scholarly journals Clay minerals and humic substances as landfill closure covering material constituents: first studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juris Burlakovs ◽  
◽  
Jovita Pilecka ◽  
Inga Grinfelde ◽  
Ruta Ozola-Davidane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Humic Substances ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fine Fraction ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Complex Molecules ◽  
Dump Site ◽  
Material Component ◽  
Covering Material ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

Soil and groundwater as the leachate may contaminate surrounding watersheds, thus different pollutants from closed dumps and landfills pose significant risks to human health and ecology. Pollution may lead to soil and water degradation however it might be diminished through sustainable dump site closure projects and processual management. Several decades of clays and clay minerals studies lead to modified clay composites concept that is one of the potential promising solutions for building the landfill covering material and serve as capping biocover layer at the same time. As humic substances are constituents of soil organic matter, pollutants can be sorbed on the surfaces of complex molecules. This kind of humic acid-clay mineral composite materials thus might become as low cost building material component - covering material. Construction of such layer are to be performed as a combination of clay-humic composites and landfill mined fine fraction of waste with small amendment of natural soil. Several hypotheses that are already proven has to be mentioned: a) Clay minerals produce composites with humic substances; 2) Clay-humic complexes reduce through sorption both organic and inorganic pollutants; 3) Low risk of toxic byproducts from landfill mined waste fine fraction can be the problem; 4) Such composites mostly would trap toxic contaminants (e.g., pharmaceuticals) found in reworked fine fraction of waste. The aim of the work is to provide alternative solution for landfill closure by giving theoretical considerations from multidisciplinary knowledge of environmental engineering, chemistry and waste management.

scholarly journals Nano-Sized Minerals from Lower Cretaceous Sandstones in Israel Observed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurit Taitel-Goldman ◽  
Vladimir Ezersky
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Lower Cretaceous ◽  
Fine Fraction ◽  
Anatase Tio2 ◽  
Rutile Tio2 ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Quartz Arenite ◽  
Dark Violet ◽  
Hematite Fe2o3

Fine fraction in quartz arenite sandstones from Lower Cretaceous Hatira formation in Israel was observed by Transmission electron microscope (TEM). Samples were collected from Hatira and Ramon craters located in southern part of Israel and from Manara cliff from the northern part of Israel. The additional phases cause yellow, red, dark red and dark violet colors of the layered sandstones. The motivation was to identify the minerals of the fine factions that cause the variations in the colors. The minerals observed were clay minerals, mainly kaolinite (Al4Si4O20(OH)8), some illite (K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2) and smectite. Iron oxides were goethite (FeOOH) and hematite (Fe2O3), Titanium-iron oxides observed was ilmenite (FeTiO3), and Titanium-oxides were rutile (TiO2), and anatase (TiO2). Sulphates observed were jarosite (KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6) and alunite (KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6). Some of the hematite was formed by recrystallization of goethite. Ilmenite disintegrated into small iron oxides mainly hematite. Euhedral to sub-hedral rutile (TiO2) and anatase (TiO2) were preserved in clay-minerals. Crystals of alunite and jarosite were observed in sandstones in both craters. They probably crystallized due to some transgression of the Thetis Sea.

Horizontal Mobility of Heavy Metals from Dumpsite in North Central States, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
J.D. Bala ◽  
J.J. Musa ◽  
H.I. Mustapha ◽  
I.Y. Yerima ◽  
D.E. Sunday ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Central State ◽  
Dump Site ◽  
North Central ◽  
Uppermost Layer ◽  
High Concentrations

Industrialization and population growth has lead to the introduction of toxic substances into the environment as waste from manufacturing  processes. This study describes the horizontal mobility of this waste containing heavy metals from dump sites to the surrounding environment of North Central state, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected within the dumpsites and the immediate surrounding soil at distance of 10m and 20m away to assess the migration and potential bioavailability of Cr, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cu and Al. Total concentration of the heavy metals and their fractionation were determined. The results indicate that heavy metals are more concentrated in the uppermost layer with significant migration down the slope, thereby posing a threat to groundwater quality. In the fractions, the concentrations of the metals follow this sequence: Mn>Fe>Cu>Zn>Cr>Al. The mobility factors of the heavy metals are significantly high indicating high potential mobility and bioavailable forms of these heavy metals. The high concentrations of the heavy metals particularly Cr, as observed in the study is as a result of anthropogenic activities on enrichment of natural soil with bioavailable heavy metals. Consequently, there is a need to be cautious in the way waste that is generated from heavy metals sources is added to natural soil. Key words: Dump site; Environment; Heavy metals; Soil; Waste

Fluorine-tin oxide (FTO) electrode modified with platinum nanoparticles dispersed into montmorillonite clay as an effective and low cost catalyst for ethanol electrooxidation

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (114) ◽  
pp. 113240-113248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esmat Saghi ◽  
Gholam Hossein Rounaghi ◽  
Ali Sarafraz-Yazdi ◽  
Iman Razavipanah ◽  
Parisa Mirhoseini Moosavi
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Tin Oxide ◽  
Platinum Nanoparticles ◽  
Electrocatalytic Oxidation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Catalyst Support ◽  
Pt Nanoparticles ◽  
Ethanol Electrooxidation ◽  
Mmt Clay ◽  
Oxidation Of Ethanol

This work demonstrates the use of montmorillonite (MMT) clay minerals as an effective and low cost catalyst support for Pt nanoparticles for electrocatalytic oxidation of ethanol molecules.

scholarly journals Mineralogy and deformation structures in components of clastic sediments from the Morasko meteorite lake (Poland)

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Duczmal-Czernikiewicz ◽  
Adam Choiński ◽  
Mariusz Ptak ◽  
Andrzej Muszyński
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Fine Fraction ◽  
Dynamic Factor ◽  
Mineralogical Analysis ◽  
Soft Sediments ◽  
Deformation Structures ◽  
Clastic Sediments ◽  
Main Components ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The paper presents a mineralogical analysis of sediments of the biggest lake in the Morasko Meteorite Reserve (Poland). The lake is filled by phytogenic sediments at the top, while at the bottom there are Neogene clays. The main components are: clay minerals in fine fraction and quartz and feldspars in coarse sandy fractions. The presence of disturbed ferrous zones suggests the existence of a dynamic factor that caused deformations in the sediments. Cavities, crevices, cracks, and traces of parching or fragmentation of mineral material can be interpreted as deformations related to the impact of meteorite fragments in non-consolidated soft sediments in the Morasko meteorite nature reserve. Meteorite fragments that left numerous deformed structures were most probably consituted meteorite debris that originated from the fragmentation of the meteorite before its impact.

scholarly journals MISIRoot: A Robotic Minimum Invasion in Situ Imaging System for Plant Root Phenotyping

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihang Song ◽  
Wei Qiu ◽  
Jian Jin
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Color Images ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Root Phenotyping

Abstract Background: Plant root phenotyping technologies play an important role in breeding, plant protection, and other plant science research projects. The root phenotyping customers urgently need technologies that are low-cost, in situ, non-destructive to the roots, and suitable for the natural soil environment. Many recently developed root phenotyping methods such as minirhizotron, X-CT, and MRI scanners have their unique advantages in observing plant roots, but they also have disadvantages and cannot meet all the critical requirements simultaneously. Results: The study in this paper focuses on the development of a new plant root phenotyping robot that is minimally invasive to plants and working in situ inside natural soil, called “MISIRoot”. The MISIRoot system mainly consists of an industrial-level robotic arm, a mini-size camera with lighting set, a plant pot holding platform, and the image processing software for root recognition and feature extraction. MISIRoot can take high-resolution color images of the roots in soil with minimal disturbance to the root and reconstruct the plant roots’ three-dimensional (3D) structure at an accuracy of 0.1 mm. In a test assay, well-watered and drought-stressed groups of corn plants were measured by MISIRoot at V3, V4, and V5 stages. The system successfully acquired the RGB color images of the roots and extracted the 3D points cloud data containing the locations of the detected roots. The plants measured by MISIRoot and plants not measured (control) were carefully compared with the results from the Hyperspectral Imaging Facility (reference). No significant differences were found between the two groups of plants at different growth stages. Conclusion: The MISIRoot system recently developed at Purdue University has been proved effective in root phenotyping with multiple advantages: With a comparatively low cost and minimal invasion to the plant, this system can automatically measure the root’s 3D structure and take color images of the roots in ordinary soil media, and in situ. This system provides a new option for root phenotyping researchers and has a potential to be applied in a wide range of research topics such as breeding, plant protection and so on.

scholarly journals Past, Present and Future Perspectives on Halloysite Clay Minerals

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (20) ◽  
pp. 4863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Massaro ◽  
Renato Noto ◽  
Serena Riela
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Environmental Science ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Halloysite Nanotubes ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Review Reports

Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), clay minerals belonging to the kaolin groups, are emerging nanomaterials which have attracted the attention of the scientific community due to their interesting features, such as low-cost, availability and biocompatibility. In addition, their large surface area and tubular structure have led to HNTs’ application in different industrial purposes. This review reports a comprehensive overview of the historical background of HNT utilization in the last 20 years. In particular it will focus on the functionalization of the surfaces, both supramolecular and covalent, following applications in several fields, including biomedicine, environmental science and catalysis.

MISIRoot: A Robotic, Minimally Invasive, in Situ Imaging System for Plant Root Phenotyping

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 1647-1658
Author(s):  
Wei Qiu ◽  
Jian Jin
Keyword(s):  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Color Images ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Root Phenotyping ◽  
Corn Plants ◽  
Non Destructive

HighlightsA non-destructive, in situ, and low-cost root phenotyping system was developed.The system can collect color images and 3D cloud points of corn roots in soil.When tested in a greenhouse, the scanning process did not cause significant disturbance of corn plants.The results showed significant differences in root growth for different watering treatments and growth stages.Abstract. Plant root phenotyping technologies play an important role in breeding, plant protection, and other plant science research projects. Root phenotyping researchers urgently need technologies that are low-cost, in situ, non-destructive to roots, and suitable for the natural soil environment. Many recently developed root phenotyping methods, such as minirhizotron, X-CT, and MRI scanners, have unique advantages in observing plant roots, but they also have disadvantages and cannot meet all the critical requirements simultaneously. This study focused on the development of a new plant root phenotyping robot, called MISIRoot, that is minimally invasive and works in situ in natural soil. The MISIRoot system mainly consists of an industrial-level robotic arm, a miniature camera with lighting, a plant pot holding platform, and image processing software for root recognition and feature extraction. MISIRoot can acquire high-resolution color images of roots in soil with minimal disturbance to the roots and measure the roots’ three-dimensional (3D) structure with an accuracy of 0.1 mm. In tests, well-watered and drought-stressed groups of corn plants were measured with MISIRoot at the V3, V4, and V5 growth stages. The system successfully acquired RGB color images of the roots and 3D point cloud data containing the locations of the detected roots. The plants measured with MISIRoot and the plants not measured (control) were carefully compared with the results from a hyperspectral imaging facility (reference). No significant differences were found between the two groups of plants at different growth stages. Keywords: 3D point cloud, Low-cost phenotyping, Minimally invasive root measurement, Plant root phenotyping, Robotic arm application, Root imaging.

Geochemical characterization of discrete grain size fractions within contemporary alpine dust, Uinta Mountains, Utah, USA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratt Olson ◽  
Jeffrey Munroe
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Mineral Dust ◽  
Fine Fraction ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Source Analysis ◽  
Dust Collector ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Uinta Mountains ◽  
Source Regions

<p>The contemporary aeolian system is poorly understood due in part to a scarcity of direct measurements of modern dust deposition. The Uinta Mountains of Northeastern Utah, USA are well-suited to the study of contemporary dust owing to their gently sloping, soil-mantled alpine zones and relatively inert, quartzite-dominated bedrock. Capitalizing on this unique setting, eight marble dust traps, as well as one active dust collector, have been installed throughout the mountain range. Previous study of samples from these collectors has supported the quantification of mineral dust inputs to alpine pedogenesis and identified isotopic fingerprints that link dust to potential source regions. This project focuses on dust emptied from these samplers in Fall 2019, representing two years of continuous dust accumulation. The mean dust flux for these years is 4.1 g/m<sup>2</sup>/y, which corresponds to historic flux measurements ranging from 2.7 g/m<sup>2</sup>/y to 4.4 g/m<sup>2</sup>/y. The relatively large dust mass of these multi-year samples allows for samples from each collector to be split into a coarse and fine fraction prior to further analysis. Before separation, the median grain size of 2019 dust samples is approximately 10 µm. After sample separation, carried out through timed settling following Stoke’s Law, the approximate median particle diameter is 6 µm for the fine fraction, and 20 µm for the coarse fraction. Coarse Uinta dust is more enriched in quartz and feldspar relative to fine dust, which is dominated by clay minerals. The coarse material is therefore more mineralogically similar to local bedrock, supporting the theory that larger particles are endogenous in origin. Clay minerals are less abundant in local bedrock, suggesting that fine mineral dust may have an exogenous source. Analysis of trace and major elemental abundances, as well as Sr and Nd isotopic fingerprinting will support additional interpretations about the nature and origin of modern dust in the Uintas. These results will contribute to ongoing efforts to better understand how specific dust source regions influence the properties of mineral aerosols arriving in remote alpine environments.</p>

scholarly journals The Use of Some Clay Minerals as Natural Resources for Drug Carrier Applications

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Massaro ◽  
Carmelo Colletti ◽  
Giuseppe Lazzara ◽  
Serena Riela
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Drug Carrier ◽  
Active Species ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Environmentally Preferable

The goal of modern research is to use environmentally preferable materials. In this context, clay minerals are emerging candidates for their bio- and ecocompatibility, low cost and natural availability. Clay minerals present different morphologies according to their layer arrangements. The use of clay minerals, especially in biomedical applications is known from ancient times and they are regaining attention in recent years. The most representative clay minerals are kaolinit, montmorillonite, sepiolites and halloysite. This review summarizes some clay minerals and their derivatives for application as nanocontainer for biologically active species.

The role of clay minerals and humic substances on the behaviour of organic and inorganic compounds in fresh water

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 545-549
Author(s):  
Kazuko Ogura ◽  
Kohji Yamamoto ◽  
Yasushi Naitoh ◽  
Kazuo Fukushima
Keyword(s):  
Humic Substances ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Inorganic Compounds
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