Rejoinder to Oppenheim's “Comment”

1971 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 1117-1118
Author(s):  
Donald VanDeVeer
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
General Criterion ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Cognitive Significance ◽  
The Road ◽  
Noam Chomsky ◽  
Carl Hempel ◽  
The One ◽  
Cognitive Meaning ◽  
Do So

I do not think that Professor Oppenheim and I are any nearer agreement, but perhaps the various forks in the road are clearer. I will try to be as fair, as clear, and to the point as Oppenheim has been. I will consider most, but not all, of his replies and will do so in the order he has followed.Oppenheim concedes that he is relying upon the principle that a sentence is cognitively significant if and only if (briefly) it is logically significant or empirically testable, and he claims that this principle is generally accepted by contemporary philosophers of science. I do not think it is generally accepted; indeed, on the page after the one quoted by Oppenheim, Carl Hempel states that he feels “less confident” that such a criterion can establish “sharp dividing lines” between “those sentences which do have cognitive significance and those which do not.” The proper estimate of the current situation is, I think, that whether a general criterion of “cognitive” meaning can be had, and if so, just what it is—are notoriously unsettled questions. If any estimate is correct, it is that among philosophers of language there is widespread suspicion of the neat distinctions between analytic/synthetic, a priori/a posteriori, cognitively meaningful/meaningless which prevailed prior to and during the 1950's. The work of W. V. O. Quine and Noam Chomsky has only muddied the waters further.

The Idea of Cause

Philosophy ◽  
1929 ◽  
Vol 4 (16) ◽  
pp. 453-466
Author(s):  
A. C. Ewing
Keyword(s):  
Single Case ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One ◽  
Material Bodies ◽  
Do So ◽  
Generalized Statement

Some modern thinkers have supposed that “cause” is an outworn notion, or at least that it is one of which modern science has no need. This is due mainly to the discovery that, while the scientist can give us general laws as to what in fact happens, he cannot help us to discern the reason for the laws or the inward nature of the forces on which they depend. He can tell us the “that” but not the “why”; he cannot show us in a single case that the effect follows necessarily a priori from the nature of the cause, that any other effect than the one which actually takes place would be logically impossible. He has studied the law of gravitation, but this law does not enable him to see why material bodies should attract each other in this fashion; it is only a generalized statement of the fact that they do. He knows that certain substances, if absorbed by eating, will nourish and others destroy our tissues; but he cannot say why they should do so. He can no doubt analyse them further and discover that, for example, meat is nourishing because it contains a large proportion of nitrogenous matter, but he could not tell a priori whether this nitrogenous matter would be likely to nourish or to poison us. Only where mathematics can be applied do we see necessity in such a way that any alternative becomes inconceivable to us; but mathematics alone can never establish from a quantity present here and now what quantity there will be at a later time or in another part of space. Mathematics can show, e.g., that, if there is 2 + 2 here and now, there must be 4 here and now, not that, if there is 2 + 2 here and now, there will be 4 in an hour's time or a mile away; and therefore it cannot be made the sole basis of any causal law whatever.

The Real World: Rethinking Immigration

1999 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rob Winthrop
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
The Road ◽  
Noam Chomsky ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
National Media ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

Many of us might aspire to become "public intellectuals," standing side-by-side with Noam Chomsky (for those on the left) or Bill Bennett (for those on the right), using the national media to scourge the politicians, guide the journalists, and correct the wayward public. Unfortunately, few are willing to do the requisite heavy lifting, mastering the details of particular policy debates and cultivating contacts with the relevant players, as first steps on the road to this intellectual Valhalla. As the American Anthropological Association's Task Force on Public Policy commented in its January 1998 report: "Cultural ambivalence within AAA is demonstrated in anthropologists' failure to engage in public policy issues on the one hand, and, on the other hand, anthropologists' indignation at not being consulted on policy issues perceived as being related to anthropology."

Le concept d'intégration en écologie appliquée

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilbert Long
Keyword(s):  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Horizontal Integration ◽  
Australian School ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The One

The concept of integration has a wide range of meanings. The author first tries to bring out the point of view of specialists in natural resources. Two approaches are described: on the one hand that proceeding from elementary disciplines or from the nature of variables and on the other hand the ecosystematic or global, multidisciplinary approach. In the first one, integration is made a posteriori by trial and error. More important developments are devoted to the second approach; integration is said to be holistic and proceeds from a priori hypotheses (geomorphological postulate of the Australian school or phytoecological postulate of the Centre d'Etudes Phytosociologiques et Ecologiques Louis Emberger de Montpellier) and a posteriori interpretations. The phyto-ecological approach is especially well developed (vertical vs. horizontal integration). Verified integration is that which proceeds from mathematical models, from historical data, or experimentation.Total integration takes into account contributions from "naturalists" as well as from "humanists."

scholarly journals The routes of critical metaphysics: Valentin Kanawrow’s contribution

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Enchev
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Transcendental Phenomenology ◽  
Human Experience ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Cognitive Significance ◽  
Actual Experience ◽  
Generative Mechanism ◽  
Original Approach ◽  
Present Text

ABSTRACT:The aim of the present text is to reflect on Kanawrow’s Tetralogy as an original approach to Kantian critcal metaphysics with a view to achieving the greatest clarity level of theoretical philosophising in formal and conceptual sense. Special light will be thrown here on some logical aspects of the transition from intentionality to intensionality. Transcendental synthesis is explicated toroughtly as a generative mechanism towards initially independent objectness: the virtual topos of thinking needs an emphasis on its metaphysically clarified purity. In accordance with my own approach the transition from a priori to a posteriori should be clearly explicated as a transition from intentionality to intensionality – to regional (actual) human experience which falls in the range of presumed open valences of thinking. The newly considered virtualistic phenomenon is in use in accordance with transcendentalising of actual experience. In addition, logical functionality of thinking receives a cognitive significance against our actual experience. That guarantees a variety of successful routes of transcendental schematism in its virtualistic version (transcendental phenomenology).KEYWORDSCRITICAL METAPHYSIC, VIRTUALISTIC METAPHYSICS, VIRTUAL TOPOS OF THINKING, UNLOCKING, DEVIRTUALISATION, TRANSCENDENTAL SYNTHESIS.RESUMENEl objetivo del presente texto es reflexionar sobre la tetralogía de Kanawrow como un enfoque original de la metafísica critica kantiana con el fin de alcanzar el mayor nivel de claridad de filosofar teórico en el sentido formal y conceptual. Se esclarecerán especialmente algunos aspectos lógicos de la transición de la intencionalidad hacia la intensionalidad. La síntesis trascendental se explica como un mecanismo generativo hacia la objetividad inicialmente independiente: el topos virtual de pensamiento necesita un énfasis en su pureza que es metafísicamente aclarada. De acuerdo con mi propio enfoque la transición de a priori a a posteriori debe estar claramente explicada como una transición de la intencionalidad a la intensionalidad - hacia la (real) experiencia regional humana que se encuentra en el rango de valencias abiertas presumidas del pensamiento. El considerado virtualistic phenomenon está en uso, de conformidad con transcendentalisacion de la experiencia actual. Además, la funcionalidad lógica del pensamiento recibe un significado cognitivo en contra de nuestra experiencia real. Estas consideraciones garantizan una variedad de rumbos exitosos del esquematismo trascendental en su versión virtualistica (fenomenología trascendental).PALABRAS CLAVESMETAFÍSICA CRÍTICA, METAFÍSICA VIRTUAL,TOPOS VIRTUAL DE PENSAMIENTO, DE VIRTUALIZACIÓN 

scholarly journals The PeaMUST project: defining ideotypes for the pea crop development

OCL ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. D604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Burstin ◽  
Catherine Rameau ◽  
Virginie Bourion ◽  
Nadim Tayeh
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Crop Development ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Public And Private Sector

Pea is the most widely cultivated grain legume crop in Europe. In the French research project PeaMUST, a large public and private sector partnership has been set up to undertake complementary strategies towards the development of high and stable yielding cultivars. These different strategies will contribute to the definition of a pea ideotype based on both a priori and a posteriori approaches. On the one hand, genomic selection will identify interesting genotypes which may display new phenotypic ideotypes. On the other hand, marker-assisted selection will enable cumulating resistance for a given or different stresses to reach more durably stable phenotypes. Moreover, mutations identified in candidate genes controlling aerial and root architecture will be tested for their effects on stress tolerance.

scholarly journals Konsep Umat Dalam Al-Quran : Menggali Nilai-Nilai Apriori Dan Aposteriori Sosial

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Ammar Fauzi
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Religious Belief ◽  
A Priori ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Muslim People ◽  
The One ◽  
Islamic Faith ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

<p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Although umat (<em>ummah</em>) has been standarized in the Indonesian vocabulary and will be easily found in the Qur’an, it seems that this term has not been commonly and uniquely emerging in the sociology and politics literatures in Bahasa Indonesia. As far as common sense and lexical meaning, the term of umat ordinarily connotes a kind of religious belief. However, how the concept of umat should be described in the view of the Quran? This paper examines that the islamic faith and thought could be an element that capture the diversity and differences of Muslim people into a core, i.e. the one umat (community) in its typical and complete sense encompassing a priori and a posteriori values.</p><p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>umat, leader, individu, social, fitrah, self-knowing, a priori, a posteriori<strong> </strong></em></p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Meskipun umat (<em>ummah</em>) telah terbakukan dalam Bahasa Indonesia dan akan dengan mudah dite-mukan dalam Al-Quran, tampaknya istilah ini belum secara umum dan unik muncul dalam literatur sosiologi dan politik Bahasa Indonesia. Sejauh pengertian umum dan makna leksikal, istilah umat biasanya berkonotasi dengan semacam keyakinan agama. Namun, bagaimana konsep umat itu sendiri dapat dijelaskan dalam pandangan Al-Quran? Makalah ini akan menimbang bagaimana keimanan dan pemikiran Islam bisa menjadi elemen yang merangkul keragaman dan perbedaan orang Muslim ke dalam satu inti, yaitu umat yang satu dalam artinya yang khas dan lengkap hingga meliputi nilai-nilai apriori dan aposteriori.</p><p><strong><em>Kata</em></strong><strong><em>-kata</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><strong><em>k</em></strong><strong><em>unci:</em></strong> <em>umat, pemimpin, individu, sosial, fitrah, mengenal-diri, apriori, aposteriori</em><strong><em></em></strong></p>

scholarly journals Konsep Umat Dalam Al-Quran : Menggali Nilai-Nilai Apriori Dan Aposteriori Sosial

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Ammar Fauzi
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Religious Belief ◽  
A Priori ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Muslim People ◽  
The One ◽  
Islamic Faith ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

<p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Although umat (<em>ummah</em>) has been standarized in the Indonesian vocabulary and will be easily found in the Qur’an, it seems that this term has not been commonly and uniquely emerging in the sociology and politics literatures in Bahasa Indonesia. As far as common sense and lexical meaning, the term of umat ordinarily connotes a kind of religious belief. However, how the concept of umat should be described in the view of the Quran? This paper examines that the islamic faith and thought could be an element that capture the diversity and differences of Muslim people into a core, i.e. the one umat (community) in its typical and complete sense encompassing a priori and a posteriori values.</p><p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>umat, leader, individu, social, fitrah, self-knowing, a priori, a posteriori<strong> </strong></em></p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Meskipun umat (<em>ummah</em>) telah terbakukan dalam Bahasa Indonesia dan akan dengan mudah dite-mukan dalam Al-Quran, tampaknya istilah ini belum secara umum dan unik muncul dalam literatur sosiologi dan politik Bahasa Indonesia. Sejauh pengertian umum dan makna leksikal, istilah umat biasanya berkonotasi dengan semacam keyakinan agama. Namun, bagaimana konsep umat itu sendiri dapat dijelaskan dalam pandangan Al-Quran? Makalah ini akan menimbang bagaimana keimanan dan pemikiran Islam bisa menjadi elemen yang merangkul keragaman dan perbedaan orang Muslim ke dalam satu inti, yaitu umat yang satu dalam artinya yang khas dan lengkap hingga meliputi nilai-nilai apriori dan aposteriori.</p><p><strong><em>Kata</em></strong><strong><em>-kata</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><strong><em>k</em></strong><strong><em>unci:</em></strong> <em>umat, pemimpin, individu, sosial, fitrah, mengenal-diri, apriori, aposteriori</em><strong><em></em></strong></p>

scholarly journals Paradoxes of Historical Memory in A. Tvardovsky’s Post-War Poems

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-197
Author(s):  
Ilya B. Nichiporov
Keyword(s):  
Historical Memory ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Historical Thinking ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Road ◽  
The People ◽  
Other World ◽  
Post War ◽  
The One

The article deals with the modern interpretation of four post-war poems by A.T. Tvardovsky: House by the Road, Beyond Distance, Tyorkin in the Other World, By Right of Memory , which were insufficiently studied in the previous research works. The main idea is focused on the artistic embodiment of historical thinking in these works. The main feature of these works is a contradictory combination of utopian consciousness and the dystopian mood of the lyric hero, who is pondering over personal and historical memory. The author concludes that Tvardovskys post-war poems capture the paradoxes of the historical thinking of a personality who, on the one hand, gets out of the influence of the dominant ideology, and on the other hand, demonstrates an apologetic attitude towards the key concepts and mythologems of totalitarian discourse. The hero of Tvardovskys later poems appears as a front-line soldier, an artist, a publicist, an analyst of modern times, a prescient; he wanders the roads of the past and present, at the crossroads of personal and historical memory, gets even to death, goes on believing in the mission of the political leaders, the a priori truth of the Country and the People inspired by dystopian impulses and sees mysteries of history through his destiny.

A priori/a posteriori

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinrich Schepers ◽  
Giorgio Tonelli ◽  
Rudolf Eisler
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
A Posteriori

Challenging Gender Hierarchies in Narratives of the Nation: Representations of Women in Zintgraff and the Battle of Mankon and Hard Choice

Imbizo ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Epongse Nkealah ◽  
Olutoba Gboyega Oluwasuji
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Gender Differentiation ◽  
Hard Choice ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Gender Hierarchies ◽  
The Face ◽  
The One ◽  
Representations Of Women ◽  
Do So

Ideas of nationalisms as masculine projects dominate literary texts by African male writers. The texts mirror the ways in which gender differentiation sanctions nationalist discourses and in turn how nationalist discourses reinforce gender hierarchies. This article draws on theoretical insights from the work of Anne McClintock and Elleke Boehmer to analyse two plays: Zintgraff and the Battle of Mankon by Bole Butake and Gilbert Doho and Hard Choice by Sunnie Ododo. The article argues that women are represented in these two plays as having an ambiguous relationship to nationalism. On the one hand, women are seen actively changing the face of politics in their societies, but on the other hand, the means by which they do so reduces them to stereotypes of their gender.

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