scholarly journals Temporary Immunity of Blackbelly Lambs Reinfected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Roberto González Garduño ◽  
María Eugenia López Arellano ◽  
Pedro Mendoza de Gives ◽  
Nadia Florencia Ojeda Robertos ◽  
Alfonso Juventino Chay Canul
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Infected Group ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Trichostrongylus Colubriformis ◽  
Response Level

Background: Trichostrongylus colubriformis is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in warm climates. In this nematode species, anthelmintic resistance (AR) has been reported, which has motivated the search for alternative methods to control it. One practice is to increase the immune response level through the selection of animals with natural resistance, such as Blackbelly sheep. The aim of this study was to investigate the response of IgA and IgG in serum and saliva and the level of cells involved in the acquired resistance in Blackbelly lambs after single artificial reinfection with a resistant strain of Trichostrongylus colubriformis.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixteen weaned lambs grazed for one month in nematode-contaminated grasslands. All the lambs were treated with Albendazole and Levamisole; later, they were stabled for two months. After that, eight lambs were re-infected with 6000 larvae of T. colubriformis and other eight lambs remained naturally infected. In addition, eight nematode-free lambs raised in cages, served as negative control. Blood samples were taken fortnightly to determine packed cell volume (PCV, %), plasmatic protein (g dL-1), as well as absolute and differential leukocytes. The eggs per gram of feces (EPG) were recorded. An indirect ELISA against T. colubriformis Ag was performed to determine the IgG and IgA levels. All data were analyzed by repeated measures. The EPG in the re-infected group increased after 34 days (625 ± 287), while in the naturally infected group it remained close to 200 ± 158 throughout the study. The control lambs did not show any infection. The PCV (29.4 ± 3.4 %), basophils (44 ± 74), lymphocytes (8443 ± 2845) and monocytes (77 ± 91) counts were not affected by infection. The IgA OD against T. colubriformis increased significantly after 15 days post-infection (dpi) in the re-infected lambs (1.69 ± 0.5, 80% with regards to standard). With IgG was not possible to distinguish the effect of infection.Discussion: Highly persistent infection of T. colubriformis was observed for at least four months in the naturally infected group despite having been treated with anthelmintics. It is a significant problem because this species has a high prevalence in the region of study and shows anthelmintic resistance. For such reason, is important to evaluate the ability of the animal to develop an immune response. In other study, a natural reduction in the fecal egg count (FEC) was indicated at 100 dpi in the same species, but in the present work, the FEC could not be reduced until around 120 days when the naturally infected lambs were evaluated. The larger number of neutrophils and leukocytes in both the naturally infected and re-infected groups implies a sustained response for a long time. While the higher counts of eosinophils only in the re-infected group were produced as an immediate response to infection with T. colubriformis. Similarly, with a single infection of T. colubriformis, in Santa Ines sheep the infected lambs showed significantly higher levels of serum IgA than the control group. In this case, differences in IgA activity were observed between the re-infected lambs and the other groups at fifteen dpi, but the basal levels of IgA in the naturally pre-infected lambs were maintained at least five weeks after infection. In conclusion, an increase in the peripheral immune response in lambs re-infected with T. colubriformis resulted from the increase in IgA levels in serum and saliva, and increase in the number of peripheral eosinophils, total leukocytes and neutrophils. Re-infected lambs had a higher level of IgA than naturally infected lambs and control lambs, making possible to promote the immune response with a single re-infection with Trichostrongylus colubriformis.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Differential Expression Profiling of Pulmonary circRNAs Associated With Immune Reaction to Pasteurella multocida in Goats

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiaoling Chen ◽  
Zhenxing Zhang ◽  
Si Chen ◽  
Jie Chen ◽  
Yiwen Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Infected Group ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Small Rna Sequencing ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Wide Range

Pasteurella multocida is a highly versatile pathogen that infects a wide range of animals, including goats, causing pneumonia and hemorrhagic septicemia. Circular RNA (circRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA that plays an important role in regulating cellular metabolism. However, whether and how circRNA is involved in regulating immune responses in the goat lung has not been reported. Thus, this study was designed to examine the function of circRNA in goats infected with Pasteurella multocida. Goats were assigned into one of two groups: an uninfected control group (CK) and an infected group challenged with P. multocida. Compared with the CK group, which remained healthy, the infected goats showed clinical signs of infection, including depression, cough, nasal discharge, and dyspnea, along with elevated body temperature and lesions in the lung. Whole-transcriptome sequencing and small RNA sequencing were then performed using lung samples from goats from each group. A total of 138 circRNA, 56 microRNAs (miRNA), and 2,673 messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules were significantly differentially expressed in the P. multocida-infected group compared with the CK group. Randomly selected differentially expressed circRNA, miRNA, and mRNA molecules (n = 5 per group) were then validated by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis. Gene ontology (GO) analysis of the source genes indicated that six immune-related terms were enriched among the differentially expressed cirRNA molecules, including inflammatory response, immune effector process, cell activation involved in immune response, cytokine-mediated signaling pathway, response to endogenous stimulus, and immune response. The corresponding circRNA molecules were then selected for construction of a competitive endogenous RNA network to identify networks that may be involved in the immune response to P. multocida infection. The results indicated that P. multocida HN01 may cause pneumonia and stimulate an immune response in goats via regulation of circRNA expression. This study presents the first comprehensive circRNA profile in response to P. multocida infection in goats, thus, providing a basis for understanding the function of circRNA in the host immune response to P. multocida infection.

scholarly journals Immunity Reduces Reservoir Host Competence of Peromyscus leucopus forEhrlichia phagocytophila

2000 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 1514-1518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Levin ◽  
Durland Fish
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Ixodes Scapularis ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Strong Immune Response ◽  
Mouse Population ◽  
Ehrlichia Phagocytophila ◽  
Host Competence

ABSTRACT Infection with Ehrlichia phagocytophila in white-footed mice is transient and followed by a strong immune response. We investigated whether the presence of acquired immunity against E. phagocytophila precludes white-footed mice from further maintenance of this agent in nature. Mice were infected withE. phagocytophila via tick bite and challenged either 12 or 16 weeks later by Ixodes scapularis nymphs infected with the same agent. Xenodiagnostic larvae fed upon each mouse simultaneously with challenging nymphs and 1 week thereafter. Ticks were tested for the agent by PCR, and the prevalence of infection was compared to that in ticks that fed upon nonimmune control mice. Only 30% of immunized mice sustained cofeeding transmission of E. phagocytophila between simultaneously feeding infected and uninfected ticks, compared to 100% of control mice. An average of 6.3% of xenodiagnostic ticks acquired Ehrlichia from previously immunized mice when fed 1 week after the challenge, compared to 82.5% infection in the control group. Although an immune response to a single infection with E. phagocytophila in white-footed mice provided only partial protection against reinfection with the same agent, the majority of mice were rendered reservoir incompetent for at least 12 to 16 weeks. Immunity acquired by mice during I. scapularis nymphal activity in early summer may exclude a large proportion of the mouse population from maintainingE. phagocytophila during the period of larval activity later in the season.

Population dynamics of Ascaridia galli following single infection in young chickens

Parasitology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 140 (9) ◽  
pp. 1078-1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
TANIA FERDUSHY ◽  
LUZ ADILIA LUNA-OLIVARES ◽  
PETER NEJSUM ◽  
ALLAN KNUD ROEPSTORFF ◽  
STIG MILAN THAMSBORG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Intestinal Content ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Infected Group ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ascaridia Galli ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Worm Recovery ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARYThe population dynamics of Ascaridia galli was studied in 70 ISA Brown layer pullets, 42 of them were each experimentally infected with 500 embryonated A. galli eggs and 28 chickens were kept as uninfected controls. Six chickens from the infected group and 4 from the control group were necropsied at 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28 and 42 days post-infection (d.p.i.). The mean worm recovery varied from 11–20% of the infection dose with the highest recovery at 3 d.p.i. and the lowest at 21 and 42 d.p.i. (P < 0·05). More larvae were recovered from the intestinal wall than from the content (P < 0·0001) and intestinal content larvae were longer than those from the wall (mean length 1·6 and 1 mm, respectively, P < 0·0001). Although larvae were growing over time, a population of small-sized larvae (length  < 1 mm) was recovered at all d.p.i. During the first week of infection most of the larvae were located in the anterior half of the jejunoileum but they moved posteriorly with the age of infection. Thus, a subpopulation of larvae mainly in the lumen grew with time while another subpopulation remained small and associated with the mucosa. During the infection both subpopulations moved to a more posterior localization in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

scholarly journals Local immune response of Canarian Majorera goats infected with Teladorsagia circumcincta

2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leire Ortega ◽  
Jessica Quesada ◽  
Antonio Ruiz ◽  
María Magnolia Conde-Felipe ◽  
Otilia Ferrer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Female Worm ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Cytokine Gene Expression ◽  
Local Immune Response ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Gastric Mucus ◽  
Teladorsagia Circumcincta

Abstract Background Due to increased anthelmintic resistance, alternative methods to drugs are necessary to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs). Some of the most promising alternatives are based on the immune response of the host, such as the selection of genetically resistant breeds or the use of vaccines against these parasites. Given the limited information available on the immune response against GINs in goats, this study investigated the local immune response of goat kids of an indigenous Canary Islands breed (Majorera breed) experimentally infected with Teladorsagia circumcincta, one of the most pathogenic and prevalent GIN species. Methods For this purpose, the relationship between different parasitological (number of mature and immature worms, worm length, and number of intrauterine eggs) and immunological parameters at the local level (related to both the humoral and cellular immune response) was analyzed at early (1 week post-infection [wpi]) and late (8 wpi) stages of infection. Results Primary infection of goat kids with T. circumcincta infective larvae (L3) generated a complex immune response that could be defined as Th2 type, characterized by increased infiltration in abomasal tissues of several effector cells as well as a progressive presence of specific antibodies against parasitic antigens in the gastric mucus. Cellular responses were evidenced from 1 wpi onward, showing an increase in antigen-presenting cells and various lymphocyte subsets in the gastric mucosa. Conclusions The complexity of the host response was evidenced by statistically significant changes in the number of all these subpopulations (MHCII+, CD4+, CD8+, γδ+, CD45R+, IgA+, and IgG+), as well as in the evolution of the relative cytokine gene expression. From a functional point of view, negative associations were observed between the number of most of the immune cells (CD4, IgA, IgG, and CD45R cells) and parameters that could be related to the fecundity of worms, a phenomenon that was especially evident when the number of IgG and CD45R cells or the specific IgA levels of the gastric mucus were compared with parasitological parameters such as the female worm length or fecal egg counts at 8 wpi. Graphical Abstract

scholarly journals Supplementation of Diets With Spirulina Influences Immune and Gut Function in Dogs

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebenezer Satyaraj ◽  
Arleigh Reynolds ◽  
Robyn Engler ◽  
Jeff Labuda ◽  
Peichuan Sun
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Arthrospira Platensis ◽  
Rabies Vaccine ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gut Health

Spirulina refers to two species of blue green algae (Arthrospira platensis, and A. maxima) consumed by humans as food for centuries. While, Spirulina has been shown to have immune enhancing properties in several animal and human studies, there are no systematic studies in dogs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of dietary supplementation with Spirulina in dogs. The study was conducted in two phases: Pre-test (8 wks.) and Test (42 wks.). Thirty adult dogs (mean 2.9 yrs.) were randomized into two groups and fed a nutritionally complete diet in the “Pre-test” phase. At the end of “Pre-test” phase all dogs received a rabies vaccine, and dogs in “test group” were switched to diet supplemented with dried Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina). Response to rabies vaccine was evaluated by Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test (RFFIT). Gut immune response was assessed by measuring fecal IgA. Gut microbiota was evaluated by Temporal Temperature Gel Electrophoresis (TTGE) methodology. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to test for differences between groups and statistical significance considered to be p &lt; 0.05. Dogs fed diets supplemented with Spirulina demonstrated enhanced immune status by showing significantly higher vaccine response and higher levels of fecal IgA as compared to the control group. Supplementing diets with Spirulina also resulted in significantly increased gut microbiota stability in the test group. In conclusion, diets supplemented with Spirulina significantly enhanced immune response and gut health in dogs.

scholarly journals Analysis of the productive and immune response of lambs infected with gastrointestinal nematodes and fed with saccharin

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto González-Garduño ◽  
Luis Matias Silva-Torres ◽  
Glafiro Torres-Hernández ◽  
María Eugenia López-Arellano ◽  
Ever del Jesus Flores-Santiago ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Anthelmintic Treatment ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Feedlot Lambs

Objective: Determine the productive and immune response of Blackbelly lambs infectedwith gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) and fed with saccharin.Design/ methodology/ approach: A total of 18 Blackbelly lambs, with an initial live weight (LW) of 13.9 + 3.2 kg, were randomly assigned to three different treatments (T): T1, anthelmintic treatment + basal diet (CTah); T2, basal diet without anthelmintic treatment (STah); and T3, grazing lambs without anthelmintic treatment (STPS). This experiment followed a completely randomized design with repeated measures over time; mean values were compared using Lsmeans. The parameters evaluated included live weight (LW), fecal egg count per gram (FEC), packed-cell volume (PCV), plasma protein (PP), white blood celldifferential count (LEU), and IgA concentration by ELISA with Haemonchus contortusand Trichostrongylus colubriformis antigens.Results: STah and CTah lambs showed higher FEC (885 ± 142) and LW (29.73 ± 5.06kg). Grazing lambs (STPS) had lower PCV (26.4 ± 0.5%) compared to the STah andCTah lambs (27.4 to 28.4%) due to the high prevalence of H. contortus. The IgAconcentration in grazing lambs ranged from 20.2 to 24.5% of the positive standardserum titer. The feedlot lambs (STah and CTah) showed values close to 5%.Study limitations/ implications: Due to anthelmintic resistance problems, it wasimpossible to maintain grazing lambs free of infection; therefore, this group was notincluded.Findings/ conclusions: Saccharin increases sheep resilience and achieves adequateweight gains in parasitized lambs.

The Modified Stroop Paradigm as a Measure of Selective Attention towards Pain-Related Information in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain

2003 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 707-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Roelofs ◽  
Madelon L. Peters ◽  
Johan W. S. Vlaeyen
Keyword(s):  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Chronic Low Back Pain ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Modified Stroop ◽  
Stroop Paradigm

The present study assessed, by means of a modified Stroop paradigm, whether highly fearful patients with chronic low back pain pay selective attention to words related to movement and injury. Two groups of patients (High Fear and Low Fear) were included based on their scores on the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK), a measure of fear of movement or (re)injury. A control group was recruited by means of advertisement in a local newspaper. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was conducted to examine whether highly fearful pain patients pay more selective attention to movement and injury words, compared to patients with low pain-related fear and controls. The results from the present study do not support the proposition that highly fearful patients with chronic low back pain selectively pay attention to words related to injury and movement. Limitations of the modified Stroop paradigm are discussed as well as the need for the application of alternative methods such as the dot-probe paradigm.

scholarly journals Local Immune Response of Canarian Majorera Goats Primary Infected With Teladorsagia Circumcincta

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leire Ortega ◽  
Jessica Quesada ◽  
Antonio Ruiz ◽  
Magnolia M. Conde-Felipe ◽  
Otilia Ferrer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Cytokine Gene Expression ◽  
Local Immune Response ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Gastric Mucus ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Teladorsagia Circumcincta

Abstract Due to increased anthelmintic resistance, alternative methods to drugs are necessary to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN). Some of the most promising alternatives for their sustainability are based on the immune response of the host, such as the selection of genetically resistant breeds or the use of vaccines against these parasites. Given the limited information available on the immune response against GIN in goats, this study was carried out on the local immune response of goat kids of a Canary Islands indigenous breed (Majorera breed) experimentally infected with Teladorsagia circumcincta, one of the most pathogenic and prevalent GIN species. For this purpose, the relationship between different parasitological and immunological parameters at local level (both related to the humoral and cellular immune responses) have been analyzed at early (1 week post-infection –wpi-) and late (8 wpi) stages of infection.Primoinfection of goat kids with T. circumcincta L3 generates a complex immune response that could be defined as Th2 type, characterized by an increase of infiltration in abomasal tissues of several effector cells as well as a progressive presence of specific antibodies against parasitic antigens in the gastric mucus. These cellular responses could be evidenced from 1 wpi onward, showing an increase in the gastric mucosa of antigen presenting cells and various lymphocyte subsets. The complexity of the responses developed is evidenced by the statistically significant changes in numbers of all these subpopulations, as well as in the evolution of the relative cytokine gene expression. From a functional point of view, negative associations were observed between the number of most of these cells (CD4, IgA, IgG, and CD45R cells) and parameters that could be related to the fecundity of worms, a phenomenon that was especially evident when the number of IgG or CD45R cells or the specific IgA levels of the mucus were compared with parasitological parameters such as the lenght of female worms or faecal egg counts at 8wpi.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (YT001) supplementation for the control of Haemonchus contortus and modulation of the immune response of sheep

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.B. Pinto ◽  
E.B. Gaspar ◽  
A.P. Minho ◽  
R. Domingues ◽  
M.Q. de Moura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Serum Igg

Studies aiming at the development and evaluation of alternative methods to minimise losses caused by the gastrointestinal nematode Haemonchus contortus are extremely important. Such research is essential, given the high morbidity rates among sheep and the significant mortality rates of lambs, allied to the low efficacy of commercial products for the control of this parasite. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae (YT001 – YEASTECH) on the control of H. contortus and its modulation of the immune response in experimentally infected sheep. Eighteen sheep were divided into two groups. Group 1, the control group, comprised animals infected with H. contortus and supplemented with distilled water, while Group 2, the treated group, consisted of animals infected and supplemented with S. cerevisiae (400 million cfu/day of suspension for 49 days). The following parasitological parameters were evaluated: number of eggs per gram of faeces, number of infective larvae (L3) recovered per faecal culture, and parasitic load of the abomasum. The following immunological parameters were quantified: immunoglobulin (Ig)A in the mucous secretions and serum IgG; cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-10; number of eosinophils in the abomasal mucosa and groups of cells positive for the markers: MHCII, CD4+CD25+, CD5+CD8+, WC4, CD5+CD4+, CD8+CD11b+ and CD5+WC1 by whole blood flow cytometry. The results revealed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the number of larvae and significantly higher serum IgG levels (P<0.05) in the group supplemented with S. cerevisiae. The supplemented animals showed significantly larger numbers of eosinophils (P<0.05), as well as more cells positive for MHCII, CD4+CD25+, CD5+CD8+ than the control animals. This study confirmed the beneficial action of S. cerevisiae on the host immune response to H. contortus, as evidenced mainly by the smaller number of L3 recovered from the faeces of sheep supplemented with S. cerevisiae.

scholarly journals Specific Immune Response Kinetics and Mortality Patterns of Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus on Post-Cocktail Vaccination Period against the Infection of Aeromonas hydrophila and Streptococcus agalactiae

Omni-Akuatika ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukenda Sukenda ◽  
Tuti Sumiati ◽  
Sri Nuryati ◽  
Angela Mariana Lusiastuti ◽  
Dendi Hidayatullah
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Streptococcus Agalactiae ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Specific Immune Response ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Kinetics Of

ABSTRACTFish vaccination aims to induce a specific immune response indicated by an increase of antibodies in vaccinated fish. However, in accordance with time the presence of antibodies will continue to decline. The purpose of this study was to determine the kinetics of specifik immune response and trend mortality against Aeromonas hydrophila and Streptococcus agalactiae on tilapia following vaccination with cocktail vaccine. Fish vaccinated through immersion for 30 minutes in a solution of diluted vaccine. Challenge test was performed for three periods, on day 22, 50, and 78 post-vaccination, fish were challenged with single infection of A. hydrophila 108 cfu. mL-1 and S. agalactiae 104 cfu. mL-1 and co-infection of both bacteria by intraperitoneal. During rearing, the blood fish were taken for determining of serum antibodies, and its  measured by ELISA. The results showed that the concentration of specific antibodies vaccinated fish were significantly higher than the control. The basal antibody levels of A. hydrophila before vaccination were higher than S. agalactiae with OD of 0.104 and 0.069 respectively. The maximum  antibody  response  was  reached  within  70  days  of  the  A. hydrophila OD= 0.264 and 56 days against S. agalactiae OD= 0.188. The mortality rate in the control group was significantly higher than vaccinated on all types and each challenge test period. The trend of mortality due to a single infection of A. hydrophila and co-infections occur more quickly than by S. agalactiae. Lowest mortality occurred in the vaccinated group at 50 day tested challenge.Keywords: kinetics antibody, Aeromnas hydrophila, Streptococcus agalactiae, Oreochromis niloticus

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