scholarly journals Lithuanian Slang Adverbs of Slavic Origin

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 52-71
Author(s):  
Robertas Kudirka ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Features ◽  
Language System ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
System Variability ◽  
Inflectional Paradigms ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Morphological Patterns

The article morphologically analyzes Lithuanian slang adverbs (215) of Slavic origin (mostly from Russian, sometimes from Polish and Belarusian), selected from Dictionary of Lithuanian Slang and Nonnormative Lexicon. There are four types of adverbs selected for analysis: hybrid derivatives of the suffix -ai from suffixal and nonsuffixal adjectives, adverbs without formants, and adverbialized word combinations. The aim of the analysis is to identify systematic morphological patterns and adaptive features. The analysis has shown that in Lithuanian slang Slavic adverbs are adapted phonetically and orthographically according to the principle of substitution of foreign phonemes as close as possible to their own. The Slavic slang lexicon tends to copy derivative models and integrate them into and inflectional paradigms of Lithuanian: morphological features are inherited from Slavic languages and specifically transformed in the Lithuanian language system; variability in borrowed slang appears due to spontaneous adaptation to language recipient features.

LANGUAGE SYSTEM IN THE GENETIC LANGUAGE SCIENCE OF THE 70-s IN THE 19TH — BEGINNING OF THE 20TH cc.: O. POTEBNIA’S CONCEPT OF «QUANTITATIVE CHANGES OF CONSONANTS»

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (30) ◽  
pp. 152-165
Author(s):  
Viktoriia Sviatchenko
Keyword(s):  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Speech Stream ◽  
Language System ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Language History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Systemic Nature

The article provides a thorough account on A. A. Potebnia’s views on the systemic nature of the language presented in his works on historical phonetics of the Eastern Slavic languages. The practical implementation of his ideas in this respect is studied. The comprehension of the systemic character of phonetic changes of the Khrakiv linguistic school representative has urged the search of their interrelations as well as the attempt to identify homogeneous phonetic laws that share a common cause and act in a certain period of the language history, which is emphasized by the author of the article. It is noted that A. A. Potebnia focused on consonant changes that took place in different conditions. The causes of phonetic laws mentioned in the article can not be reduced to the interaction of sounds in a speech stream, the material provided by A. A. Potebnia proves that they are to be found within the phonetic system itself. The author of the article shares the views of V. A. Glushchenko that Potebnia’s investigations embrace all phonetic laws in the history of the Eastern Slavic languages’ consonant systems. The relevance of Potebnia’s research on the systemic nature of the language that has retained their value for the linguistics of the XX — beginning of XXI century is identified.

scholarly journals On form and function of politeness formulae

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Schlund
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Politeness Theory ◽  
Language System ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Linguistic Politeness ◽  
And Function ◽  
Linguistic Means

AbstractThis paper focuses on the notion of politeness formulae in linguistic politeness research. It argues that the formal make-up of politeness formulae is crucially motivated by their function. The major claim of this paper is thus that there is a link between form and function of expressions of linguistic politeness. The usefulness of this account will be illustrated by the analysis of empirical data from Slavic languages and German. Reference to Roman Jakobson’s markedness theory will show that the choice of linguistic means is not only dependent on concrete contexts (as is usually claimed in linguistic politeness theory) but also motivated by the language system itself.

scholarly journals THE SHORT FORM OF THE ADJECTIVE IN PRESENT-DAY GERMAN IN THE LIGHT OF THE GRAMMAR THEORY OF THE WORD

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (193) ◽  
pp. 176-184
Author(s):  
Bohdan Maksymchuk ◽  
◽  
Iryna Arabska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Structure ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
German Language ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Evolutionary Path ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Language Structure ◽  
Syntactic Behavior

The short form of the adjective in present-day German, which stems from the Indo-European protolanguage and for that matter is found both in the Germanic and Slavic languages, in the German language took its evolutionary path along the way of the rise and establishment of the morphological features and syntactic functions re-forging itself from one of the forms of expression of a qualificator word into a representative nominator of the morphological paradigm. It widened its syntactic functioning on account of the qualitative adverb that due to the reduction of final vowels, i.e. its grammatical markers, coincided by sounding and meaning with the short form of the qualificator words. In German, these processes brought about the appearance of a new part of speech known as Artwort with the categorical meaning of the qualificator attribution. It realizes its grammatical potentialities in the substance-predicate structure of the sentence revealing in this way a bipolar functionality. Proceeding from the lexicon-centric approach to the categorical meaning of the word including the "amorphous” word of the kind of GUT an attempt is being made to describe the specificity of this type of meaning. In the opinion of the authors the categorical meaning of the "amorphous” word”, which determines its morphological paradigm and syntactic behavior, is vested at the level of the mental lexicon of the speaker as awareness and linguistic experience of using this kind of word in communication. In this way the short form of the adjectives comes in possession of all the features of the elementary sign which non-discretely combines the lexical and categorical meaning. The text-centered approach to the identification of the grammatical concept of the elementary sign reduces the word to the root morpheme. The latter attains the categorical status in its usage which is detrimental to the hierarchical construal of language. The syntactically polar bi-functionality of the short form of the adjective as the elementary sign is foregrounded in the system of actual, real and potential predications and, specifically, in the structure of Paul’s "degraded predicates” as well as in the propositions of the sentence deep structure getting explicated by means of logical implicates that represent a bipolar syntactic functionality of qualificator words. The implicit propositions reveal homonymous ties of the short form of the adjective with the first constituents of compound words which in most cases show themselves as units of the phraseological level of language structure.

Роль Словообразовательных Формантов В Сохранении Сакрального Смысла Церковнославянизмов В Русском Языке

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 512-526
Author(s):  
Елена Васильевна Петрухина
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Religious Discourse ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Language Community ◽  
Specific Process ◽  
Ordinary Life ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
History Of ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
The Church

Abstract The author of the article applies synchronic and diachronic approach to describe consistent patterns in Russian word formation, when the facts in contemporary Russian are explained with due regard to the history of their development and formation. The research focuses on commonly used derivatives of the Church Slavic, which have not lost their sacred meaning despite the general secularization beyond religious discourse of evangelic lexis in Russian (as well as in other Slavic languages). The preservation of the sacred meaning is influenced by a specific process of differentiation between the sacred and the secular by means of word­building formants in cognate synonyms (for example, Рождество [‘Christmas’]/рождение [‘birth’]; житие [‘the life (of a saint)’]/житье [‘ordinary life’]; Воскресение [‘Resurrection’]/воскресенье [‘Sunday’]; искупить [‘to redeem’], Искупитель [‘the Redeemer’]/выкупить [‘to buy out’] etc.). The last section of the article considers the process of semantic specification in diachrony of originally synonymic cognate derivatives like живот [‘belly’], житие [‘the life (of a saint)’], жизнь [‘life’], which has led to a complete change of the semantics of the lexeme живот [‘belly’] (a gradual strengthening of its physical component has led to the modern meaning ‘belly, part of body’) and the prevalence of the word жизнь (with its Old Slavonic suffix ­знь). The latter, having absorbed the “life­related” semantic of lexemes живот ‘belly’ and житие ‘the life (of a saint)’, expresses all aspects of its understanding and interpretation by the contemporary language community. The author assumes that this process could also have been influenced by the general correlation between the Church Slavonicisms (both elevated and general denominations) and native Russian words (both concrete and ordinary denominations) in Russian. Word­building formants play a significant role in the differentiation of the sacred and the secular (and preserving the sacred) when the religious lexicon of the Church Slavonic origin enters the modern Russian language.

scholarly journals What Are Constructions, and What Else Is Out There? An Associationist Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vsevolod Kapatsinski
Keyword(s):  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Complex Form ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Associative Networks ◽  
Language System ◽  
Constructionist Approach ◽  
Apparent Evidence ◽  
Negative Form ◽  
Morphological Patterns

Constructionist approaches to language propose that the language system is a network of constructions, defined as bidirectional mappings between a complex form and a meaning. This paper critically evaluates the evidence for and against two possible construals of this proposal as a psycholinguistic theory: that direct, bidirectional form-meaning associations play a central role in language comprehension and production, and the stronger claim that they are the only type of association at play. Bidirectional form-meaning associations are argued to be plausible, despite some apparent evidence against bidirectionality. However, form-meaning associations are insufficient to account for some morphological patterns. In particular, there is convincing evidence for productive paradigmatic mappings that are phonologically arbitrary, which cannot be captured by form-meaning mappings alone, without associations between paradigmatically related forms or constructions. Paradigmatic associations are argued to be unidirectional. In addition, subtraction and backformation at first glance require augmenting the associative networks with conditioned operations (rules). However, it is argued that allowing for negative form-meaning associations accommodates subtraction and backformation within the constructionist approach without introducing any additional mechanisms. The interplay of positive and negative form-meaning associations and paradigmatic mappings is exemplified using a previously undescribed morphological construction in Russian, the bez-Adjective construction.

scholarly journals The formation of Slavic somatisms within the linguistic theory of O. Potebnya

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Cognitive Analysis ◽  
Life Activity ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
Language System ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Surrounding World ◽  
The Status

Somatisms as the oldest lexical units that function in all modern Slavic languages and have deep roots are considered derivative nominations, which in their ontogenesis are figurative names as they depict the ancient Slavs` knowledge about the surrounding world, their ideas about themselves and their own organism in general. The research of somatisms is done on the basis of the nomination theory that was well-grounded by a Ukrainian linguist O. Potebnya, which is in studying the correlation of the surrounding world, thinking and language; various means of nomination; nomination technique; the process of the transformation of extralingual reality facts into the acquisition of the language system and structure. Somatisms belong to the oldest layer of lexicon in all Slavic languages, that`s why defining their nature and the mechanisms of their naming will make it possible to understand deeper the processes of nomination in these languages. The relevance of the research is explained by the fact that somatisms are the objects of a complex onomasiological and cognitive analysis that is aimed at revealing the processes of formation and nomination of parts of the boy in related Slavic languages and defining their derivatives. Somatisms were formed as a result of people`s acquaintance with properties of objects, thus, the ideas about these objects were formed. The image of the objects reproduced in our ancestors` consciousness or created by their imagination in the process of thinking and life activity generated the names of the parts of the body. Nomination of somatisms is mainly connected with procedural features, which perhaps were the most emotional or the most urgent for the object. That is why motivating for nominations „face”, „mouth”, „lips”, „eye”, „tooth” served old verb lexemes. During a prolonged use, the somatisms in different Slavic languages lost their semantic connection with the initial meaning-forming features and gained the status of „image free” nominations.

scholarly journals The relation between the codification and actual usage of the preposition VIRŠ

2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Sonata Vaičiakauskienė
Keyword(s):  
Written Language ◽  
Periodical Press ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Language System ◽  
Actual Usage ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Distance Property ◽  
Time Distance

The analysis of Lithuanian syntax phenomena shows that there are many inconsistencies in the actual usage of some cases and prepositions and the codified rules of grammar that apply to them.  This article concentrates on the actual usage of the Lithuanian preposition virš (‘above’) over the last decade. Thus the aim of the article is to discuss the relation between the codified rules of grammar and the current use of the preposition virš and to provide some guidelines in relation to the specification of its codified rules. The analysis of the usage of virš reveals that this preposition is used to refer to some excess in quantity, weight, time, distance, property or characteristic as well as to some overbalance, especially in periodical press. Such usage of the preposition virš is quite frequent both in spoken and written language. Currently, such usage of virš is considered by language standardisers as avoidable or even unacceptable in standard language. Such attitudes of linguists are based on the fact that the usage of virš in the sense of excess is a result of the influence of Slavic languages and dialects. The data of the analysis suggest that the usage of the preposition virš is becoming more common not only due to the above-mentioned reason but also because of the similarity or even overlap between the meanings of constructions used to refer to excess that are standardised and those that are considered to be avoidable. Systemic characteristics of the usage of the preposition virš show that its usage in the sense of excess is not necessarily in conflict with the standard language system. As a result, the pervasive use of the preposition virš in the sense of excess suggests that with regard to language users’ habits but not conflicting with language systematicity, linguists should consider the possibility of standardising the usage of virš in the sense of ‘excess’. Certainly, before anything can be put forward, more research on the usage of the preposition virš has to be carried out.

scholarly journals Morphology Features of the Suffixal Slang Adverbs in the Lithuanian Language: Hybrid Suffixcal Derivatives -ai formed from the Suffixal Adjectives -iškas and from the Primary Adjectives

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-32
Author(s):  
Robertas Kudirka
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Language System ◽  
Linguistic System

This article is one part of the research of adverbs in Lithuanian slang. Although there is no systematic and comprehensive research into the Lithuanian language slang, slang is commonly believed to be chaotic and have no grammatical system. The purpose of this article is to morphologically examine the derivatives formed with suffix -ai from the adjectives with suffix -iškas and from the primary adjectives without suffixes. The material (79 adverbs) is collected from the dictionary of Lithuanian slang and the dictionary of non-standard Lithuanian. The study aims to identify the systematic morphological features. To achieve the aim the research words are classified according to their suffixes, their origin is determined and morphological analysis is performed.The research reveals that a foreign language unit that emerges in the context of another language undergoes assimilation - it is transformed in one way or another by adapting it to the linguistic system. In Lithuanian slang, adverbs with the suffix -ai are mostly made up from hybrid adjectives of Russian origin with the suffix -iškas. There is also a number of adverbs formed from English hybrid adjectives. A few are derived from semantically neologic adjectives. The majority of suffixal -ai derivatives that are formed from primary adjectives are Russian origin. Adverbs which are derived from the adjectives with the suffix -iškas always retain the accent in the root: this pattern is common to all slang adverbs. All forms of adverbial degrees have accented suffixes. The findings of the reseach reveal that the morphological features of the studied slang adverbs have undergone certain transformations and follow the regularities of the Lithuanian language system: the slang adverbs copy derivative models of the standard language.

scholarly journals A contribution to the study of the psl *kovylъ/*kovylь ‘Stipa pennata’

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-55
Author(s):  
Marta Bjeletic
Keyword(s):  
Common Origin ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Feather Grass ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
Derivatives Of

Contemporary etymological research is largely aimed at rethinking hitherto offered etymological solutions, especially for words that do not have a generally accepted interpretation. One of those words is PSl *kovyl? / *kovyl? ?feather-grass, Stipa pennata?, whose continuants are attested mainly in Eastern and Southern Slavic languages: Ru. kovy?, kovyl, Ukr. kovi?, kovila, Bel. kavy?, Bulg. kovil, koil, kofi l, Mac. kovil, kofi l, SCr. kovilje, Sln. kovilje. The etymological literature has drawn attention to the potential connection of PSl *kovyl? / *kovyl? with the verb *kovy?ati (s?) ?to swing, wobble, stagger?, even though this verb does not have a unanimously accepted interpretation either. This paper departs from the assumption that the phytonym and verb under consideration have a common origin, and that the prefi x *ko- is distinguished in both forms. The verb is related to PSl *v?lati, v?laj? ?to swing, swing on waves?, related to PSl *v?lna ?wave?, *valiti (s?) ?to roll?, and ultimately boils down to the IE root *?elH- ?to roll?. As among the continuants and derivatives of the PSl verb *v?lati there is a variation of the reduced vowels (-?- : -?-) at the root (cf. OCS v?lajati s? ?to oscillate (about waves)?, etc.), forms with the vocalism -?- could serve as a basis for the occurrence of the secondary ablaut *v?l- / *vyl-. Thus, from the unconfirmed prefixed form *ko-v?lati s? (a form without the prefix *v?lati s? is reconstructed!), an intense / iterative *kovyl(j)ati s? could be created in the same meaning. The variance of -ati / -jati can be explained from the original *kovylati, kovilj? (s?), with the subsequent spread of the palatal ? from the present tense stem to the infinitive stem. This also explains the variation of the palatal and non-palatal l at the end of the stem of the deverbal noun *kovyl? / *kovyl?.

Language processing is not a race against time

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giosuè Baggio ◽  
Carmelo M. Vicario
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Language System ◽  
Moderating Factors

AbstractWe agree with Christiansen & Chater (C&C) that language processing and acquisition are tightly constrained by the limits of sensory and memory systems. However, the human brain supports a range of cognitive functions that mitigate the effects of information processing bottlenecks. The language system is partly organised around these moderating factors, not just around restrictions on storage and computation.

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