Public Agencies and Private Agencies

1924 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-48
Author(s):  
James D. Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Public Agencies ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Corporations ◽  
Public Corporation ◽  
Fundamental Distinction ◽  
Private Corporations ◽  
Legal Entities

Is there any fundamental distinction between so-called “public” and “private” agencies, officers, institutions, corporations, associations, persons—legal entities and quasi-entities of all sorts? It is the theory of the courts that such a distinction exists, but their attempts through a maze of decisions logically to establish a principle of distinction have been futile.Several bases of distinction have been adopted by the courts, including, first, the purpose or interest involved. “An office … seems to comprehend every charge or employment in which the public is interested.” Thus “private corporations are those which are created for the immediate benefit and advantage of individuals…. Public corporations are those which are created for public purposes.”However, it is held that the whole interest in the corporation must be public to make it a public corporation. “Public corporations are political corporations or such as are founded wholly for public purposes and the whole interest in which is in the public. The fact of the public having an interest in the works or property or the object of a corporation, does not make it a public corporation.”

scholarly journals Is the US Public Corporation in Trouble?

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 67-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen M. Kahle ◽  
René M. Stulz
Keyword(s):  
Cash Holdings ◽  
Capital Expenditures ◽  
Public Firms ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Corporations ◽  
Current State ◽  
Public Company ◽  
The Us ◽  
Public Corporation

We examine the current state of the US public corporation and how it has evolved over the last 40 years. After falling by 50 percent since its peak in 1997, the number of public corporations is now smaller than 40 years ago. These corporations are now much larger and over the last twenty years have become much older; they invest differently, as the average firm invests more in R&D than it spends on capital expenditures; and compared to the 1990s, the ratio of investment to assets is lower, especially for large firms. Public firms have record high cash holdings and, in most recent years, the average firm has more cash than long-term debt. Measuring profitability by the ratio of earnings to assets, the average firm is less profitable, but that is driven by smaller firms. Earnings of public firms have become more concentrated—the top 200 firms in profits earn as much as all public firms combined. Firms' total payouts to shareholders as a percent of earnings are at record levels. Possible explanations for the current state of the public corporation include a decrease in the net benefits of being a public company, changes in financial intermediation, technological change, globalization, and consolidation through mergers.

scholarly journals Preference of farmers towards private and public extension services

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 659-663
Author(s):  
Jasvinder Kaur ◽  
Joginder S. Malik ◽  
P. S. Shehrawat ◽  
Sushila Dahiya ◽  
Quadri Javeed Ahmed Peer
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Public Agencies ◽  
Statistical Tools ◽  
Extension Services ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Extension Agencies ◽  
Tick Mark

The main purpose of this study was to know the preference of farmers for different services provided by private and public extension agencies. In recent times involvement of private extension agencies has been increased in agricultural sector and up to some extent it has sidelined the public extension agencies, but public extension agencies have potential to do better and to reach farmers at their best. In view of this, present study was undertaken to find out the farmers’ preference towards public and private extension services in Ambala, Kurukshetra, Karnal, Hisar and Fatehabad districts of Haryana state. From each district two blocks were selected randomly and from each block two villages were selected. A manageable size of 10 farmers was selected from each village thus making total sample size of 200 farmers. Various aspects related to agricultural services provided by both public and private agencies were identified and response were obtained by putting a tick mark as per farmers’ preference for private and public agencies. On the basis of statistical tools like rank and mean score, results showed that farmers had great preference for ‘Input supply’ in private extension as compared to public extension followed by ‘Infrastructure facilities’. While for ‘Consultancy and diagnosis services’, ‘Information’ and ‘Technical services’, public extension was preferred as over the private extension.

Civil Society, Corporate Accountability and the Politics of Climate Change

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 122-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Newell
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Corporate Accountability ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Civil Regulation ◽  
Contemporary Politics ◽  
Global Regime ◽  
Private Corporations ◽  
Private Actors

This article uses the lens of accountability to explore the shifting strategies of a range of civil society groups in their engagement with key actors in the global regime on climate change. It first reviews traditional strategies aimed at increasing the ‘public accountability’ of governments and UN bodies for agreed actions on climate change. This approach is then compared with the growing tendency to pursue the accountability of private corporations with respect to climate change. These strategies aim, among other things, to promote ‘civil regulation’: that is, governance of the private sector through civil society oversight. The final part of the article reflects on the possibilities and limitations of civil society actors performing such accountability roles in the contemporary politics of climate change and suggests key challenges for future climate advocacy. It argues that success in enhancing the accountability of public and private actors on the issue of climate change has been highly uneven and reflects both the effectiveness of the strategies adopted and the responsiveness of the target actors and institutions.

The Public Sphere

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Family Values ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Corporations ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
The Social ◽  
State And Society ◽  
The Public Sphere

According to Habermas, there were two incarnations of the “public,” or as the English translation renders it “public sphere,” under the Ancien Régime. The first arose during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, when the royal state gradually absorbed powers and rights previously exercised by semi-public corporations, localities, and individuals. This institutional reshuffling, in Habermas's view, entailed a fresh division between the “public” and “private” realms. “Public,” according to Habermas, came to mean state-related and denoted the sphere occupied by a “bureaucratic apparatus with regulated spheres of jurisdiction” that exerted “a monopoly over the legitimate use of coercion.” “Private,” by contrast, denoted the sphere occupied by those who held no office and were for that reason “excluded from any share in public authority.” Beginning in the late seventeenth century, Habermas argued, a second “public sphere” took shape “within the tension-charged field between state and society” According to Habermas, the social nature of this new “bourgeois public sphere” allowed for the public articulation of previously private bourgeois family values in public settings.

Commentary: Managerial Anthropology and Public Policy

1995 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 26-28
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Government Programs ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Employment ◽  
Private Corporations

Managerial anthropology is not a new field. There have been managerial anthropologists in the public sector for at least five decades, and there are an increasing number today in both public and private employment. Managerial anthropologists help administer government programs and manage private corporations by participating in policy development and by implementing and evaluating decisions based on policy.

A Case for Company-Specific Public Disclosure of Corporate Tax Returns

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Morris
Keyword(s):  
Tax Reform ◽  
Tax Compliance ◽  
Public Disclosure ◽  
Corporate Tax ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Public Companies ◽  
The Public ◽  
Fiduciary Responsibility ◽  
Tax Returns ◽  
Private Corporations

ABSTRACT Tax returns of both public and private corporations are protected from IRS disclosure by Internal Revenue Code §6103. Historically, most arguments against public disclosure of tax information were aimed at personal returns. This article evaluates arguments both opposing and favoring company-specific public disclosure of corporate tax returns, focusing on public companies and federal government contractors. Among reasons against disclosure are the fear that (1) it will add to, rather than reduce, confusion about corporate accounting and tax practices, (2) compliance will be reduced as companies seek to hide details of their revenue and expenses, and (3) proprietary information, including trade secrets, will be disclosed. Among reasons favoring disclosure are the (1) results of a national survey, (2) improvement of tax compliance, (3) limited value of privacy given that it does not cover disagreements with the IRS that wind up in court, (4) fiduciary responsibility corporations owe to the public, and (5) tendency of increased transparency to intensify public pressure for tax reform. Based on this analysis, it is argued that the benefits to be gained by increasing disclosure—especially encouraging tax reform—outweigh the objections raised, which either lack empirical basis or may be met with available remedies.

‘Socialist Realism’

2019 ◽  
pp. 103-126
Author(s):  
Daniel Ritschel
Keyword(s):  
Economic Planning ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Mixed System ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
War Economy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Corporation ◽  
Post War ◽  
New Generation

Though it is often suggested that the Labour Party did not think seriously about socialist economic policy until after the debacle of 1931, there was in fact a remarkably sophisticated body of innovative economic thought on the left of the Party late in the 1920s. Fashioned by prominent left-wing intellectuals, including G. D. H. Cole, H. N. Brailsford, and John Strachey, their ideas anticipated many of the policies that were to define Labour economics over the next two decades, including a proto-Keynesian reflationary strategy for expansion of the slumping post-war economy, centralized economic planning in a ‘mixed’ system of public and private enterprise, and even a detailed outline of the public corporation as a model for the management of socialized industries. Their contributions failed to make an impact in 1929–31 mainly because of the inflexible resistance to all socialist advice by the MacDonald–Snowden leadership, and then their own unfortunate association with Mosley’s ill-fated rebellion in 1930–1. However, their ideas would influence the new generation of Labour economists among the New Fabians of the 1930s.

Differences Between Public and Private Rehabilitation Services & the Professionals Who Staff Them

1983 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne C. Howell
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Vocational Rehabilitation ◽  
Rehabilitation Counseling ◽  
Rehabilitation Services ◽  
Master's Level ◽  
Public Agencies ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Training Opportunities

Historically master's level programs in rehabilitation counseling produced trained graduates, many of whom became employed in state Divisions of Vocational Rehabilitation. In recent years an increased number of these experienced public sector counselors have switched from public to private sector employment which offers better salary incentives, training opportunities, smaller caseloads and a new sense of professional esteem. Some difficulty in job adjustment was reported by the seven counselors interviewed because of the differing philosophies and practices found in private rehabilitation companies. Despite these detriments, the trend away from the public sector is expected to continue as government budgetary cutbacks progress. Public agencies may need to develop and re-emphasize employment incentives to stall the exodus of trained counselors from the public to private sector of rehabilitation.

CONSUMO DE ALIMENTOS PROCESSADOS E ULTRAPROCESSADOS POR ESCOLARES DE ARROIO DO TIGRE, RS

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-164
Author(s):  
Rubiane Inara Wagner ◽  
Patrícia Molz ◽  
Camila Schreiner Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Public School ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Private School ◽  
Food Habits ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cereal Bars

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a frequência do consumo de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados e verificar a associação entre estado nutricional por adolescentes do ensino público e privado do município de Arroio do Tigre, RS. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com adolescentes, com idade entre 10 e 15 anos, de uma escola pública e uma privada de Arroio do Tigre, RS. O estado nutricional foi avaliado pelo índice de massa corporal. Aplicou-se um questionário de frequência alimentar contendo alimentos processados e ultraprocessados. A amostra foi composta por 64 adolescentes com idade média de 12,03±1,15 anos, sendo 53,1% da escola pública. A maioria dos adolescentes encontravam-se eutróficos (p=0,343), e quando comparado com o consumo de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados, a maioria dos escolares eutróficos relataram maior frequência no consumo de balas e chicletes (50,0%) e barra de cereais (51,0%), de 1 a 3 vezes por semana (p=0,004; p=0,029, respectivamente). Houve também uma maior frequência de consumo de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados como pizza (73,5%; p0,001), refrigerante (58,8%; p=0,036) e biscoito recheado (58,8%; p=0,008) entre 1 a 3 vezes por semana na escola pública em comparação a escola privada. O consumo de suco de pacote (p=0,013) foi relatado não ser consumido pela maioria dos alunos da escola particular em comparação a escola pública. Os dados encontrados evidenciam um consumo expressivo de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados pelos adolescentes de ambas as escolas, destacando alimentos com alto teor de açúcar e sódio.Palavras-chave: Hábitos alimentares. Adolescentes. Alimentos industrializados. ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to compare the frequency of consumption of processed and ultraprocessed foods and to verify the association between nutritional status by adolescents from public and private schools in the municipality of Arroio do Tigre, RS. This was a cross-sectional study conducted with adolescents, aged 10 to 15 years, from a public school and a private school in Arroio do Tigre, RS. Nutritional status was assessed by body mass index. A food frequency questionnaire containing processed and ultraprocessed foods was applied. The sample consisted of 64 adolescents with a mean age of 12.03±1.15 years, 53.1% of the public school. Most of the adolescents were eutrophic (p=0.343), and when compared to the consumption of processed and ultraprocessed foods, most eutrophic schoolchildren reported a higher frequency of bullets and chewing gum (50.0%) and cereal bars (51.0%), 1 to 3 times per week (p=0.004, p=0.029, respectively). There was also a higher frequency of consumption of processed and ultraprocessed foods such as pizza (73.5%, p0.001), refrigerant (58.8%, p=0.036) and stuffed biscuit (58.8%, p=0.008) between 1 to 3 times a week in public school compared to private school. Consumption of packet juice (p=0.013) was reported not to be consumed by the majority of private school students compared to public school. Conclusion: The data found evidenced an expressive consumption of processed and ultraprocessed foods by the adolescents of both schools, highlighting foods with high sugar and sodium content.Keywords: Food Habits. Adolescents. Industrialized Foods.

Listening for the “Still Small Voice” of Mendelssohn’s Domestic Elijah

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-77
Author(s):  
Peter Mercer-Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Second Phase ◽  
Divine Presence ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Third ◽  
Interpretive Approach ◽  
Will To Live ◽  
Three Phases

The notion that there might be autobiographical, or personally confessional, registers at work in Mendelssohn’s 1846 Elijah has long been established, with three interpretive approaches prevailing: the first, famously advanced by Prince Albert, compares Mendelssohn’s own artistic achievements with Elijah’s prophetic ones; the second, in Eric Werner’s dramatic formulation, discerns in the aria “It is enough” a confession of Mendelssohn’s own “weakening will to live”; the third portrays Elijah as a testimonial on Mendelssohn’s relationship to the Judaism of his birth and/or to the Christianity of his youth and adulthood. This article explores a fourth, essentially untested, interpretive approach: the possibility that Mendelssohn crafts from Elijah’s story a heartfelt affirmation of domesticity, an expression of his growing fascination with retiring to a quiet existence in the bosom of his family. The argument unfolds in three phases. In the first, the focus is on that climactic passage in Elijah’s Second Part in which God is revealed to the prophet in the “still small voice.” The turn from divine absence to divine presence is articulated through two clear and powerful recollections of music that Elijah had sung in the oratorio’s First Part, a move that has the potential to reconfigure our evaluation of his role in the public and private spheres in those earlier passages. The second phase turns to Elijah’s own brief sojourn into the domestic realm, the widow’s scene, paying particular attention to the motivations that may have underlain the substantial revisions to the scene that took place between the Birmingham premiere and the London premiere the following year. The final phase explores the possibility that the widow and her son, the “surrogate family” in the oratorio, do not disappear after the widow’s scene, but linger on as “para-characters” with crucial roles in the unfolding drama.

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