scholarly journals Transmission dynamics and susceptibility patterns of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic, farmed and wild animals: Sustainable One health surveillance for conservation and public health to prevent future epidemics and pandemics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariful Islam ◽  
Jinnat Ferdous ◽  
Shariful Islam ◽  
Md. Abu Sayeed ◽  
Md Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
One Health ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Alpha Variant ◽  
Natural Settings ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns ◽  
Exact Origin

The exact origin of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and source of introduction into humans has not been established yet, though it might be originated from animals. Therefore, we conducted a literature review to understand the putative reservoirs, transmission dynamics, and susceptibility patterns of SARS-CoV-2 in animals. Rhinolophu s bats are presumed to be natural progenitors of SARS-CoV-2 related viruses. Initially pangolin was thought to be the source of spillover to human, but they might get infected from human or other animal species. So, the virus spillover pathways to humans remain unknown. Human-to-animal transmission has been testified in pet, farmed, zoo and free-ranging wild animals. Infected animals can transmit the virus to other animals in natural settings like, mink-to-mink, and mink-to-cat transmission. Animal-to-human transmission is not a persistent pathway, while mink-to-human transmission continues to be illuminated. Multiple companion and captive wild animals were infected by emerging alpha variant of concern (B.1.1.7 lineage) whereas Asiatic lions were infected by delta variant, (B.1.617.2). To date, multiple animal species- cat, ferrets, non-human primates, hamsters, and bats, showed high susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 in experimental condition, while swine, poultry, cattle showed no susceptibility. The founding of SARS-CoV-2 in wild animal reservoirs can confronts the control of the virus in humans and might carry a risk to the welfare and conservation of wildlife as well. We suggest vaccinating pet, and captive animals to stop spillover and spillback events. We recommend sustainable one health surveillance at animal-human-environmental interface to detect and prevent future epidemics and pandemics by Disease X.

scholarly journals MRSA and enterobacteria of one health concern in wild animals undergoing rehabilitation

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. e34810111809
Author(s):  
Débora Rodrigues Silveira ◽  
Thamíris Pereira de Moraes ◽  
Kauana Kaefer ◽  
Luiz Gustavo Bach ◽  
Amanda de Oliveira Barbosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
One Health ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Rehabilitation Center ◽  
Rehabilitation Centers ◽  
Wildlife Rehabilitation ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

The presence of contaminated animals in wildlife rehabilitation centers poses a threat for both animals and humans that come into contact with them or the contaminated environment. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), as well as studying the biofilm formation capacity of these isolates, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella enterica and Campylobacter spp. in wild animals from a rehabilitation center. During a two-year period, feces were collected from animals that were admitted to a wildlife rehabilitation center (n=324 samples). The pathogens were isolated from 51 (15.7%) animals of different species of mammals, birds and reptiles. Forty isolates (12.3%) were identified as S. aureus, of these, 32 (9.9%) were identified as MRSA and 72.5% were able to form biofilm. Y. enterocolitica was found in five mammals (5.1%), three reptiles (21.43%) and two birds (0.94%). Salmonella and Campylobacter were isolated from one bird each (0.67% and 0.67%, respectively). A wide diversity of animal species in rehabilitation centers, including birds, mammals and reptiles, can carry MRSA and enterobacteria of one health concern and eliminate in the feces. The presence of these pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract of wild animals admitted to a wildlife rehabilitation center shows the importance of microbiological monitoring of animals at the time of their admission and reinforces the need for specific hygienic-sanitary care.

scholarly journals Pathology and One Health implications of fatal Leptospira interrogans infection in an urbanized, free-ranging, black-tufted marmoset ( Callithrix penicilatta ) in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tais M. Wilson ◽  
Jana M. Ritter ◽  
Roosecelis B. Martines ◽  
Alexandra A. B. Gonçalves ◽  
Pamela Fair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
One Health ◽  
Pulmonary Hemorrhage ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Leptospira Interrogans ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Pcr Assays ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
First Time

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic neglected disease of worldwide public health concern. Leptospira species can infect a wide range of wild and domestic mammals and can lead to a spectrum of disease, including severe and fatal forms. Herein, we report for the first time a fatal Leptospira interrogans infection in a free-ranging nonhuman primate (NHP), a black-tufted marmoset. Icterus, pulmonary hemorrhage, interstitial nephritis and hepatocellular dissociation were the main findings raising the suspicion of leptospirosis. Diagnostic confirmation was based on specific immunohistochemical and PCR assays for Leptospira species. Immunolocalization of leptospiral antigens and identification of pathogenic species ( L. interrogans species) were important for better understanding the pathogenesis of disease. One Health related implications of free-ranging NHPs in anthropized areas and transmission dynamics of human and animal leptospirosis are discussed.

scholarly journals Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of coronavirus in the world: One health approach is urgent

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Faustino ◽  
Miguel Faria ◽  
Monica Teixeira ◽  
Filipe Palavra ◽  
Maria Do Ceu Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
One Health ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Forest Plot ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Different Strains

Coronaviruses have been responsible for major epidemic crises in 2003 with SARS-CoV-1, in 2012 with MERS-CoV and in 2019 with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), causing serious atypical pneumonia in humans. We intend, with this systematic analysis and meta-analysis, to clarify the prevalence of the various strains of coronavirus in different animal species. For this purpose, we carried out an electronic survey using Pubmed's Veterinary Science search tool to conduct a systematic assessment of published studies reporting the prevalence of different strains of coronavirus in different animal species between 2015 and 2020. We conducted different analysis to assess sensitivity, publication bias, and heterogeneity, using random and fixed effects. The final meta-analysis included 42 studies for systematic review and 29 in the meta-analysis. For the geographic regions with a prevalence greater than or equal to 0.20 (Forest plot overall; prevalence = 0.20, p < 0.01, Q = 10476.22 and I2 = 100%), the most commonly detected viruses were: enteric coronavirus (ECoV), pigeon-dominant coronavirus, (PdCoV), Avian coronavirus M41, Avian coronavirus C46, Avian coronavirus A99, Avian coronavirus JMK, MERS-CoV, Bovine coronavirus, Ro-BatCoV GCCDC1, Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Deltacoronavirus, Gamacoronavirus and human coronaviruses (HCoVs). The wide presence of different strains of coronavirus in different animal species on all continents demonstrates the great biodiversity and ubiquity of these viruses. The most recent epidemiological crises caused by coronavirus demonstrates our unpreparedness to anticipate and mitigate emerging risks, as well as the need to implement new epidemiological surveillance programs for viruses. Combined with the need to create advanced training courses in One Health, this is paramount in order to ensure greater effectiveness in fighting the next pandemics.

scholarly journals Detection of Antibodies Against Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus and Other Flaviviruses in a Zoological Collection in Slovenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Kvapil ◽  
Joško Račnik ◽  
Marjan Kastelic ◽  
Pavlína Pittermannová ◽  
Tatjana Avšič-Zupanc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Zoo Animals ◽  
Exotic Animal ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus

Monitoring infectious diseases is one of the most important pillars of preventative veterinary medicine in zoological collections. The zoo environment offers a great variety of different animal species living in proximity and in contact with small wild animals and vectors (e.g., ticks and mosquitos). In this context, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Usutu virus (USUV), and West Nile virus (WNV) causing vector-borne diseases are emerging pathogens that raise concern. The aim of the study was to detect antibodies to selected flaviviruses in various animal species in the Ljubljana Zoo, Slovenia. In total, 874 sera from 96 animal species were tested for antibodies to TBEV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA); positive samples were confirmed by a virus neutralization test (VNT) using TBEV, WNV, and USUV antigens. Antibodies to TBEV were detected by ELISA in 3.9% (34/874) of zoo animals, with 4% (30/753) in mammals and 5% (4/86) in birds; the sera of reptiles (n = 34) and amphibians (n = 1) were negative. Antibodies to TBEV were confirmed by VNT in 11 mammals; one bird was positive for both WNV and USUV. The mixture of exotic animal species and their contact with wild animals and vectors such as ticks and mosquitos suggest that screening of infectious diseases in zoo animals might provide good insight into the epizootological situation of the area. This is the first survey of TBEV, WNV, and USUV in a zoological collection in Slovenia.

scholarly journals A “One Health” surveillance and control of brucellosis in developing countries: Moving away from improvisation

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Godfroid ◽  
Sascha Al Dahouk ◽  
Georgios Pappas ◽  
Felix Roth ◽  
Gift Matope ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
One Health ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
And Control

Prevalence of Leptospira antibodies in wild boars (Sus scrofa) from Northern Portugal: risk factor analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (10) ◽  
pp. 2126-2130 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. VALE-GONÇALVES ◽  
J. A. CABRAL ◽  
M. C. FARIA ◽  
M. NUNES-PEREIRA ◽  
A. S. FARIA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
One Health ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Northern Portugal ◽  
Antibodies Detection

SUMMARYLeptospirosis is a zoonosis of worldwide distribution, caused by infection with pathogenic spirochaetes of the genus Leptospira. The wild boar (Sus scrofa), an important hunting species in Europe, seems to play a significant role in the epidemiological cycle of leptospirosis. A total of 101 serum samples from wild boar hunted in Northern Portugal were analysed for leptospiral antibodies detection by microscopic agglutination test. Sera were collected during hunting seasons (2011–2013) and tested with 17 different pathogenic serovars of Leptospira. Antibodies against nine serovars were detected in 66 (65·4%) of these sera. Serovars Tarassovi and Altodouro exhibited the highest seroreactivity rates (23·8% and 16·8%, respectively), followed by Autumnalis (7·9%) and Bratislava (6·9%). Age and district of origin were found to be risk factors for the presence of leptospiral antibodies in contrast to gender. From a One Health perspective, this study revealed that wild boar should be considered as a potential source of leptospirosis dissemination for humans and animal species (domestic and wild) in shared environments, particularly in the Trás-os-Montes region.

Seasonal Changes in Diet Preferences of Free-Ranging Red Kangaroos, Euros and Sheep in Western New South Wales.

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Ellis ◽  
EM Russell ◽  
TJ Dawson ◽  
CJF Harrop
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Red Kangaroo ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Selective Eating ◽  
Free Ranging

Stomach contents of free-ranging animals were analysed botanically for low Atriplex shrubland in western New South Wales, Australia, during 1972-74 in good seasons producing abundant growth and diversity of vegetation. Red kangaroo (Megaleia rufa), euro (Macropus robustus) and sheep (Ovis aries) selected grass and forbs when those were readily available. In poorer pasture sheep selected mainly flat-leaved chenopods (saltbush) and kangaroos selected mainly grass with different amounts of flat- or round-leaved chenopods. Euros were the most selective, eating grass even when there was little grass present. Potential overlaps in diet between kangaroos and sheep were greatest in good pasture and least in the poorest conditions. The other groups of plants considered were non-chenopod shrubs and browse. Extent of overlap was not clear, because animals may have eaten different species within the groups of plants. The study period did not include any severe drought, in which overlap in diet and competition between animal species would have been most significant.

scholarly journals Pathology of Coronavirus Infections: A Review of Lesions in Animals in the One-Health Perspective

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2377
Author(s):  
Valentina Zappulli ◽  
Silvia Ferro ◽  
Federico Bonsembiante ◽  
Ginevra Brocca ◽  
Alessandro Calore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
One Health ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Zoonotic Risk ◽  
Health Concept ◽  
Animal Hosts ◽  
The One ◽  
Human Infections

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are worldwide distributed RNA-viruses affecting several species, including humans, and causing a broad spectrum of diseases. Historically, they have not been considered a severe threat to public health until two outbreaks of COVs-related atypical human pneumonia derived from animal hosts appeared in 2002 and in 2012. The concern related to CoVs infection dramatically rose after the COVID-19 global outbreak, for which a spill-over from wild animals is also most likely. In light of this CoV zoonotic risk, and their ability to adapt to new species and dramatically spread, it appears pivotal to understand the pathophysiology and mechanisms of tissue injury of known CoVs within the “One-Health” concept. This review specifically describes all CoVs diseases in animals, schematically representing the tissue damage and summarizing the major lesions in an attempt to compare and put them in relation, also with human infections. Some information on pathogenesis and genetic diversity is also included. Investigating the lesions and distribution of CoVs can be crucial to understand and monitor the evolution of these viruses as well as of other pathogens and to further deepen the pathogenesis and transmission of this disease to help public health preventive measures and therapies.

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