Outcome of cataract surgery in diabetic patients

Introduction. The association between diabetes and cataract formation has been shown in many clinical studies. Development of cataract occurs more frequently and at an earlier age in diabetic patients. Due to the increasing prevalence of diabetes worldwide, the incidence of diabetic cataracts steadily rises. While the overall outcomes of cataract surgery are excellent, patients with diabetes may have poorer vision outcomes than those without diabetes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the visual outcomes (visual acuity and visual function), intraoperative and postoperative complications of cataract surgery, and to assess the final surgical outcomes. Material and Methods. The prospective study included 128 patients (133 eyes) with cataract and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 2 at least 5 years prior to cataract surgery, operated at the Eye Clinic, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad. A full medical history included patients? age, the time since the diagnosis of diabetes, current management of diabetes, blood pressure and assessment of glycemic control using glycosylated hemoglobin. All patients underwent complete ophthalmological examination before cataract surgery, and were re-examined 7 days, one and six months after the surgery. Results. The mean age of patients at the time of surgery was 63.5 years (SD ? 6.5, range 57 - 70 years) with mean duration of diabetes 8.5 years. The glycosylated haemoglobin level in the group treated with insulin was 6.8 vs. 8.2 in patients on oral medications (p < 0.05). Diabetes mellitus was accompanied by other systemic diseases in 81 patients (63.28%), whereas 45 of 133 operated eyes (33.83%) had other ocular diseases. Intraoperative complications occurred in 20 of 133 operated eyes (15%): posterior capsular rupture with vitreous loss, intraoperative miosis, iris hemorrhage and suprachoroidal hemorrhage. Conclusion. Cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation is an effective and safe surgical procedure in diabetic patients, and sight threatening complications are rare. Our study confirmed that visual acuity after surgery in diabetic patients depends on the severity of diabetic retinopathy at the time of surgery.

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Effect of Different Factors on Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Levels Among Diabetes Mellitus Patients

10.53350/pjmhs2115123513 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (12) ◽

pp. 3513-3515

Author(s):

Bader Alsuwayt

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Glycated Hemoglobin ◽

Glycosylated Hemoglobin ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Study Results ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Insulin Use ◽

Low Rate ◽

Statin Use ◽

Hba1c Levels

Aim: To describe the rate of the controlled level of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) among diabetes mellitus patients in Dammam city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). To assess the association between the status of HbA1c and the different patient-related factors namely: insulin use, metformin, dyslipidemia, and statin use. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed at Security Forces Hospital, Dammam, KSA, between November 2020 and February 2021. A sample of two hundred known diabetic patients who were regularly followed up at the outpatient department (OPD) was selected randomly for the current study. Results: A very low rate (24%) of controlled HbA1C levels in patients with diabetes (type 1 DM and type 2 DM), The data showed that 85 % of all participants in our study are T2DM patients, while only 15% are T1DM patients, Our data showed that patients with dyslipidemia, hypothyroidism, or hypertension have a high level of uncontrolled HbA1C levels. Surprisingly, both dyslipidemia and statin use were predictors of uncontrolled HbA1C, Unexpectedly, non-metformin use has a protective effect toward controlling HbA1C, While insulin use is a strong predictor of uncontrolled HbA1C (OD 5.20). Conclusion: A low rate of controlled glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level among patients with diabetes (T1DM and T2DM) in our sample urges the need for immediate intervention to investigate and improve the current findings. Further investigations are needed to fully explain the high rate of uncontrolled HbA1c among insulin, metformin and statins users. Keywords: Glycated hemoglobin, HbA1c, Diabetes mellitus, Statins, Metformin.

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Abstract 15681: Endothelial Dysfunction, Arterial Stiffness and Inflammation Are Associated With Visual Impairment in Diabetic Patients

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.130.suppl_2.15681 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽

Author(s):

Nikolaos Gouliopoulos ◽

Gerasimos Siasos ◽

Marilita Moschos ◽

Dimitrios Tousoulis ◽

Evangelos Oikonomou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Visual Acuity ◽

Arterial Stiffness ◽

Endothelial Function ◽

Visual Impairment ◽

Vascular Function ◽

Glycosylated Hemoglobin ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Reactive Protein

Introduction: Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) leading to deterioration of vision. Hypothesis: We investigated the possible association of vascular function and inflammation with visual acuity in subjects with DM. Methods: We enrolled 100 consecutive subjects with DM. Patients were divided in those with DR (53 subjects, mean age 68±9) and those with no evidence of DR (NDR) (mean age 66±6). The diagnosis of DR was made by ophthalmoscopy and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was measured in both eyes. A BCVA less than 0.8 was considered as severely impaired. Endothelial function was evaluated by flow mediated dilation (FMD) in the brachial artery and arterial stiffness was evaluated by carotid femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV). C reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin 6 (IL6) levels were measured. Results: Patients with DR compared to NDR patients had impaired FMD (3.42±1.08% vs. 5.39±1.47%, p<0.001), impaired PWV (11.10±3.11m/sec vs. 9.02±2.13m/sec, p=0.001) and worse BCVA (p<0.001). Moreover in DM subjects, BCVA was positively correlated with FMD, creatinine clearance, and inversely correlated with PWV, glycosylated hemoglobin levels, C- reactive protein levels, IL6 levels, age and with duration of diabetes mellitus (p<0.01 for all). Interestingly, after adjustment for age, smoking habits and the aforementioned confounders, FMD, IL6 levels, DM duration and male gender were independently associated with BCVA (p<0.05 for all). Moreover, ROC curve analysis revealed that both impaired FMD (AUC=0.79, p<0.001) and PWV (AUC=0.8, p<0.001) have a significant diagnostic ability in detecting diabetic subjects with severely impaired BCVA. More precisely, FMD less than 4.5% has a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 60%, while PWV over 10.0 m/sec has a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 68%, for the diagnosis of severely impaired BCVA. Conclusion: Patients with DR have significantly impaired visual acuity witch is associated with impaired vascular function and inflammation. Moreover, both endothelial function and arterial stiffness were high sensitivity predictors of visual impairment highlighting their potential role on the prevention and management of the complications in diabetes mellitus.

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Perfil sociodemográfico, condiciones de salud y atención a personas con diabetes

Revista Ciencia y Cuidado ◽

10.22463/17949831.1108 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 22

Author(s):

Meiby Lorena Rojas-Castañeda ◽

Rosa Del Carmen Coral-Ibarra ◽

Luz Dalila Vargas-Cruz

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Health Care ◽

Medical Records ◽

Glycosylated Hemoglobin ◽

Health Conditions ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Demographic Profile ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

The Impact

Objetivo: Analizar el perfil sociodemográfico, condiciones de salud y atención a personas con diabetes, a partir de la revisión de historias clínicas. Materiales y Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal. La población fue de 821 historias clínicas de pacientes con diabetes mellitus. En total la muestra fue de 230 historias clínicas por método aleatorio simple. Se utilizó el instrumento Impacto en la Condición de Salud y Calidad de Vida de las Atenciones de Salud en Pacientes Diabéticos Tipo 2 de Macul, que evalúa el perfil sociodemográfico, las condiciones de salud y el tipo de atención otorgada. Resultados: 39 % de los pacientes presentó el valor de la última hemoglobina glicosilada mayor de 12 %, el 41,3 % no presentó ningún riesgo de pie diabético, 46,9 % tuvo diagnóstico de obesidad y el 23,9 % presentó sobrepeso. El porcentaje de cumplimiento de citas al mes por parte del médico y la enfermera fue del 100 %, a diferencia del control por parte de la nutricionista que debe realizase cada 6 meses, sólo se registró un cumplimiento del 71,7 %. No se encontró relación estadísticamente significativa entre asistencia al programa con adherencia al tratamiento, o con compensación de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: los pacientes con diabetes a pesar de estar en un programa de atención integral, no tienen un óptimo control glicémico, lo cual sugiere la revisión del cumplimiento del régimen terapéutico por parte de los profesionales de la salud para prevenir complicaciones que se puedan presentar a corto, mediano o largo plazo.PALABRAS CLAVE: atención a la salud, complicaciones crónicas, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, enfermedad crónica.SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE, HEALTH CONDITIONS AND ATTENTION TO PEOPLE WITH DIABETES.ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the socio-demographic profile, health conditions and attention to people with diabetes from a review of medical records. Materials and Methods: cross-sectional descriptive study. The population was of 821 medical records of patients with diabetes mellitus. In total the sample was of 230 medical records through a simple aleatory method. The Impact instrument was used in the Health Condition and Life Quality of the Health Care in Diabetic Patients Type 2 from Macul, that evaluates the socio-demographic profile, the health conditions and the type of attention given. Results: 39% of the patients presented the value of the last glycosylated hemoglobin greater than 12%, 41,3% did not present any risks of diabetic foot, 46,9% had an obesity diagnose and 23,9% presented overweight. The doctor and the nurse percentage of compliance of appointments per month was 100%, as opposed to the control by the nutritionist that must be performed every 6 months, only a of 71,1% of compliance was registered. A statistically significant relationship was not found between compliance to the program and treatment adherence, or with compensation for the disease. Conclusions: patients with diabetes despite of being in a program of comprehensive care, do not have an optimal glycemic control, which suggests a review of the compliance of the therapeutic regime by the health professionals to prevent complications that may occur in a short, medium, or long term.KEYWORDS: health care, chronic complications, diabetes mellitus type 2, chronic disease. PERFIL SÓCIO DEMOGRÁFICO, CONDIÇÕES DE SAÚDE E CUIDADOS PARA AS PESSOAS COM DIABETESRESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o perfil sócio demográfico, condições de saúde e cuidados para as pessoas com diabetes a partir da revisão de histórias clínicas. Materiais e Métodos: estudo descritivo transversal. A população foi de 821 historias clínicas de pacientes com diabetes mellitus. Em total a amostra foi de 230 historias clínicas por método aleatório simples. Utilizou-se o instrumento Impacto na Condição de Saúde e Qualidade de Vida das Assistências Médicas em Pacientes Diabéticos Tipo 2 de Macul, que avalia o perfil sócio demográfico, as condições de saúde e o tipo de atendimento recebido. Resultados: 39% dos pacientes apresentaram o valor da última hemoglobina glicada (Hb A1c) maior de 12%, o 41,3% não apresentou nenhum risco de pé diabético, 46,9% tiveram diagnóstico de obesidade e o 23,9% apresentaram excesso de peso. A porcentagem de cumprimento de consultas ao mês por parte do médico e a enfermeira foi do 100%, a diferença do controle por parte da nutricionista que deve realizar-se a cada 6 meses, apenas registrou-se um cumprimento do 71,7%. Não se encontrou relação estatisticamente significativa entre assistência ao programa com aderência ao tratamento, ou com compensação da doença. Conclusões: os pacientes com diabetes a pesar de estar num programa de atendimento integral, não tem um óptimo controle glicémico, o qual sugere a revisão do cumprimento do regime terapêutico por parte dos professionais da saúde para prevenir complicações que se possam apresentar a curto, médio ou longo prazo. Palavras-chave: assistência médica, complicações crónicas, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, doença crónica.

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The State of Ferritin in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Type II/Iraq

International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology ◽

10.25258/ijddt.9.4.34 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (04) ◽

pp. 711-714

Author(s):

Ezzate H. Ajeena ◽

Mohammad A. Alfawaz ◽

Alaa S. Tajaldeen ◽

Sami R. Alkatib

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Glycosylated Hemoglobin ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Sharp Decrease ◽

Diabetes Mellitus Type ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Type Ii ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Diabetes Mellitus Type Ii ◽

Patients With Diabetes

This study aims to examine the effects of anemia on patients with diabetes mellitus type II (DM). The cross-sectional study included 75 patients with (DM). They were divided into two groups according to the presence of anemia. The first group includes 50 diabetic patients suffering from anemia, while the second group contains only 25 patients with diabetes only. There was no specification in gender; the patients included both sexes and their ages were above 20 years. A blood sample was collected from each patient to measure (fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin, glycosylated hemoglobin, and ferritin). The results revealed an increase in anemia in females with diabetes mellitus more than males while the levels of HbA1c was on the contrary; it increased in males and decreased in females. A significant negative correlation is confirmed between ferritin and HbA1c in anemic diabetic women. Diabetic patients suffering from anemia recorded a sharp decrease in the levels of ferritin compared with patients with diabetes only. In conclusion, the incidence of anemia increase in diabetic patients with increased levels of HbA1c.

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Antioxidant and calcium levels in mature and immature diabetic cataract lens

International Journal of Life Sciences ◽

10.3126/ijls.v6i1.5290 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 56-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K Deepa ◽

BK Manjunatha Goud ◽

MN Suma ◽

RN Devaki ◽

M Nandini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Cataract Surgery ◽

Mature Stage ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Complication Rates ◽

Diabetic Cataract ◽

Type 2 Diabetics ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Cataract Development

Cataract is considered a major cause of visual impairment in diabetic patients as the incidence and progression of cataract is elevated in patients with diabetes mellitus. The pathogenesis of diabetic cataract development is still not fully understood. Due to increasing numbers of type 1 and type 2 diabetics worldwide, the incidence of diabetic cataracts steadily rises. Even though cataract surgery, the most common ophthalmic procedure worldwide, is an effective cure, the elucidation of patho- mechanisms to delay or prevent the development of cataract in diabetic patients remains a challenge. Furthermore, patients with diabetes mellitus have higher complication rates from cataract surgery. Both diabetes and cataract pose an enormous health and economic burden, particularly in developing countries, where diabetes treatment is insufficient and cataract surgery often inaccessible. Hence the objective of the study was to assess the antioxidant levels and calcium levels in different stages of cataract. Our study showed a significant reduction in lens antioxidant activity with significantly increased calcium levels in mature stage of cataract, suggesting decreased antioxidant activity plays an important role in diabetic cataract by causing deposition of calcium in lens. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v6i1.5290

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Intramuscular Nerve and Neuromuscular Junction Alteration In Extraocular Muscles of Diabetic Mice

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100120102 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. 682-683

Author(s):

Bruce R. Pachter

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Peripheral Nerves ◽

Sudden Onset ◽

Extraocular Muscles ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Oculomotor Palsy ◽

Third Nerve Palsy ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Intramuscular Nerve ◽

Oculomotor Nerves

Diabetes mellitus is one of the commonest causes of neuropathy. Diabetic neuropathy is a heterogeneous group of neuropathic disorders to which patients with diabetes mellitus are susceptible; more than one kind of neuropathy can frequently occur in the same individual. Abnormalities are also known to occur in nearly every anatomic subdivision of the eye in diabetic patients. Oculomotor palsy appears to be common in diabetes mellitus for their occurrence in isolation to suggest diabetes. Nerves to the external ocular muscles are most commonly affected, particularly the oculomotor or third cranial nerve. The third nerve palsy of diabetes is characteristic, being of sudden onset, accompanied by orbital and retro-orbital pain, often associated with complete involvement of the external ocular muscles innervated by the nerve. While the human and experimental animal literature is replete with studies on the peripheral nerves in diabetes mellitus, there is but a paucity of reported studies dealing with the oculomotor nerves and their associated extraocular muscles (EOMs).

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A preliminary study on diabetes self-management education and glycemic control among patients with diabetes mellitus

Journal of Nursing Education and Practice ◽

10.5430/jnep.v9n9p98 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 98 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kisokanth G. ◽

Indrakumar J. ◽

Prathapan S. ◽

Joseph J. ◽

Ilankoon I.M.P.S.

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Glycemic Control ◽

Management Education ◽

Self Management ◽

Rank Test ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Effective Measure ◽

Before And After ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Preliminary Study

This study was aimed to assess the effectiveness of diabetes self-management education (DSME) in the improvement of glycemic control among patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in Batticaloa District, Sri Lanka. The study was a prospective interventional study and conducted as a preliminary study at medical clinic, Base hospital, Kaluwanchikudy, Batticaloa. Thirty patients with T2DM were included based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. A structured individual diabetes self-management education for 10 hours (one hour per week) was delivered to diabetic patients by the trained Nurse Health Educator. Glycosylate hemoglobin (HbA1c) was assessed as a main outcome measure and Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), Body Mass Index (BMI) of each patient were also measured and recorded before and after the intervention. The respondent rate was 96.7% (n = 29). Majority of them were females (n = 25, 86.2%). A Wilcoxon signed rank test showed that DSME had a statistically significant reduction in HbA1c [8.60 (IQR 2.60) vs. 7.40 (IQR 2.10), p = .000] and FBS level [159.00 (IQR 77.50) vs. 134.00 (IQR 40.50), p = .002] at 3 months of intervention. The mean BMI at baseline was higher compared to 3 months of intervention [24.88 (SD ± 3.06) vs. 24.19 (SD ± 2.79)] which was statistically significant (p = .000). Majority of participants (n = 22, 75.9%) had improved their HbA1c level by ≥ 0.5% in 3 months. The diabetes self-management education is an effective measure in improving glycemic control and other clinical parameters among patients with T2DM. Thus, DSME needs to be implemented among clinic patients with T2DM for the better outcome and the preventions of complications.

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When Uncontrolled Diabetes Mellitus and Severe COVID-19 Converge: The Perfect Storm for Mucormycosis

Journal of Fungi ◽

10.3390/jof7040298 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 298

Author(s):

Teny M. John ◽

Ceena N. Jacob ◽

Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Clinical Features ◽

The Other ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Epidemiological Factors ◽

Uncontrolled Diabetes ◽

Diagnostic Certainty ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Perfect Storm

Mucormycosis (MCR) has been increasingly described in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) but the epidemiological factors, presentation, diagnostic certainty, and outcome of such patients are not well described. We review the published COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAMCR) cases (total 41) to identify risk factors, clinical features, and outcomes. CAMCR was typically seen in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) (94%) especially the ones with poorly controlled DM (67%) and severe or critical COVID-19 (95%). Its presentation was typical of MCR seen in diabetic patients (mostly rhino-orbital and rhino-orbital-cerebral presentation). In sharp contrast to reported COVID-associated aspergillosis (CAPA) cases, nearly all CAMCR infections were proven (93%). Treating physicians should have a high suspicion for CAMCR in patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and severe COVID-19 presenting with rhino-orbital or rhino-cerebral syndromes. CAMR is the convergence of two storms, one of DM and the other of COVID-19.

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Diabetes Mellitus—A Risk Factor for Unfavourable Outcome in COVID-19 Patients—The Experience of an Infectious Diseases Regional Hospital

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare9070788 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 788

Author(s):

Egidia Miftode ◽

Larisa Miftode ◽

Ioana Coman ◽

Cristian Prepeliuc ◽

Maria Obreja ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Scientific Data ◽

Risk Category ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Direct Effects ◽

Unfavourable Outcome ◽

Strong Connection ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Patients With Diabetes

Early research into the implications concerning the evolution of the infection caused by the new coronavirus in people with glucose metabolism dysfunction, in this case diabetics, shows that severe forms of the disease predominate in this risk category. Moreover, it seems that even in patients with normal glycaemic status, COVID-19 may predispose to the development of hyperglycaemia which modulates immune mechanisms and inflammatory responses, with direct effects on morbidity and mortality. Thus, taking into account these scientific data, as well as the increased frequency of diabetes in the general population, we aimed to assess the risk of an unfavourable outcome of diabetic patients, which is in a strong connection with the presence and severity of pulmonary disease such as interstitial pneumonia/bronchopneumonia, as well as the effectiveness of Tocilizumab administration. The results of our study indicate a three-fold higher risk of death in patients with diabetes and COVID-19 (RR = 3.03; IC95%: 2.37–3.86; p = 0.001),compared to nondiabetic patients, and the risk of developing severe forms of acute respiratory failure was 1.5 times higher in the first studied category. In conclusion, we can say that the diabetic diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection is more predisposed to immunological and organic dysfunctions that may ultimately result in death, and treatment with monoclonal anti-IL-6 antibodies was more effective in diabetic patients than non-diabetics (p < 0.05). The effectiveness of Tocilizumab was significant in both studied groups, but diabetic patients responded better to this therapy compared to non-diabetes-mellitus (DM) ones (76.7% vs. 35% p = 0.001).

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Screening Strategy of Pancreatic Cancer in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

Diagnostics ◽

10.3390/diagnostics10080572 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 572

Author(s):

Suguru Mizuno ◽

Yousuke Nakai ◽

Kazunaga Ishigaki ◽

Kei Saito ◽

Hiroki Oyama ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Pancreatic Cancer ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Screening Strategy ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Reverse Causality ◽

Pilot Studies ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

High Risk Populations ◽

New Onset

The incidence of pancreatic cancer (PCa) is increasing worldwide and has become one of the leading causes of cancer-related death. Screening for high risk populations is fundamental to overcome this intractable malignancy. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is classically known as a risk factor for PCa. Recently the reverse causality is in the spotlight, that is to say, DM is considered to be a manifestation of PCa. Numbers of epidemiological studies clarified that new-onset DM (≤2-year duration) was predominant in PCa patients and the relative risk for PCa inversely correlated with duration of DM. Among patients with new-onset DM, elder onset, weight loss, and rapid exacerbation of glycemic control were reported to be promising risk factors and signs, and the model was developed by combining these factors. Several pilot studies disclosed the possible utility of biomarkers to discriminate PCa-associated DM from type 2 DM. However, there is no reliable biomarkers to be used in the practice. We previously reported the application of a multivariate index for PCa based on the profile of plasma free amino acids (PFAAs) among diabetic patients. We are further investigating on the PFAA profile of PCa-associated DM, and it can be useful for developing the novel biomarker in the near future.

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