of the affected skin layers of epidermis. Further, the microscopic analysis also revealed orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, acanthosis and down word hyperplasia, fibrovascular area, keratohyalin granules and koilocytes at different layers of the affected skin. Conclusion: The results of this present study might be useful for the classification and treatment of this common malady based on its histological changes.

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Viruses Infecting Cassava in Kenya

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2004.88.1.17 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 88 (1) ◽

pp. 17-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

H. K. Were ◽

S. Winter ◽

E. Maiss

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

Viral Disease ◽

African Cassava Mosaic Virus ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

East African ◽

Western Kenya ◽

Disease Symptoms ◽

Future Work ◽

Cassava Mosaic Virus

A survey of cassava viruses was conducted in major cassava-growing regions of Kenya. A total of 185 leaf samples and 62 stem cuttings from plants with viral disease symptoms were collected and analyzed by biological, electron microscopy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and polymerase chain reaction. All samples from western Kenya had cassava begomoviruses (African cassava mosaic virus [ACMV], East African cassava mosaic virus [EACMV], and Uganda variant [EACMV-UG]) in either single or in mixed infection. However, all samples from the Coast region were infected with only EACMV, a begomovirus. In addition, 15 samples had mixed infections of EACMV and three other hitherto unidentified filamentous viruses. The viruses observed were 200, 500, 650, and 750 nm long, respectively. In addition to rod-shaped and some flexuous viruses, as seen in a crude sap preparation, pinwheels also were observed, indicating a possible association of some of the viruses with the Potyviridae family. The symptoms induced by these viruses in Nicotiana benthamiana were very severe and often caused about 50% death of the test plants. Back inoculation onto cassava resulted in 100% infections. This finding provides evidence that, other than begomoviruses that cause serious diseases of cassava in Africa, filamentous viruses also are present and, despite their limited distribution, they could reach local significance and, most probably, be as serious as begomoviruses. The implications of these findings are discussed and recommendations for future work suggested.

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The COVID-19 Pandemic and its Impact on Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices among Dental Students in Davanagere City, Karnataka: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Journal of Dentistry and Oral Sciences ◽

10.37191/mapsci-2582-3736-3(4)-106 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Allama Prabhu CR

Keyword(s):

Healthcare Workers ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Dental Students ◽

Medical Illness ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The People ◽

Dental Diseases ◽

Important Evidence ◽

Knowledge Attitude And Practice

The spread of viral disease in community and its occurrence among healthcare workers is important evidence of person-to-person transition. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was declared as a pandemic by the WHO. It has affected most of the people and especially the ones with pre-existing medical illness. This prospective study was conducted in a dental college to evaluate impact of the COVID-19 on the knowledge, attitude and practice of the dental students. The students were aware of the Precautions to be taken care of while treating the patients with dental diseases.

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Anti-Centromere Antibody Positivity in a Patient with Generalized Morphea

Case Reports in Dermatology ◽

10.1159/000493180 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 226-230

Author(s):

Fumi Miyagawa ◽

Anna Nakajima ◽

Yasuhiro Akai ◽

Hideo Asada

Keyword(s):

Systemic Sclerosis ◽

Rna Polymerase ◽

Rna Polymerase Iii ◽

Skin Lesions ◽

Histological Findings ◽

Skin Manifestations ◽

Polymerase Iii ◽

Oral Steroids ◽

Antibody Positivity

We report the case of a 45-year-old female with generalized morphea (GM), who exhibited positivity for the anti-centromere antibody (Ab). She frequently developed multiple sclerotic skin lesions, whose histological findings were compatible with morphea. She demonstrated favorable responses to topical and oral steroids. Cases of GM associated with systemic sclerosis (SSc)-specific Abs (anti-Scl-70 Ab, anti-centromere Ab, and anti-RNA polymerase III Ab) have rarely been reported. The previously reported GM cases involving anti-SSc-specific Abs exhibited some skin manifestations of SSc, such as nailfold capillary changes. However, our case did not show any signs of SSc or limited cutaneous SSc. More cases are needed to clarify whether GM with SSc-specific Abs leads to SSc.

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Epidemiological Study of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease in Al-Kindy Teaching Hospital/ Baghdad

AL-Kindy College Medical Journal ◽

10.47723/kcmj.v14i2.61 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 84-88

Author(s):

Suha N. Al-Wakeel ◽

Khansa A. Al Rubiae ◽

Suha N. Al-Wakeel ◽

Basil M. Hanoudi

Keyword(s):

Clinical Features ◽

Teaching Hospital ◽

Specific Treatment ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Skin Lesions ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Coxsackie Virus ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Foot And Mouth

Background: Hand, foot, and mouth disease is viral disease caused commonly by coxsackie virus A16 virus. It is a mild disease and children usually recover with no specific treatment within 7 to 10 days. Rarely, this illness may be associated with aseptic meningitis were patient may need hospitalization. Objective: To determine significance of clinical features of hand, foot and mouth disease. Methods: A cross sectional study of cases with clinical features of hand, foot and mouth disease visiting the dermatological consultation unit of Al Kindy teaching hospital. Sampling was for Zyona and Edressi Quarter patients over the period of 1st December 2017 to 30th of November 2017. Aim: To determine significance of clinical features of hand, foot and mouth disease Results: The mean age of patients (100 patients) was 29.99 months. Males were 65 (65%) and females were 35 (35%), (P 0.23). Tenderness of skin lesions, Malaise and decreased Appetite were the most frequent symptoms. Winter months illness was common .Cases were diagnosed two days before seeking medical help, while home contact of patients was most common place for infection transmission .Involvement of palms and soles was universal and indifferent (100%). Groin was more commonly affected (67%), (P 0.015). Fever was present in 81%.

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Skin manifestation in COVID-19 infection: a thousand appearances (immune response perspective)

International Journal of Research in Dermatology ◽

10.18203/issn.2455-4529.intjresdermatol20204566 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 776

Author(s):

Yohanes Firmansyah ◽

Jessica Elizabeth ◽

Sukmawati Tansil Tan

Keyword(s):

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Close Contact ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Case Series ◽

Absolute Lymphocyte Count ◽

Skin Lesions ◽

Blood Parameters ◽

Skin Manifestation ◽

Skin Manifestations ◽

Initial Symptoms

<p>The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 infection are still unclear. The spectrum of the disease is very broad, with many target organs; one of them is skin. Various skin manifestations have been observed in COVID-19 patients. However, the observed skin manifestation was not specific. This following case series aims to provide an overview of skin manifestations in COVID-19 to help recognize the initial symptoms of COVID-19 infection. This case series also compares cases with and without skin manifestations. This case series discusses seven cases, which the patient had close contact, who had been diagnosed with confirmed COVID-19 by polymerise chain reaction (PCR) examination. The clinical symptoms were mild, such as fever, cough, sore throat, myalgia, malaise, headache, and skin lesions. There are few differences in in complete blood laboratories. Radiology features within normal limits. All patients were given a treatment regimen according to the Indonesian lung association recommendations and symptomatic drugs. Three of seven cases had skin manifestation, which two of them had a maculopapular lesion, and the other one had urticaria lesions. Subjective symptoms, such as itching and burning sensation, were reported. The majority of lesions were localized on the upper and lower limb. Also, in this following case series, there is a tendency for complete blood parameters, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) to be lower in mild cases of confirmed COVID-19 with skin manifestations. It can be concluded that COVID-19 infection may result in skin manifestation with various clinical presentations. This important manifestation may help in diagnosing and treating COVID-19 and prevent further transmission.</p>

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Incidence of Plant Viral Disease Symptoms and Their Transmission Agents in Dutsin-Ma Metropolis

Annual Research & Review in Biology ◽

10.9734/arrb/2018/v30i330016 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

A. A. Bem ◽

M. Toryila ◽

T. M. Anakaa ◽

J. B. Orpin

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Vigna Unguiculata ◽

Carica Papaya ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Disease Index ◽

Abelmoschus Esculentus ◽

Chi Square ◽

Index Method ◽

Disease Symptoms ◽

Chi Square Analysis

This work explores the incidence of plant viral disease symptoms as well as their transmission agents in Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area Katsina State, Nigeria. The studied diseased plants were identified while diseases were based on visual inspection using characteristic symptoms. Organisms associated with such symptoms were collected by handpicking, shacking/beating and tissue teasing methods. Identification was done using a standard voucher. Incidence of plants with viral symptoms was determined by plant disease index method. Chi square analysis was used to ascertain significant differences (P≥ 0.05) of plants showing viral symptoms. Results shows that plants with viral symptoms included Amaranthus sp. (Amaranthus), Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), Zea mays (maize), Abelmoschus esculentus (okra), Carica papaya (pawpaw) and Capsicum sp (pepper). Studies also reveal Myzus persicae (aphids), Frankinella occidentalis (thrips), Bemisa tabaci (whitefly), Peregrinus maydis (leafhoppers) and Pseudococcidae (mealy bugs) as organisms associated with diseased plants with viral symptoms. Disease index showed Amaranthus spp. 63%, Vigna unguiculata 84%, Zea mays 73%, Abelmoschus esculentus, Carica papaya and Capsicum spp. 100%. Incidence rate varied significantly (P≥ 0.05) in the various locations surveyed. Further studies need to be carried out to identify the individual viruses.

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