Assessment of decarbonisation scenarios for the residential buildings of Serbia

Thermal energy demand in the residential building sector represents a big challenge for Serbia. In order to understand how to reduce this demand, and thereby avoiding GHG gas emissions, a bottom-up simulation model was developed. The model built the business-as-usual and two decarbonization scenarios up to 2030. For each scenario, such results as useful and final energy consumption, associated CO2 emissions, energy costs, investment costs and others were prepared at each level of the building stock segmentation. To develop such a detailed model, the topology of the residential building stock was developed and used as an input. For each individual building type, three retrofit packages of different stringency were analyzed. The paper delivers several important messages for the decarbonization of Serbia. First, it argues that the level of thermal energy services consumed by Serbian households is inadequate to address their needs. Second, the households of Serbia are likely to consume more wood than it was reported by national energy balances. Third, thermal energy efficiency retrofits can significantly reduce household energy demand at the same time as offering higher thermal comfort. However, the required investments are high and therefore benefits beyond energy cost savings should also be considered in order to make the transition to the low energy building stock economically feasible. This article has been corrected. Link to the correction <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/TSCI181228017E">10.2298/TSCI181228017E</a>

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Evaluating Energy Demand and Energy Efficiency Programs in Saudi Residential Buildings

10.30573/ks--2020-mp05 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad Aldubyan ◽

Moncef Krarti ◽

Eric Williams

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Housing Stock ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Residential Building ◽

Residential Energy ◽

Building Stock ◽

Residential Building Stock ◽

The Impact ◽

Existing Housing

This paper describes the development of the Residential Energy Model (REEM) for Saudi Arabia using an engineering bottom-up approach. The model can assess energy demand for the current residential building stock and the impact of energy efficiency and demand-side management programs. It accounts for the makeup and features of the Kingdom’s existing housing stock using 54 prototypes of residential buildings defined by three building types, three vintages, and six locations representing different climatic zones.

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TOPOI RESOURCES: Quantification and Assessment of Global Warming Potential and Land-Uptake of Residential Buildings in Settlement Types along the Urban–Rural Gradient—Opportunities for Sustainable Development

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13084099 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 4099

Author(s):

Ann-Kristin Mühlbach ◽

Olaf Mumm ◽

Ryan Zeringue ◽

Oskars Redbergs ◽

Elisabeth Endres ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Global Warming ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Global Warming Potential ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Residential Building ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Building Stock ◽

Residential Building Stock ◽

Urban Rural

The METAPOLIS as the polycentric network of urban–rural settlement is undergoing constant transformation and urbanization processes. In particular, the associated imbalance of the shrinkage and growth of different settlement types in relative geographical proximity causes negative effects, such as urban sprawl and the divergence of urban–rural lifestyles with their related resource, land and energy consumption. Implicitly related to these developments, national and global sustainable development goals for the building sector lead to the question of how a region can be assessed without detailed research and surveys to identify critical areas with high potential for sustainable development. In this study, the TOPOI method is used. It classifies settlement units and their interconnections along the urban–rural gradient, in order to quantify and assess the land-uptake and global warming potential driven by residential developments. Applying standard planning parameters in combination with key data from a comprehensive life cycle assessment of the residential building stock, a detailed understanding of different settlement types and their associated resource and energy consumption is achieved.

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LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF TECHNICAL BUILDING SERVICES OF LARGE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING STOCKS USING SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS

ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-annals-vi-4-w1-2020-85-2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol VI-4/W1-2020 ◽

pp. 85-92

Author(s):

H. Harter ◽

B. Willenborg ◽

W. Lang ◽

T. H. Kolbe

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle Assessment ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Residential Building ◽

Building Stock ◽

3D City Models ◽

Methodical Approach ◽

Operational Energy ◽

City Models

Abstract. Reducing the demand for non-renewable resources and the resulting environmental impact is an objective of sustainable development, to which buildings contribute significantly. In order to realize the goal of reaching a climate-neutral building stock, it must first be analyzed and evaluated in order to develop optimization strategies. The life cycle based consideration and assessment of buildings plays a key role in this process. Approaches and tools already exist for this purpose, but they mainly take the operational energy demand of buildings and not a life cycle based approach into account, especially when assessing technical building services (TBS). Therefore, this paper presents and applies a methodical approach for the life cycle based assessment of the TBS of large residential building stocks, based on semantic 3D city models (CityGML). The methodical approach developed for this purpose describes the procedure for calculating the operational energy demand (already validated) and the heating load of the building, the dimensioning of the TBS components and the calculation of the life cycle assessment. The application of the methodology is illustrated in a case study with over 115,000 residential buildings from Munich, Germany. The study shows that the methodology calculates reliable results and that a significant reduction of the life cycle based energy demand can be achieved by refurbishment measures/scenarios. Nevertheless, the goal of achieving a climate-neutral building stock is a challenge from a life cycle perspective.

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A comparison of greenhouse gas emissions in the residential sector of major Canadian cities

Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering ◽

10.1139/cjce-2013-0465 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 285-293 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Eugene A. Mohareb ◽

Adrian K. Mohareb

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Energy Use ◽

Housing Stock ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Residential Building ◽

Carbon Intensity ◽

Building Stock ◽

Residential Sector ◽

Residential Building Stock

One of the most significant sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Canada is the buildings sector, with over 30% of national energy end-use occurring in buildings. Energy use must be addressed to reduce emissions from the buildings sector, as nearly 70% of all Canada’s energy used in the residential sector comes from fossil sources. An analysis of GHG emissions from the existing residential building stock for the year 2010 has been conducted for six Canadian cities with different climates and development histories: Vancouver, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Toronto, Montreal, and Halifax. Variation across these cities is seen in their 2010 GHG emissions, due to climate, characteristics of the building stock, and energy conversion technologies, with Halifax having the highest per capita emissions at 5.55 tCO2e/capita and Montreal having the lowest at 0.32 tCO2e/capita. The importance of the provincial electricity grid’s carbon intensity is emphasized, along with era of construction, occupancy, floor area, and climate. Approaches to achieving deep emissions reductions include innovative retrofit financing and city level residential energy conservation by-laws; each region should seek location-appropriate measures to reduce energy demand within its residential housing stock, as well as associated GHG emissions.

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PREFABRICATED TIMBER PANELS APPLICATION POSSIBILITIES FOR THE ENERGY REFURBISHMENT OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS ENVELOPE IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA AND SLOVENIA

САВРЕМЕНА ТЕОРИЈА И ПРАКСА У ГРАДИТЕЉСТВУ ◽

10.7251/stp2014224g ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Darija Gajić ◽

Anna Sandak ◽

Slobodan Peulić ◽

Črtomir Tavzes ◽

Tim Mavrič

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Residential Building ◽

Building Envelope ◽

Hvac System ◽

The European Union ◽

Renewable Materials ◽

Building Stock ◽

Existing Building ◽

Residential Building Stock

System of prefabricated modules installed on the existing building envelope is one alternativesolution for deep energy refurbishment of buildings in the European Union. It allows thermalupgrade installation of new parts in the HVAC system. Moreover, some elements of the envelopecan be made of renewable materials. This research compares the residential building stock andidentifies potential types of buildings for energy refurbishment in Bosnia and Herzegovina andSlovenia. It presents refurbishment possibilities of existing residential building stock in bothcountries with prefabricated timber panels. It also presents potential obstacles to the widerapplication of this refurbishment solution.

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A Multilevel Procedure at Urban Scale to Assess the Vulnerability and the Exposure of Residential Masonry Buildings: The Case Study of Pordenone, Northeast Italy

Heritage ◽

10.3390/heritage3040080 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 1433-1468

Author(s):

Marco Vettore ◽

Marco Donà ◽

Pietro Carpanese ◽

Veronica Follador ◽

Francesca da Porto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Residential Buildings ◽

Fragility Curves ◽

Multicriteria Analysis ◽

Residential Building ◽

Mechanical Analysis ◽

Masonry Buildings ◽

Building Stock ◽

Damage Scenarios ◽

Residential Building Stock ◽

Definition Of

More than the 60% of the Italian residential building stock had already been built by 1974, when seismic codes were enforced on a minimal part of the country. Unreinforced masonry buildings represent most of that share, but they are typical for each region, in terms of both materials and structural configurations. The definition of ‘regional’, i.e., more specific, vulnerability and exposure models are required to improve existing forecast models. The research presents a new geographic information system (GIS)-based multilevel procedure for earthquake disaster prevention planning at urban scale; it includes multicriteria analysis, such as architectural types, structural vulnerability analysis, microzonation studies, and socio-economic aspects. The procedure has been applied to the municipality of Pordenone (PN), a district town of the Friuli–Venezia–Giulia region, in Northeast Italy. To assess the urban seismic risk, more than 5000 masonry residential buildings were investigated and common types within sub-municipal areas and exposure data were collected. Simplified mechanical analysis provided a ‘regional’ vulnerability model through typological fragility curves. The integration of results into GIS tool permitted the definition of cross-mapping among vulnerability, damage scenarios (conditional and unconditional) and exposure (seismic losses, casualties, impact), with respect to various earthquake intensities expected in the town. These results are presented at different scales: from the single building, to submunicipal area and to the entire town.

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Exploring the Energy Implication of Urban Density in Residential Buildings

Journal of Applied Engineering Sciences ◽

10.1515/jaes-2017-0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 7-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Soufiane Boukarta ◽

Ewa Berezowska

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Residential Building ◽

Holistic Approach ◽

Building Stock ◽

Urban Density ◽

Spatial Approach ◽

Residential Building Stock ◽

Gas Consumption

AbstractIn the context of the Algerian energy policy, and through the review of the Algiers’ residential building stock, this paper explores the correlation between the energy consumption of gas and electricity with urban density. Based on a holistic approach of the 57 Algiers’ municipalities, the analysis is organized in two ways. Firstly, the spatial approach is conducted within a GIS implementation, carried out based on the 2013 aggregated annual energy consumption data. The cross analysis of Electricity and Gas consumption and density of population within a GIS spatial distribution approach shows effectively a strong correlation between urban density and energy consumption with a Pearson correlation of −56% and −65% of the Electricity and Gas consumption in the urban municipalities, respectively. Also, the household located in the suburban municipalities consume clearly more energy than the urban centered ones. Based on the electricity and gas consumption, density and carbon footprint we have clustered, within a PCA, the Algiers’ municipalities into three profiles: the “thrifty”, the “intermediate” and the “wasteful” profile.

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Assessment of the Energy Savings Potential in the Residential Building Stock in Bosnia and Herzegovina

South East European Journal of Architecture and Design ◽

10.3889/seejad.2017.10029 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nermina Zagora ◽

Mladen Burazor ◽

Erdin Salihović

Keyword(s):

Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽

Energy Savings ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Residential Building ◽

Building Stock ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Research Activities ◽

The Status ◽

Residential Building Stock ◽

The Individual

This paper intends to bring attention of both scientific and general audience to the status quo of the existing, residential building stock in Bosnia and Herzegovina, highlighting its energy savings potential. The research results presented in this text may be applicable on two levels: on a larger scale, the policy makers may use this data in the process of development of strategic and EE measures implementation plans, while, on a smaller scale, the individual users may gain practical insight into the benefits of energy saving measures and implement them in their own households. Moreover, the exposed data may be subject to further evaluations, studies and comparisons, while the presented methodology can be used by other researchers in countries where there have not been research activities on the existing residential buildings stock from the EE perspective.

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Selection of Favourable Concept of Energy Retrofitting Solution for Social Housing in the Czech Republic Based on Economic Parameters, Greenhouse Gases, and Primary Energy Consumption

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11226482 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (22) ◽

pp. 6482

Author(s):

Katerina Sojkova ◽

Martin Volf ◽

Antonin Lupisek ◽

Roman Bolliger ◽

Tomas Vachal

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Residential Building ◽

Primary Energy ◽

Primary Energy Consumption ◽

Building Stock ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Residential Building Stock

Energy retrofitting of existing building stock has significant potential for the reduction of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Roughly half of the CO2 emissions from Czech building stock are estimated to be allocated to residential buildings. Approximately one-third of the Czech residential building stock have already been retrofitted, but retrofitting mostly takes place in large cities due to greater income. A favourable concept for the mass retrofitting of residential building stock, affordable even in low-income regions, was of interest. For a reference building, multi-criteria assessment of numerous retrofitting measures was performed. The calculation involved different building elements, materials, solutions, and energy-efficiency levels in combination with various heating systems. The assessment comprised environmental impact, represented by operational and embodied primary energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, and investment and operational costs using the annuity method. Analysis resulted in the identification of favourable retrofitting measures and showed that complex building retrofitting is advantageous from both a cost and an environmental point of view. The environmental burden could be decreased by approximately 10–30% even without photovoltaic installation, and costs per year could be decreased by around 40%.

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Energy Retrofitting Effects on the Energy Flexibility of Dwellings

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12142788 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (14) ◽

pp. 2788 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Francesco Mancini ◽

Benedetto Nastasi

Keyword(s):

Energy Demand ◽

Production Systems ◽

Residential Building ◽

Energy Transition ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Heat Pumps ◽

Building Envelope ◽

Hot Water ◽

Building Stock ◽

Residential Building Stock

Electrification of the built environment is foreseen as a main driver for energy transition for more effective, electric renewable capacity firming. Direct and on-time use of electricity is the best way to integrate them, but the current energy demand of residential building stock is often mainly fuel-based. Switching from fuel to electric-driven heating systems could play a key role. Yet, it implies modifications in the building stock due to the change in the temperature of the supplied heat by new heat pumps compared to existing boilers and in power demand to the electricity meter. Conventional energy retrofitting scenarios are usually evaluated in terms of cost-effective energy saving, while the effects on the electrification and flexibility are neglected. In this paper, the improvement of the building envelope and the installations of electric-driven space heating and domestic hot water production systems is analyzed for 419 dwellings. The dwellings database was built by means of a survey among the students attending the Faculty of Architecture at Sapienza University of Rome. A set of key performance indicators were selected for energy and environmental performance. The changes in the energy flexibility led to the viable participation of all the dwellings to a demand response programme.

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