scholarly journals Molecular studies (ISSR, cpDNA) in Tragopogon buphthalmoides (Asteraceae): Population genetics and taxonomic implication

Genetika ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 775-789
Author(s):  
Hejraneh Azizi ◽  
Masoud Sheidai ◽  
Valiollah Mozaffarian ◽  
Zahra Noormohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Population Genetics ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Assignment Test ◽  
Perennial Herb ◽  
Population Genetic Study ◽  
Complex Species ◽  
Morphological Criteria

The genus Tragopogon L. with about 110-150 species is distributed in Asia and Europe, while it is represented by 26 species in Iran. Hybridization and polyploidy occurs in the genus Tragopogon that bring about extensive morphological variation in its species. Tragopogon buphthalmoides (Asteraceae) is a perennial herb with common Persian name "Sheng e Iran" and "Sheng e cheshmgaavi" and is used as traditional medicine. Two varieties have been cited for this species in the country, but due to extensive morphological variability, it is difficult to delimit the two varieties. Therefore, the present study was performed to delimit these varieties by using both morphological and molecular markers (cpDNA and ISSRs). We also aimed to provide data on population genetics of the studied species due to its medicinal importance. In total 134 plant specimens of T. buphthalmoides were randomly collected from 16 geographical populations in 7 provinces. The studied plants were considered as two different varieties based on morphological criteria and were subjected to numerical and phylogenetic analyses. PCOA plot of morphological data, identified some plants with intermediate characters. Moreover, MDS plot of ISSR data and ML tree of cpDNA sequences, did not separate plants of the two varieties and the plants were placed intermixed. Therefore, we consider T. buphthalmoides as a single species with extensive morphological variability and it is complex species. Population genetic study identified four genetic groups in the country, while, STRUCTURE analysis based on admixture model as well as population assignment test revealed some degree of gene flow in the studied populations.

Evolution and hybridization in the radiolarian genera Theocorythium and Lamprocyclas

Paleobiology ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Baker
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Change ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Hybridization And Introgression

Changes in morphological variability within fossil populations of planktonic protists provide insight into the processes responsible for morphological change. Evolution in the radiolarian genera Theocorythium and Lamprocyclas is documented biometrically in Pliocene and Pleistocene core material from the equatorial Pacific and Indian Oceans. The patterns of morphological change in Theocorythium within a single Pacific core could be interpreted as indicating the in situ evolution of T. trachelium trachelium from T. vetulum via intermediate forms during the Pleistocene. However, consideration of biogeographic data shows that this is not the case and supports instead two alternate interpretations: (1) immigration coupled with extensive hybridization and introgression, or (2) multiple polymorphs of a single species changing in frequency along a cline. Analyses of evolutionary change in Theocorythium and the closely related genus Lamprocyclas during the Pliocene suggest that hybridization may be a significant factor in the production of new species. Evolutionary models and phylogenetic analyses should consider that barriers to gene flow may vary significantly with time and permit the exchange of genetic information between populations previously reproductively isolated.

Assessing the systematics of Tylodinidae in the Mediterranean Sea and Eastern Atlantic Ocean: resurrecting Tylodina rafinesquii Philippi, 1836 (Heterobranchia: Umbraculida)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Fernández-Vilert ◽  
Gonzalo Giribet ◽  
Xavi Salvador ◽  
Juan Moles
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Eastern Atlantic Ocean ◽  
The Mediterranean

ABSTRACT The systematics of the gastropod clade Umbraculida, particularly the family Tylodinidae, has been a matter of debate. The Tylodinidae of the Mediterranean Sea are a case in point, with no comprehensive molecular assessment of diversity having been carried out to date. Several species and genera have been erected and synonymized in the course of the last two centuries and only a single species from each of the genera Tylodina and Anidolyta are considered to be present in these waters. In order to shed light on the controversial taxonomy of the group, we carried out both morpho-anatomical study and molecular analyses using fragments of two mitochondrial genes, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and 16S rRNA, and the nuclear gene histone H3. Phylogenetic analyses and species delimitation tests clearly recovered two independent lineages of Tylodina from the Mediterranean and Eastern Atlantic coast, the type species T. perversa and the resurrected T. rafinesquii. We found clear differences in shell and radular morphology between both species, as well as differences in their habitat and food preferences. Interestingly, we found strong evidence that T. rafinesquii is sister to T. fungina from the Eastern Pacific rather than to the sympatric T. perversa. Furthermore, the new morphological data strongly encourage the suppression of the genus Anidolyta, which should be considered a junior synonym of Tylodina.

scholarly journals A multilocus assessment reveals two new synonymies for East Asian Cyclommatus stag beetles (Coleoptera, Lucanidae)

ZooKeys ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1021 ◽  
pp. 65-79
Author(s):  
Jiao Jiao Yuan ◽  
Dan Chen ◽  
Xia Wan
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Distance Analysis ◽  
Taiwan Island ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Stag Beetles

Cyclommatus scutellaris Möllenkamp, 1912, Cyclommatus elsae Kriesche, 1921 and Cyclommatus tamdaoensis Fujita, 2010 are East Asian stag beetle species with long-debated taxonomic relationships due to high intraspecific morphological variability. In this study, we applied multilocus phylogenetic analyses to reassess their relationships. Two mitochondrial genes (16S rDNA, COI) and two nuclear genes (28S rDNA, Wingless) were used to reconstruct the phylogeny through the Bayesian inference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods. Both topologies supported two clades: the clade C. scutellaris was sister to the clade (C. elsae + C. tamdaoensis) with the subclade C. tamdaoensis embedded in the subclade C. elsae. The Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) genetic distance analysis yielded a low mean value (≤0.035) among the three taxa, which was well below the minimum mean value between other Cyclommatus species (≥0.122). We also compared the accuracy and efficiency of two approaches, GMYC and ABGD, in delimitating the three lineages. The result shows that ABGD is a better approach than GMYC. Our molecular data recognizes the three species as different populations of a single species, ranging from Taiwan Island to the continent. Therefore, we propose two new junior synonyms for C. scutellaris: C. tamdaoensis, syn. nov. and C. elsaesyn. nov.

scholarly journals On the Nature of Organs and Organ Systems – A Chapter in the History and Philosophy of Biology

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Minelli
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Clear Distinction ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Developmental Genetics ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Morphological Criteria ◽  
And Function

Contrasting definitions of organs based either on function or on strictly morphological criteria are the legacy of a tradition starting with Aristotle. This floating characterization of organs in terms of both form and function extends also to organ systems. The first section of this review outlines the notions of organ and body part as defined, explicitly or implicitly, in representative works of nineteenth century’s comparative morphology. The lack of a clear distinction between the two notions led to problems in Owen’s approach to the comparative method (definition of homolog vs. nature of the vertebrate archetype) and to a paradoxical formulation, by Anton Dohrn, of the principle of functional change. Starting from the second half of the twentieth century, with the extensive use of morphological data in phylogenetic analyses, both terms – organ and body part – have been often set aside, to leave room for a comparison between variously characterized attributes (character states) of the taxa to be compared. Throughout the last two centuries, there have been also efforts to characterize organs or body parts in terms of the underlying developmental dynamics, both in the context of classical descriptive embryology and according to models suggested by developmental genetics. Functionally defined organ are occasionally co-extensive with morphologically defined body parts, nevertheless a clear distinction between the former and the latter is a necessary prerequisite to a study of their evolution: this issue is discussed here on the example of the evolution of hermaphroditism and gonad structure and function.

Do we have different varieties in Acer velutinum (Sapindaceae): Morphological and molecular studies

Phytotaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 321 (2) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
SEDIGHEH NIKZAT SIAHKOLAEE ◽  
MASOUD SHEIDAI ◽  
MOSTAFA ASSADI ◽  
ZAHRA NOORMOHAMMADI
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Intergenic Spacer ◽  
Population Genetic Study ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
High Level

The genus Acer L. has about 156 species which are distributed in Asia, Europe, Northern Africa and North America. The species of Acer show extensive morphological and molecular diversity and the species that co-occur may hybridize; therefore, sometimes the species delimitation turns out to be difficult. Eight Acer (maple) species have been reported in Iran. The velvet maple—Acer velutinum Boiss (1846: 28)—is one of the largest maples in the world and the most frequent maple species in Iran. Morphologically speaking, two varieties have been cited for this species. Due to the extensive morphological variability, however, the researchers encounter difficulty delimiting these two varieties. Against this backdrop, the present study was performed with the aim to delimit two varieties of Acer velutinum by using both morphological and molecular approaches. It also aimed to proffer data on the genetic diversity of this species in the country. Nighty-four plant specimens of A. velutinum were randomly collected within 14 geographical populations at four provinces in Hyrcanian forests of Iran. The PsbA-trnHGUG intergenic spacer sequence of cp-DNA and the ISSR molecular markers along with the morphometric analysis and image analysis of the leaf shape were used. The numerical and phylogenetic analyses of the tree specimens from the presumed varieties of A. velutinum—based on morphology, image analysis of leaf shape, ISSR and cp-DNA—did not delimit these varieties; hence, A. velutinum was considered to have a high level of intergrading morphological variability. The population genetic study revealed significant molecular differences among the studied populations. The STRUCTURE plot and gene flow analysis (Nm), nevertheless, revealed some degree of shared alleles among the populations. The Mantel tests demonstrated significant correlation between the geographical and genetic distance of the studied populations; it further signaled the fact that the gene flow occurred mainly between the coterminous populations.

Systematic affinities of island and mainland populations of the Dunnart Sminthopsis griseoventer in Western Australia: data from allozymes and mitochondrial DNA

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 289 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Labrinidis ◽  
S. J. B. Cooper ◽  
M. Adams ◽  
N. Baczocha
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Control Region ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Control Region Sequence ◽  
Island Population ◽  
Complex Species ◽  
Island Populations ◽  
Region Sequence ◽  
Allozyme Loci

The systematic affinities of Boullanger Island and Western Australian mainland populations of the Grey-bellied Dunnart Sminthopsis griseoventer were investigated using allozyme electrophoresis and phylogenetic analysis of a 404 bp region of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region. Forty-six allozyme loci were screened for variation and found to be monomorphic in S. griseoventer from both Boullanger Island and one mainland population. Low levels of variation were also detected in the control region sequence, with just one haplotype observed among eight island individuals and three haplotypes among 10 mainland individuals, each differing at between two and four nucleotide sites (0.5?1.0% divergence). Phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony of control region sequence from mainland and island taxa, and four species of the "murina complex", S. aitkeni, S. murina, S. gilberti and S. dolichura, indicated that the island and mainland taxa formed a monophyletic group to the exclusion of the other "murina complex" species, but were paraphyletic at the level of the individual haplotypes. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that mainland and island populations of S. griseoventer comprise a single species, and suggest that there has been no long-term barrier to gene flow between these populations. Analyses of molecular variation provided evidence the island population represents a separate management unit for conservation, but are insufficient to determine whether there has been inbreeding or a recent bottleneck in the island population.

scholarly journals Cryptic species within the wheat curl mite Aceria tosichella (Keifer) (Acari : Eriophyoidea), revealed by mitochondrial, nuclear and morphometric data

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Skoracka ◽  
Lechosław Kuczyński ◽  
Renata Santos de Mendonça ◽  
Mirosława Dabert ◽  
Wiktoria Szydło ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Cytochromec Oxidase ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Genetic Lineages ◽  
Wheat Curl Mite ◽  
Aceria Tosichella ◽  
Morphological Criteria

The wheat curl mite (WCM), Aceria tosichella (Keifer, 1969), is one of the primary pests of wheat and other cereals throughout the world. Traditional taxonomy recognises WCM as a single eriophyoid species; however, a recent study suggested that two genetic lineages of WCM in Australia might represent putative species. Here, we investigate WCM populations from different host plants in Australia, South America and Europe and test the hypothesis that WCM is, in fact, a complex of cryptic species. We used morphological data in combination with nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochromec oxidase subunitI (COI) and nuclear D2 region of 28S rDNA and internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1, ITS2) sequences. The molecular analyses did not support the monophyly of A. tosichella because the outgroup A. tulipae (Keifer, 1938) is grouped within WCM. The molecular datasets indicated the existence of distinct lineages within WCM, with the distances between lineages corresponding to interspecific divergence. Morphological analyses failed to clearly separate WCM populations and lineages, but completely separated A. tulipae from A. tosichella. The results suggest that what has been recognised historically as a single species is, in fact, a complex of several genetically isolated evolutionary lineages that demonstrate potential as cryptic species. Hence, their discrimination using solely morphological criteria may be misleading. These findings are particularly significant because of the economic importance of WCM as a direct pest and vector of plant viruses.

scholarly journals Linking morphological and molecular sources to disentangle the case of Xylodon australis

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Fernández-López ◽  
M. Teresa Telleria ◽  
Margarita Dueñas ◽  
Mara Laguna-Castro ◽  
Klaus Schliep ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Single Species ◽  
R Package ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Historical Collections ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Kinship Relations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Different Sources

AbstractThe use of different sources of evidence has been recommended in order to conduct species delimitation analyses to solve taxonomic issues. In this study, we use a maximum likelihood framework to combine morphological and molecular traits to study the case of Xylodon australis (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) using the locate.yeti function from the phytools R package. Xylodon australis has been considered a single species distributed across Australia, New Zealand and Patagonia. Multi-locus phylogenetic analyses were conducted to unmask the actual diversity under X. australis as well as the kinship relations respect their relatives. To assess the taxonomic position of each clade, locate.yeti function was used to locate in a molecular phylogeny the X. australis type material for which no molecular data was available using morphological continuous traits. Two different species were distinguished under the X. australis name, one from Australia–New Zealand and other from Patagonia. In addition, a close relationship with Xylodon lenis, a species from the South East of Asia, was confirmed for the Patagonian clade. We discuss the implications of our results for the biogeographical history of this genus and we evaluate the potential of this method to be used with historical collections for which molecular data is not available.

scholarly journals Disentangling relationships among eastern Mediterranean Cymbalaria including description of a novel species from the southern Peloponnese (Greece)

2021 ◽  
Vol 307 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pau Carnicero ◽  
Núria Garcia-Jacas ◽  
Llorenç Sáez ◽  
Theophanis Constantinidis ◽  
Mercè Galbany-Casals
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Aegean Islands ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic

AbstractThe eastern Mediterranean basin hosts a remarkably high plant diversity. Historical connections between currently isolated areas across the Aegean region and long-distance dispersal events have been invoked to explain current distribution patterns of species. According to most recent treatments, at least two Cymbalaria species occur in this area, Cymbalaria microcalyx and C. longipes. The former comprises several intraspecific taxa, treated at different ranks by different authors based on morphological data, evidencing the need of a taxonomic revision. Additionally, some populations of C. microcalyx show exclusive morphological characters that do not match any described taxon. Here, we aim to shed light on the systematics of eastern Mediterranean Cymbalaria and to propose a classification informed by various sources of evidence. We performed molecular phylogenetic analyses using ITS, 3’ETS, ndhF and rpl32-trnL sequences and estimated the ploidy level of some taxa performing relative genome size measures. Molecular data combined with morphology support the division of traditionally delimited C. microcalyx into C. acutiloba, C. microcalyx and C. minor, corresponding to well-delimited nrDNA lineages. Furthermore, we propose to combine C. microcalyx subsp. paradoxa at the species level. A group of specimens previously thought to belong to Cymbalaria microcalyx constitute a well-defined phylogenetic and morphological entity and are described here as a new species, Cymbalaria spetae. Cymbalaria longipes is non-monophyletic, but characterized by being glabrous and diploid, unlike other eastern species. The nrDNA data suggest at least two dispersals from the mainland to the Aegean Islands, potentially facilitated by marine regressions.

scholarly journals Combination of nuclear and mitochondrial markers as a useful tool to identify Ctenophthalmus species and subspecies (Siphonaptera: Ctenophthalmidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Zurita ◽  
Cristina Cutillas
Keyword(s):  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Molecular Study ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Molecular Approach ◽  
Nuclear Marker ◽  
Mitochondrial Markers ◽  
Morphological Criteria ◽  
Mtdna Markers

AbstractCtenophthalmus is considered the largest genus within the Order Siphonaptera. From a morphological point of view, only males of this genus can be identified at species and subspecies levels using morphological keys, whereas there are no morphological criteria in order to classify females at these taxonomical levels. Furthermore, the amount of available molecular and phylogenetic data for this genus is quite scarce so far. The main objective of this work was to assess the utility of the combination of nuclear and mitochondrial markers with respect to their ability to differentiate among different subspecies within the Ctenophthalmus genus. With this purpose, we carried out a comparative morphological and molecular study of three different subspecies (Ctenophthalmus baeticus arvernus, Ctenophthalmus nobilis dobyi, and Ctenophthalmus andorrensis catalaniensis) in order to clarify and discuss its taxonomic status. In addition, our study complemented the molecular data previously provided for Ctenophthalmus baeticus boisseauorum and Ctenophthalmus apertus allani subspecies. We sequenced five different molecular markers: EF1-α, ITS1, ITS2, cox1, and cytb. Our results confirmed that morphological data by themselves are not able to discriminate among Ctenophthalmus female taxa; however, the combination of the nuclear marker EF1-α together with mtDNA markers cytb and cox1 constituted a useful taxonomical and phylogenetic tool to solve this issue. Based on these results, we consider that the use of this molecular approach should be gradually used within Ctenophthalmus genus in order to complement its classical taxonomy and clarifying the complex taxonomy of other congeneric species of fleas.

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