Peasants versus Capitalists in the Indian Sugar Industry: The Impact of the Irrigation Frontier

1985 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald W. Attwood
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
Western India ◽  
Commercial Agriculture ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
External Forces ◽  
The Third World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Plantation System

Has the organization of commercial agriculture in the Third World been shaped primarily by external forces from the world economy? This study of sugar production in northern and western India shows that industrialists were generally unable to impose a plantation system on the local peasantry, despite the great technical and economic advantages of doing so. Control of the land, in most cases, did not pass into the hands of industrialists. The organization of crop production remained almost unchanged in the north, while in the west, despite initial progress toward a plantation system, the local cultivators responded by taking control of the industry into their own hands. Thus, contrary to experience in much of the New World, Indian villagers did not become passive victims of the sugar industry; those in the west went even further, in taking over the industry themselves. The contrast between these regions can be explained in part by the temporary existence of an “irrigation frontier” in the west.

Problems of sustainability of production of the agro-industrial complex of the West Kazakhstan region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Б.Т. Базарова ◽  
Б.Қ. Копбулсынова ◽  
Ж.А. Аймешева ◽  
B. Bazarova ◽  
B. Kopbulsynova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
The West ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
West Kazakhstan ◽  
The Impact

Батыс Қазақстан облысындағы кәсіпорындардың эволюциясы экономикалық дамудың жалпы циклдік сипатына байланысты да, әр түрлі сыртқы және ішкі факторлардың осы салаға әсер етуінен, сондай-ақ даму процесінде сөзсіз ауытқулар салдарынан ауытқуларға ұшырайды. Батыс Қазақстан облысының аймақтық агроөнеркәсіптік кешенін тұрақты дамытудың басымдықтары талдау арқылы анықталуы керек. Зерттеудің мақсаты - Батыс Қазақстан облысының агроөнеркәсіптік кешенінің тиімді және тұрақты дамуын зерттеу болып табылады. Бұл тақырыпты зерттеу кезінде статистикалық-экономикалық әдіс, талдау және синтез қолданылды. Ауылшаруашылық кешенінің жеке аймақ ретінде тұрақты дамуы да, жалпы елдің де дамуы ауылшаруашылық кешенінің тұрақты қалыптасуынсыз мүмкін емес, себебі оның түпкі өнімі қайта өңдеу өнеркәсібі болып табылады, ал оның мақсаты - талаптарына сай халықты сапалы өніммен қамтамасыз ету. Талдау көрсеткендей, ауылшаруашылық өндірісінің қазіргі жағдайы, қолайсыз факторлардың әсерінің күшеюімен сипатталады, ең алдымен табиғи факторлардың өндірісінде, жалпы өсімдік шаруашылығы өнімінің жылдық айырмашылықтарын тудырады, және өз кезегінде мал шаруашылығындағы ауытқуларға әкеледі, сонымен қатар оның әсері өңдеуші салаларда сезіледі, ал бұл өнеркәсіптің шикізаты болып табылады. Зертеу барысында 2015 жылдан бастап Батыс Қазақстан облысының аумағында ауыл шаруашылығы өнімдері өндірісінің күрт төмендегені анықталды, бұл жалпы, сондай-ақ өсімдік шаруашылығы мен мал шаруашылығы салалары бойынша да өндіріс тұрақтылығының төмендеуіне әкелді, және ол бүгінгі күнге дейін жалғасуда. Агроөнеркәсіптік кешеннің шикізат саласындағы өндіріс тұрақтылығының төмендеуі қайта өңдеу өнеркәсібі өнімдерін өндіруде ауытқулардың артуына әкеліп соқтырды, бұның нәтижесінде халыққа азық-түлік өнімдерін ұсынуда тұрақсыздық пайда болды. Батыс Қазақстан облысының АӨК-ін оның салаларының өнімділігі мен кірістілігін арттыруға бағытталған одан әрі дамыту өндірісті жаңғыртуды және қайта жарақтандыруды, оның инфрақұрылымын дамытуды және салалық кластерлерді қалыптастыруды талап етеді. Кілт сөздер: агроөнеркәсіп кешені, тербеліс, аграрлық сектор, өндіріс, халық саны, агротехника, экономика, талдау, өнімдер, өсімдік шаруашылығы. The evolution of enterprise in the West Kazakhstan region is subject to fluctuations due to both the general cyclical nature of economic development and the impact of various external and internal factors on this industry, as also fluctuations unavoidable in the evolution process. The priorities for sustainable evolution of the regional agro-industrial complex of the West Kazakhstan region should be identified through analysis. The goal of the research is to study the effective and sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex of the West Kazakhstan region. Through studies this topic, the statistical-economic method, analysis and synthesis were used. Sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex of both a particular region and the country as a whole is impossible without the stable functioning of its core - agriculture, the final product of which is used by the processing industry, whose goal is to provide the population with high-quality products in volumes that meet their requirements. Current state of agricultural production, as the analysis shows, is characterized by an increase in the influence of unfavorable factors on production, first of all natural ones, which cause annual differences in the production of gross crop production, which, in turn, convey fluctuations to the livestock industry and, as a result, affects the processing industries. it is the raw material of the industry. In the course of the study, it was found that, since 2015, in the territory of the West Kazakhstan region, there has been a sharp decline in agricultural production, which led to a decrease in the stability of production in general, and in the fields of crop and livestock production, which continues to the present. A decrease in the sustainability of production in the raw materials sector of the agro-industrial complex entailed an increase in fluctuations in the production of products of the processing industry, which ultimately resulted in the emergence of an instability in the supply of food to the population. Further development of the agro-industrial complex of the West Kazakhstan region, aimed at increasing the productivity and profitability of its industries, requires the modernization and re-equipment of production, the development of its infrastructure and the formation of industry clusters.

Patterns in data of extreme droughts/floods and harvest grades derived from historical documents in eastern China during 801–1910

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhixin Hao
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Extreme Drought ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
The North ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Extreme Flood ◽  
The Impact

<p>In China, historical documents record a large quantity of information related to climate change and grain harvest. This information can help to explore the impacts of extreme drought or flood on crop production, which can provide implications for the adaptation of agriculture to higher-probability extreme climate in the context of global warming. In this paper, reported extreme drought/flood chronologies and reconstructed grain harvest series derived from historical documents were adopted in order to investigate the association between the reported frequency of extreme drought/flood in eastern China and reconstructed poor harvests during 801–1910. The results show that extreme droughts were reported more often in 801–870, 1031–1230, 1481–1530, and 1581–1650 over the whole of eastern China. On a regional scale, extreme droughts were reported more often in 1031–1100, 1441–1490, 1601–1650, and 1831–1880 in the North China Plain, 801–870, 1031–1120, 1161–1220, and 1471–1530 in Jianghuai, and 991–1040, 1091–1150, 1171–1230, 1411–1470, and 1481–1530 in Jiangnan. The grain harvest was reconstructed to be generally poor in 801–940, 1251–1650, and 1841–1910, but the reconstructed harvests were bumper in 951–1250 and 1651–1840, approximately. During the entire period from 801 to 1910, the frequency of reporting of extreme droughts in any subregion of eastern China was significantly associated over the long term with lower reconstructed harvests. The association between reported frequency of extreme floods and reconstructed low harvests appeared to be much weaker, while reconstructed harvest was much worse when extreme drought and extreme flood in different subregions were reported in the same year. The association between reconstructed poor harvests and reported frequency of regional extreme droughts was weak during the warm epoch of 920–1300 but strong during the cold epoch of 1310–1880, which could imply that a warm climate could weaken the impact of extreme drought on poor harvests; yet other historical factors may also contribute to these different patterns extracted from the two datasets.</p>

scholarly journals The Impact of Subtropical Indian Ocean Anticyclone over Tasmania Precipitation

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Bilal Ahmed Usmani ◽  
Saqib-Ur-Rehman . ◽  
Abdul Jamil Khan ◽  
Kamran Khan ◽  
Syed Adnan Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
The West ◽  
Sea Level Pressure ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
The North ◽  
Average Rainfall ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
The Impact

Aims: To explore the association between observed frequency of anticyclones over subtropical Indian Ocean (10°S-50°S, 102.5°E-142.5°E) and average autumn rainfall over the districts of Tasmania. Methodology: We have divided the rainfall amounts over nine districts of Tasmania into three categories (Above average, average and below average rainfall) by using z-scores technique for each autumn (March-May) month for the period of 1951-2016. We have also categorized the calculated frequency of anticyclone over the subtropical Indian Ocean in a similar fashion. Results: Our analysis suggests inverse association between each category of average rainfall and the corresponding frequency of anticyclones for each month of autumn. This association revealed that during below average rainfall, the high frequencies of anticyclones were occupied over the most of the area of subtropical Indian Ocean that resulted less rainfall in the districts while during above average autumn rainfall, the high frequencies of anticyclones observed in the west of 110°E this enabled more autumn rainfall over the districts. We have also found the negative correlation coefficients between mean sea level pressure over the same domain of Indian Ocean and average rainfall over each district in each month of the autumn (March-May). Conclusion: The slightly shift of Mean Central Pressure (MCP) to the north from the west coast of Tasmania from March-May enabled the extra-tropical activity of rainfall systems. This causes enhanced rainfall during average and above average rainfall conditions than March-April over nine districts of Tasmania.

scholarly journals Tingkat Kebisingan Di Kawasan Permukiman Sekitar PLTD Muara Teweh

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 328
Author(s):  
Uswatun Hasanah ◽  
Zulfikar Ali As ◽  
Maharso Maharso
Keyword(s):  
Noise Level ◽  
Noisy Environment ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
The West ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The North ◽  
Abstract Level ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
The Impact

Abstract: Level of Noise in the residential around muara teweh’s PLTD. Muara Teweh’s PLTD was one of the regional companied responsible for the provision of electricity serviced. The impact of the operation of the PLTD is the emergence of noise caused by the PLTD engine so that it appeared on public complainted, especially communication disordered, disordered of physiological and psychological disordered. This study aims to determine the noise level and subjective complainted felt in residential areas around Muara Teweh’s PLTD. This research was a descriptive observational describe the noise level in residential areas Muara Teweh’s PLTD. This study include cross-sectional design that aims to determine the noise until at residential areas around Muara Teweh’s PLTD and connect with public complainted in residential areas around Muara Teweh’s PLTD. The measurement resulted show noise levels in residential areas around Muara Teweh’s PLTD exceeded the NAV according KEPMEN / LH / 48/1996, which is 62.9 dBA in the North, 70.4 dBA in the Northeast, 69.3 dBA in the East , 69.4 dBA in the direction of the Southeast, 72.3 dBA in the south, 72.2 dBA in the direction of the Southwest, 78.2 in the West and 75.5 dBA in the northwest. Subjective complainted of the most widely felt in residential areas Muara Teweh’s PLTD form (45.9%), headache (56.8%), discomfort (91.9%), insomnia (83.8%) fast and emotions (40.5%). Efforts should be madeto controlnoise levelsand complaintsaregiving them the toolsnoise suppressioninengine room, thickenthe barrier, put upcurtainsat thewindows of the houseanddo notoftenopen thedoor. Keywords         :           Noisy environment, residential noise

scholarly journals An investigation into the spatiotemporal patterns of the Nymphalid butterfly Vagrans egista sinha (Kollar, [1844])

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Pop ◽  
Kuldeep Singh Barwal ◽  
Randeep Singh ◽  
Puneet Pandey ◽  
Harminder Pal Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
Range Shift ◽  
Range Extension ◽  
Science Data ◽  
The West ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Spatial Differences ◽  
The Impact

Vagrans egista sinha (Kollar, [1844]), the Himalayan Vagrant is a subspecies of Nymphalid (Brush-footed) butterflies spread across Asia, whose western limit is in the north-west India. Observations of this subspecies have considerably increased over the past half-a-decade, with a spike in new sightings to the west of their previously known range. This has been considered as a range extension. The current study reports new records of this species from Bilaspur District, Himachal Pradesh, India (which are the first records for the district), through systematic and opportunistic sampling. This raises the question of whether the purported range extension towards the west could instead be a range shift or vagrancy, and whether there is any shift in elevational ranges in the populations across their known range. Questions pertaining to spatial differences in elevational ranges and seasonal variation, across their range, also piqued our curiosity. Using data from academic sources (such as published literature and museum collections), supplemented by data from public participation in scientific research and personal observations, these research questions are addressed. The accuracy of results when using citizen science data is also explored using the same dataset, focused on the impact of method of extraction of coordinates, and elevation derived from it under different scenarios. It was discovered that there has not been a range shift (either longitudinal or latitudinal) and observations do not suggest vagrancy but a case of range extension. Other results indicated that there was no climb of population to higher elevations, no spatial differences in elevational ranges in the populations, or seasonal variation in activities across their range. It was also discovered that the method of data collection by, and extraction from, citizen science databases, can influence the accuracy of the results. Some problems involved in collecting data are discussed, and remedial solutions are suggested.

Post-memory and the third generation’s inheritance of the Indian partition (1947): A comparative study of the linguistic register across spatial axes

2021 ◽  
pp. 175069802110333
Author(s):  
Avishek Ray
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Western India ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
The West ◽  
North East India ◽  
The Third ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The Difference

The experience of the Partition (1947)—the contexts of migration and the experience of refugeehood—in East-India is assumed to be different from that in the West. But, even after some 70 years after the Partition, there has been no substantial study on the difference in the ontology of refugeehood across the two sites. More to it, narratives from the North-east (Meghalaya, Assam, Tripura), which again differ significantly from their western Indian or West Bengali counterparts, are under-represented in the existing database of oral narratives and ethnographies on the Partition. Departing from here, this paper engages in a critical comparative study—across three spatial axes: western India, West Bengal, and North-east India—of the third generation’s experience of “growing up refugee” in India. It offers a nuanced, but empirically-grounded, insight on how memories and narratives of the Partition are grounded in the linguistic registers of those who “grew up refugee” (not the refugees per se). Based on interviews, this paper analyzes the patterns, circulations, transactions, tropes, and motifs in the linguistic registers using methodologies of Digital Humanities, and how they compare across spatial axes.

scholarly journals Ethnolinguistic survey of westernmost Arunachal Pradesh

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timotheus Adrianus Bodt
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Previous Literature ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Language Family ◽  
Arunachal Pradesh ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Internal Variation

The area between Bhutan in the west, Tibet in the north, the Kameng river in the east and Assam in the south is home to at least six distinct phyla of the Trans-Himalayan (Tibeto-Burman, Sino-Tibetan) language family. These phyla encompass a minimum of 11, but probably 15 or even more mutually unintelligible languages, all showing considerable internal dialect variation. Previous literature provided largely incomplete or incorrect accounts of these phyla. Based on recent field research, this article discusses in detail the several languages of four phyla whose speakers are included in the Monpa Scheduled Tribe, providing the most accurate speaker data, geographical distribution, internal variation and degree of endangerment. The article also provides some insights into the historical background of the area and the impact this has had on the distribution of the ethnolinguistic groups.

scholarly journals The Impact of Best Track Discrepancies on Global Tropical Cyclone Climatologies using IBTrACS

2014 ◽  
Vol 142 (10) ◽  
pp. 3881-3899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl J. Schreck ◽  
Kenneth R. Knapp ◽  
James P. Kossin
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclone ◽  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
The West ◽  
West Pacific ◽  
Global Context ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact ◽  
National Hurricane Center ◽  
Joint Typhoon Warning Center

Abstract Using the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS), the climatology of tropical cyclones is compared between two global best track datasets: 1) the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) subset of IBTrACS (IBTrACS-WMO) and 2) a combination of data from the National Hurricane Center and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (NHC+JTWC). Comparing the climatologies between IBTrACS-WMO and NHC+JTWC highlights some of the heterogeneities inherent in these datasets for the period of global satellite coverage 1981–2010. The results demonstrate the sensitivity of these climatologies to the choice of best track dataset. Previous studies have examined best track heterogeneities in individual regions, usually the North Atlantic and west Pacific. This study puts those regional issues into their global context. The differences between NHC+JTWC and IBTrACS-WMO are greatest in the west Pacific, where the strongest storms are substantially weaker in IBTrACS-WMO. These disparities strongly affect the global measures of tropical cyclone activity because 30% of the world’s tropical cyclones form in the west Pacific. Because JTWC employs similar procedures throughout most of the globe, the comparisons in this study highlight differences between WMO agencies. For example, NHC+JTWC has more 96-kt (~49 m s−1) storms than IBTrACS-WMO in the west Pacific but fewer in the Australian region. This discrepancy probably points to differing operational procedures between the WMO agencies in the two regions. Without better documentation of historical analysis procedures, the only way to remedy these heterogeneities will be through systematic reanalysis.

scholarly journals Patterns in data of extreme droughts/floods and harvest grades derived from historical documents in eastern China during 801–1910

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhixin Hao ◽  
Maowei Wu ◽  
Jingyun Zheng ◽  
Jiewei Chen ◽  
Xuezhen Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Extreme Drought ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
The North ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Extreme Flood ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. In China, historical documents record a large quantity of information related to climate change and grain harvest. This information can help to explore the impacts of extreme drought or flood on crop production, which can provide implications for the adaptation of agriculture to higher-probability extreme climate in the context of global warming. In this paper, reported extreme drought/flood chronologies and reconstructed grain harvest series derived from historical documents were adopted in order to investigate the association between the reported frequency of extreme drought/flood in eastern China and reconstructed poor harvests during 801–1910. The results show that extreme droughts were reported more often in 801–870, 1031–1230, 1481–1530, and 1581–1650 over the whole of eastern China. On a regional scale, extreme droughts were reported more often in 1031–1100, 1441–1490, 1601–1650, and 1831–1880 in the North China Plain, 801–870, 1031–1120, 1161–1220, and 1471–1530 in Jianghuai, and 991–1040, 1091–1150, 1171–1230, 1411–1470, and 1481–1530 in Jiangnan. The grain harvest was reconstructed to be generally poor in 801–940, 1251–1650, and 1841–1910, but the reconstructed harvests were bumper in 951–1250 and 1651–1840, approximately. During the entire period from 801 to 1910, the frequency of reporting of extreme droughts in any subregion of eastern China was significantly associated over the long term with lower reconstructed harvests. The association between reported frequency of extreme floods and reconstructed low harvests appeared to be much weaker, while reconstructed harvest was much worse when extreme drought and extreme flood in different subregions were reported in the same year. The association between reconstructed poor harvests and reported frequency of regional extreme droughts was weak during the warm epoch of 920–1300 but strong during the cold epoch of 1310–1880, which could imply that a warm climate could weaken the impact of extreme drought on poor harvests; yet other historical factors may also contribute to these different patterns extracted from the two datasets.

scholarly journals Γεωμορφολογικά και μορφοτεκτονικά χαρακτηριστικά των αλλουβιακών ριπιδίων του βόρειου τμήματος της λεκάνης του Αγγίτη ποταμού

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Χ. Πέννος ◽  
Θ. Ασταράς ◽  
Κ. Βουβαλίδης ◽  
Ε. Παπαφιλίππου-Πέννου ◽  
Σ. Πεχλιβανίδου
Keyword(s):  
Catchment Area ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Alluvial Fans ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Tectonic System ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tectonic Movements ◽  
Geomorphological Survey

The catchment area of Aggitis River, which forms a part of the wider catchment area of the Strymon River, constitutes a tectonic graben. In the north of the graben, landforms of complex alluvial fans (bajadas) are found. In the present study, the impact of tectonics on the deposition process and on the geomorphological relief of the northern basin of Aggitis. For this purpose, a quantitative analysis of morphological characteristics of the alluvial fans is carried out. Moreover, the geologic and stratigraphic characteristics of the fans were studied and components of the tectonic movements that took place in the study area identified. Through the geomorphological survey an uplift of 24m with a twisting towards the northeast for the Menikio Mountain was determined that took place in the Upper Pleistocene. While, for the Falakro Mountain, an uplift movement and a minimum torsion of approximately 9m towards the S – SE was calculated. The mountains at the East and at the West of Aggitis River were uplifted with different rates. This result is in agreement with the argument for the existence of a tectonic system of horsts and grabens that formed the Aggitis River basin and influenced its later development.

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