scholarly journals Trichinella and trichinellosis in Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edoardo Pozio
Keyword(s):  
Meat Products ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Management Control ◽  
Meat Inspection ◽  
The Body ◽  
Developmental Cycle ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
Pig Management ◽  
Zoonotic Parasites

Background: Trichinellosis, the proper term for the human zoonotic disease is caused by nematodes of the genus Trichinella. These zoonotic parasites show a cosmopolitan distribution in all the continents but Antarctica. They circulate in nature by synanthropic-domestic and sylvatic cycles that are correlated with each other. Today, nine species and three genotypes are recognized in this genus, all of which infect mammals, including humans, while one species also infects birds, and two other species also infect reptiles. Scope and Approach: To review the recent literature on these pathogens, which are unusual among the other nematodes in that the worm undergoes a complete developmental cycle, from larva to adult to larva, in the body of a single host, which has a profound influence on the epidemiology of trichinellosis as a zoonosis. When the cycle is complete, the muscles of the infected animal contain a reservoir of larvae capable of long-term survival. Humans and other hosts become infected by ingesting muscle tissues containing viable larvae. Key Findings and Conclusions: The main source of human infection is raw or under-cooked meat products from pig, wild boar, bear, walrus, and horses, but meat products from other animals have been implicated. Both pre-slaughter prevention and post-slaughter control can be used to prevent Trichinella infections in animals. The first involves pig management control in high containment level farms as well as continuous surveillance programs. Meat inspection is a successful post-slaughter strategy. However, continuous consumer education is of great importance in countries where meat inspection is not mandatory.

Trichinellosis

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edoardo Pozio
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Management Control ◽  
Meat Inspection ◽  
The Body ◽  
Developmental Cycle ◽  
Term Survival

Trichinellosis is caused by nematodes of the genus Trichinella. These zoonotic parasites show a cosmopolitan distribution in all the continents, but Antarctica. They circulate in nature by synanthropic-domestic and sylvatic cycles. Today, eight species and four genotypes are recognized, all of which infect mammals, including humans, one species also infects birds, and two other species infect also reptiles.Parasites of the genus Trichinella are unusual among the other nematodes in that the worm undergoes a complete developmental cycle, from larva to adult to larva, in the body of a single host, which has a profound influence on the epidemiology of trichinellosis. When the cycle is complete, the muscles of the infected animal contain a reservoir of larvae, capable of long-term survival. Humans and other hosts become infected by ingesting muscle tissuescontaining viable larvae.The symptoms associated with trichinellosis vary with the severity of infection, i.e. the number of viable larvae ingested, and the time after infection. The capacity of the worm population to undergo massive multiplication in the body is a major determinant. Progression of disease follows the biological development of the parasite. Symptoms are associated first with the gastrointestinal tract, as the worms invade and establish in the small intestine, become more general as the body responds immunologically, and finally focus on the muscles as the larvae penetrate the muscle cells and develop there. Although Trichinella worms cause pathological changes directly by mechanical damage, most of the clinical features of trichinellosis are immunopathological in origin and can be related to the capacity of the parasite to induce allergic responses.The main source of human infection is raw or under-cooked meat products from pig, wild boar, bear, walrus, and horses, but meat products from other animals have been implicated. In humans, the diagnosis of infection is made by immunological tests or by direct examination of muscle biopsies using microscopy or by recovery of larvae after artificial digestion. Treatment requires both the use of anthelmintic drugs to kill the parasite itself and symptomatic treatment to minimize inflammatory responses.Both pre-slaughter prevention and post-slaughter control can be used to prevent Trichinella infections in animals. The first involves pig management control as well as continuous surveillance programmes. Meat inspection is a successful post-slaughter strategy. However, a continuous consumer education is of great importance in countries where meat inspection is not mandatory.

scholarly journals PECULIARITIES OF TRICHINELLA LARVAE DISTRIBUTION IN BADGERS’ MUSCLES THAT INHABIT IN AMUR REGION

2019 ◽  
pp. 171-176
Author(s):  
T. I. Trukhina ◽  
I. A. Solovieva ◽  
G. A. Bondarenko ◽  
D. A. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Meat Products ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Amur Region ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Regional Center ◽  
Eating Meat ◽  
Muscle Groups

Trichinellosis is a parasitic disease that affects animals and humans. Trichinella is a causative agent seen as a small round worm invisible to the eye. Trichinellosis affects pets and wild animals. Pigs, horses, dogs and synanthropic rats are seen to suffer from the disease more often among the domestic animals, and bears, wild boars, foxes, badgers and others – among the wild ones. . Human infection takes place when eating meat and meat products as raw dried homemade sausages and ham, kebabs, fried meat and other meat products contaminated with trichinell larvae. Infestation of wild animals is caused by predation or eating of dead animals. Pets are infected by eating slaughter products, food scraps and dead animals (rats). Trichinella are preserved in the animal muscles for some years. Badgers populations are seen as one of trichinosis reserves in Amur region. To determine specific features of trichinella larvae distribution in the lean tissue, the researchers explored the materials of 21 badgers from different areas of Amur region. The researchers used the heads or separate muscle groups for conducting the research. This is explained by remote location of many districts from the regional center. Trichinella larvae were detected by compressor trichinelloscopy and digestion in artificial gastric juice. The analysis showed that the number of trichinell larvae in the same muscle group does not depend on the side of the animal’s body, i.e. their number is almost identical on both the left and right sides. Invasion rate (IR) was defined as ratio of the number of infected animals to the total number of animals explored (in percentage). Invasion intensity (II) was determined by the number of trichinell larvae in 1 g of lean tissue (lye/g). The same method was used to investigate the distribution of trichinella larvae in 15 muscle groups of a badger. Invasion intensity in the infected animals was 14.3%. The largest number of trichinella larvae in a badger is concentrated in the head muscles, and there are no significant differences from the body part. The authors recommend to explore the badger carcasses and muscle sampling mainly from the head.

Scanning electron microscopy of freeze-fractured prescapular lymph node of caprine

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 244-245
Author(s):  
O. Faroon ◽  
F. Al-Bagdadi ◽  
T. G. Snider ◽  
C. Titkemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Lymphatic System ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
The Body ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Cellular Constituent ◽  
Scanning Electron

The lymphatic system is very important in the immunological activities of the body. Clinicians confirm the diagnosis of infectious diseases by palpating the involved cutaneous lymph node for changes in size, heat, and consistency. Clinical pathologists diagnose systemic diseases through biopsies of superficial lymph nodes. In many parts of the world the goat is considered as an important source of milk and meat products.The lymphatic system has been studied extensively. These studies lack precise information on the natural morphology of the lymph nodes and their vascular and cellular constituent. This is due to using improper technique for such studies. A few studies used the SEM, conducted by cutting the lymph node with a blade. The morphological data collected by this method are artificial and do not reflect the normal three dimensional surface of the examined area of the lymph node. SEM has been used to study the lymph vessels and lymph nodes of different animals. No information on the cutaneous lymph nodes of the goat has ever been collected using the scanning electron microscope.

scholarly journals Influence of Postoperative Changes in Sarcopenia on Long-Term Survival in Non-Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2410
Author(s):  
Chungyeop Lee ◽  
In-Ja Park ◽  
Kyung-Won Kim ◽  
Yongbin Shin ◽  
Seok-Byung Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Metastatic Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
The Body ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Postoperative Changes ◽  
Asan Medical ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Patients

The effect of perioperative sarcopenic changes on prognosis remains unclear. We conducted a retrospective cohort study with 2333 non-metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated between January 2009 and December 2012 at the Asan Medical Center. The body composition at diagnosis was measured via abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT) using Asan-J software. Patients underwent CT scans preoperatively, as well as at 6 months–1 year and 2–3 years postoperatively. The primary outcome was the association between perioperative sarcopenic changes and survival. According to sarcopenic criteria, 1155 (49.5%), 890 (38.2%), and 893 (38.3%) patients had sarcopenia preoperatively, 6 months–1 year, and 2–3 years postoperatively, respectively. The 5-year overall survival (OS) (95.8% vs. 92.1%, hazard ratio (HR) = 2.234, p < 0.001) and 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) (93.2% vs. 86.2%, HR = 2.251, p < 0.001) rates were significantly lower in patients with preoperative sarcopenia. Both OS and RFS were lower in patients with persistent sarcopenia 2–3 years postoperatively than in those who recovered (OS: 96.2% vs. 90.2%, p = 0.001; RFS: 91.1% vs. 83.9%, p = 0.002). In multivariate analysis, postoperative sarcopenia was confirmed as an independent factor associated with decreased OS and RFS. Pre- and postoperative sarcopenia and changes in the condition during surveillance were associated with oncological outcomes.

scholarly journals Sex and gender differences in nutrition research: considerations with the transgender and gender nonconforming population

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitney Linsenmeyer ◽  
Jennifer Waters
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Nutrition Interventions ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Gender Nonconforming ◽  
Nutrition Research ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
And Gender

AbstractA sex- and gender-informed approach to study design, analysis and reporting has particular relevance to the transgender and gender nonconforming population (TGNC) where sex and gender identity differ. Notable research gaps persist related to dietary intake, validity and reliability of nutrition assessment methods, and nutrition interventions with TGNC populations. This is due in part to the conflation of sex and gender into one binary category (male or female) in many nutrition surveillance programs worldwide. Adoption of the Sex and Gender Equity In Research (SAGER) guidelines and the two-step method of querying sex and gender has the potential to exponentially increase the body of research related to TGNC health.

scholarly journals Anatomic features of horse and manchurian wapiti

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 06044
Author(s):  
Nadezhda Momot ◽  
Yulia Kolina ◽  
Igor Kamliya ◽  
Svetlana Terebova ◽  
Tatiana Timofeeva
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
The Body ◽  
Anatomic Structure ◽  
Illegal Hunting ◽  
Mandatory Requirement ◽  
Meat Species ◽  
Parameters Analysis ◽  
Meat Samples ◽  
Organoleptic Parameters

Carrying out a sanitary and veterinary expertise is a mandatory requirement which is necessary for the admission of livestock products, meat in particular, to sale. When carrying veterinary and sanitary expertise we often come up the attempts of meat products adulteration, for example when livestock meat is replaced to wild one and vice versa. Most often such adulteration cases are the results of illegal hunting. The purpose of our work is study horse and Manchurian wapiti carcasses anatomic features. The main methods of meat species determine are analysis of carcass appearance, organoleptic parameters analysis, laboratory tests as well as analysis and feature examination of anatomic structure of the inspected carcass. To determine meat species we applied methods of comparative and anatomic examination, organoleptic parameters analysis of meat samples, and laboratory tests. The suggested methods of examination can be used not only for determination of the whole animal carcasses species, but for small parts of the body. It is of great importance in conducting forensic and veterinary researches, when the number of parts can be finite. Maximal efficiency can be achieved only with complex use of enumerated methods.

scholarly journals Viruses in food products

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (103) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
O. S. Kalinina
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Food Contaminants ◽  
Rotavirus A ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
The Family ◽  
Contaminated Food

Data on viral food contaminants that are actually or potentially capable of realizing the food route of infection are presented. The main sources of infection of food with viruses are named: human waste / faeces, contaminated food processing facilities, animals-carriers of zooanthroponotic infections. The groups of viruses transmitted through food are characterized: 1) gastroenteritis pathogens – Sapporo and Norwalk viruses from the family Caliciviridae; Rotavirus A from the family Reoviridae; Mammastroviruses 1, 6, 8 and 9 from the family Astroviridae; Human mastadenovirus F from the family Adenoviridae; Aichivirus A from the family Picornaviridae; 2) Hepatovirus A from the family Picornaviridae and Orthohepevirus A from the family Hepeviridae (with replication in the liver); 3) viruses with replication in the human intestine, which after generalization of the infection affect the CNS – Еnteroviruses B and C from the family Picornaviridae. The stability and survival time of viruses in the environment and food are shown. The main ways of transmission of viruses that are able to enter the human body through infected foods are considered. Influenza A (H1N1) virus has been identified as a possible contaminant in pork and chicken, which without heat treatment can pose a potential risk of human infection. The ability of classical and African swine fever pathogens to remain viable after industrial processing of meat or raw meat has been shown. Families of viruses whose zoopathogenic representatives can contaminate meat products (beef, pork, chicken) are named: Parvoviridae, Anelloviridae, Circoviridae, Polyomaviridae, Smacoviridae. To determine the possible latent infection of people with these viruses, it is necessary to test sera for the presence of specific antibodies. The detection of gyroviruses of the family Anelloviridae and huchismacoviruses of the family Smacoviridae in human faeces may be due to the consumption of infected chicken meat. Data on extraction and concentration methods and methods of virus detection in contaminated food products: PCR (reverse transcription and real-time), ELISA, IСA, electron microscopy, virus isolation in transplanted cell cultures with subsequent identification in serological reactions, NR, IFА, ELISA) or PCR.

scholarly journals A quantitative risk assessment for the occurrence of campylobacter in chickens at the point of slaughter

2001 ◽  
Vol 127 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. HARTNETT ◽  
L. KELLY ◽  
D. NEWELL ◽  
M. WOOLDRIDGE ◽  
G. GETTINBY
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Assessment Model ◽  
Poultry Flock

A quantitative risk assessment model investigating the risk of human infection with campylobacter from the consumption of chicken meat/products is currently being formulated. Here such an approach is used to evaluate the probability that a random bird, selected at slaughter from Great Britain's national poultry flock, will be campylobacter-positive. This is determined from the probability that a flock chosen at random contains at least one colonized bird and the within-flock prevalence of such a flock at slaughter. The model indicates that the probability bird chosen at random being campylobacter-positive at slaughter is 0·53. This probability value has associated uncertainty, the 5th percentile being 0·51 and the 95th percentile 0·55. The model predicts that delaying the age at first exposure to campylobacter can have a significant impact on reducing the probability of a bird being campylobacter-positive at slaughter. However, implementation of current biosecurity methods makes this difficult to achieve.

scholarly journals Salmonellae in abattoirs, butchers' shops and home-produced meat, and their relation to human infection

1964 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Meat Product ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Working Party ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Laboratory Service ◽  
The Public ◽  
Phage Types

In 1961 and 1962 a Working Party of the Public Health Laboratory Service, in which twenty-two laboratories participated, investigated the occurrence of salmonellae in abattoirs, meat factories, butchers' shops and meat products, and their association with human infections.Thirty-two abattoirs were studied. Salmonellae were isolated from 930 (21%) of 4496 swabs of abattoir drains. There was great variation between different abattoirs, but in general salmonellae were found most frequently in those which slaughtered a high proportion of cattle and a low proportion of sheep; more sero-types were isolated from bacon factories than from abattoirs which slaughtered more than one species of animal. Of 11,347 tissue specimens collected at abattoirs, 218 (1·92%) yielded salmonellae.Drain swabs from butchers' shops were examined and 73 (6·5%) of 1117 swabs were positive. Meat and meat products were less commonly contaminated but 0·8% of 4127 samples yielded salmonellae.Salmonella typhimurium was the serotype isolated most frequently from all sources. It was often shown that the same serotypes or phage-types were occurring in abattoirs and in human cases in an area at the same time. In eight food-poisoning incidents, involving a total of 281 cases and excreters, there was convincing evidence that meat or a meat product was the vehicle of infection; in a further twenty-three incidents the organisms causing disease were isolated from sources which suggested that infection might have been meat-borne.The evidence collected suggests that cattle introduce salmonellae into abattoirs more often than other species of animals. The importance of pigs as a source of human infection is confirmed. Sheep are not a source of salmonella infection in man from meat and meat products, whereas meat from pigs, cattle and calves is a source of infection and is responsible for both sporadic cases and outbreaks of disease.We wish to thank the many medical officers of health who co-operated in this study. The public health inspectors and abattoir staffs who collected the specimens are too numerous to mention by name, but their invaluable assistance is most gratefully acknowledged. Among the medical officers who assisted us in the survey were: Dr A. Armit (Bridport M.B. and R.D.), Prof. D. B. Bradshaw (Leeds C.B.), Dr C. B. Crane (York C.B.), Dr J. Douglas (Bradford C.B.), Dr A. B. R. Finn (Guildford M.B.), Dr R. A. Good (Winchester M.B.), Dr G. B. Hopkins (Wimborne and Cranborne R.D.), Dr E. W. Kinsey (Caernarvon M.B.), Dr I. B. Lawrence (Dorchester M.B. and R.D.), Dr R. A. Leader (Ipswich C.B.), Dr Mary Lennox (Barry M.B.), Dr V. P. McDonagh (Keighley M.B.), Dr H. E. Nutten (Beccles M.B.), Dr G. O'Donnell (Worcester C.B.), Dr E. J. O'Keeffe (Wareham M.B. and Wareham and Purbeck R.D.), Dr N. F. Pearson (Sturminster Newton R.D.), Dr W. P. Phillips (Cardiff C.B.), Dr T. H. Pierce (Llandudno U.D.), Dr J. L. Rennie (Carlisle C.B.), Dr C. L. Sharp (Bedford M.B.), Dr E. F. Shennan (Evesham U.D.), Dr J. Stevenson-Logan (Southend-on-Sea C.B.), Dr D. W. Wauchob (Blackpool C.B.), Dr J. Walker (Lancashire C.C.), Dr J. V. Walker (Darlington C.B.), Dr R. B. Walker (Kingsbridge R.D.), Dr E. J. Gordon Wallace (Weymouth M.B.), Dr C. Robertson Wilson (Lancashire C.C.), Dr E. M. Wright (Salisbury M.B.), Dr Alfred Yarrow (South East Essex).

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