Climate Change and Culture Change on the Southern Coast of British Columbia 2400-1200 Cal. B.P.: An Hypothesis

2005 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Lepofsky ◽  
Ken Lertzman ◽  
Douglas Hallett ◽  
Rolf Mathewes
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Culture Change ◽  
River System ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Small Streams ◽  
Marpole Phase ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Fraser Valley ◽  
Gulf Of Georgia

The Marpole phase of the Gulf of Georgia, SW British Columbia (2400–1200 cal B.P.) is recognized by many archaeologists as a significant period of culture change. Concurrent with this cultural phase is a climatic regime characterized by a substantial increase in forest fires associated with persistent summer drought: the Fraser Valley Fire Period (FVFP). Culturally, the Marpole phase is characterized by the widespread appearance of large houses, standardized art forms, and elaborate burials. Interactions among people of this region intensified and were, as today, economically, socially, and ideologically linked to the lower Fraser River system. Ecologically, the FVFP likely resulted in a regional decline in salmon abundance and/or predictability, especially in small streams and offshore areas, but also more berries and wildlife, and easier overland access via trail networks. The ecological diversity of the lower Fraser region, both terrestrial and riverine, resulted in both more abundant and more predictable resources than surrounding areas during this period of changing climate. We hypothesize that social and economic networks throughout the Gulf of Georgia were solidified during the Marpole phase to ensure access to Fraser resources and allow social buffering of resource uncertainty. We suggest that the differential availability of resources also allowed and encouraged individuals who had access to Fraser Valley resources to gain relatively greater prestige.

Climate change, increasing forest fire incidence, and the value of visibility: evidence from British Columbia, Canada

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 1242-1255
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Haider ◽  
Duncan Knowler ◽  
Ryan Trenholm ◽  
Jeff Moore ◽  
Phil Bradshaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Wildfire Smoke ◽  
Lower Fraser Valley ◽  
Fraser Valley ◽  
Fire Incidence

Climate change may increase the occurrence and severity of forest fires, leading to worsening wildfire seasons. More frequent burn events would have various effects due to increased haze and smoke, including a greater incidence of impacts on human health and reduced or impaired visibility. In areas such as the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia, which prides itself on panoramic mountain and city views, individuals may be willing to pay to address deteriorating visibility conditions arising from wildfires or other sources. However, studies consistently show that any attempt to ask individuals how much they are willing to pay to improve local visibility will be confounded with the benefits of improving local health conditions. We used a discrete choice experiment to estimate the value of potential improvements in local visibility in the Lower Fraser Valley, but we included the consideration of health effects and found that these two attributes were indeed linked. As human preferences are rarely homogeneous, we also considered heterogeneity in respondents’ preferences for increases in the number of improved-visibility days versus healthy days. Finally, we applied our results to estimate the value of damages from visibility disruptions related to wildfire smoke from 2002 to 2018 in the Lower Fraser Valley.

Orientation of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) During Early Marine Migration from Bella Coola River System

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 2321-2338 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Healey
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
River System ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
Marine Migration ◽  
Bella Coola

During May and June 1966, the migration of pink salmon fry from the Bella Coola River was studied in Burke Channel, British Columbia. The movement of pink fry down Burke Channel was saltatory. Short periods of active migration were interspersed with longer periods when the fry did not migrate and accumulated in bays. Fry were sampled from these accumulations and their ability to orient using celestial cues was examined. During the early morning, fry tended to prefer directions at right angles to their direction of migration, but at other times of the day preferred the direction of migration. The preference for the direction of migration was strongest at midday. Fry were better oriented on clear days than on cloudy days. These data indicate that fry may use celestial cues to find directions during their oceanic migrations.

Correlations between forest fires in British Columbia, Canada, and sea surface temperature of the Pacific Ocean

2010 ◽  
Vol 221 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonghe Wang ◽  
Mike Flannigan ◽  
Kerry Anderson
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

scholarly journals First Report of Box Blight Caused by Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum (C. buxicola) in British Columbia, Canada

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Elmhirst ◽  
B. E. Auxier ◽  
L. A. Wegener
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Host Tissue ◽  
Green Mountain ◽  
Single Spore ◽  
Black Water ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Buxus Sempervirens ◽  
Fraser Valley

Boxwoods (Buxus spp.) are common woody ornamental hedging plants in Europe and North America, typically propagated by cuttings. In October 2011, shoot dieback and defoliation was observed on Buxus sempervirens ‘Suffruticosa’ (dwarf English boxwood) and ‘Green Balloon’ in outdoor, 10-cm pots at a wholesale nursery in Chilliwack, British Columbia. Circular leaf spots with black rings occurred on leaves and black, water-soaked, cankers girdled the stems and petioles. Leaf and stem samples were collected on November 21, 2011, and incubated for 48 h in a moist chamber at room temperature. In addition to Volutella buxi, a Cylindrocladium species producing conidia on white sporodochia was observed on host tissue under the microscope. Leaves with lesions were surface-sterilized in 10% bleach for 30 to 60 s, rinsed in sterile water, and lesions were cut out and plated on PDA and carnation leaf media. The species was identified as Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum Crous, J.Z. Groenew. & C.F. Hill 2002 by comparison of conidia and phialide morphology to published descriptions. Conidia were hyaline, one-septate, cylindrical with rounded ends and 38 to 76 μm (mean 51 μm) × 4 to 6 μm on carnation leaf media and 41 to 66 μm (mean 52 μm) × 4 to 6 μm on B. sempervirens ‘Suffruticosa’ leaves, comparable to the reported range of 40 to 75 × 4 to 6 μm (1,2,3,4). Conidia were produced in clusters on terminal, ellipsoid vesicles at the tips of penicillate conidiophores. Vesicles were 10.2 (7.6 to 12.8 μm) at the widest point, consistent with the 6 to 11 μm reported in (2,3) and tapered to a rounded point; stipe extensions were septate and measured an average of 130 μm (107 to 163 μm) in length to the tip of the vesicle, consistent with the 95 to 155 μm reported in (1), 89 to 170 μm reported in (2), and 95 to 165 μm in (3). Chlamydospores were not observed on host tissue but appeared in older PDA cultures as dark brown microsclerotia. DNA was extracted from single-spore colonies on PDA and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified with primers ITS1 and ITS4. The ITS sequence (GenBank Accession No. KC291613) was 100% identical to C. buxicola strain CB-KR001 (HM749646.1) and Calonectria pseudonaviculata strain ATCC MYA-4891 (JX174050.1). In early December 2011, box blight was identified on container-grown B. sinica var. insularis × B. sempervirens ‘Green Velvet,’ ‘Green Gem’, and ‘Green Mountain’ and B. sempervirens L. (common or American boxwood). The pathogen was identified by microscopic examination at three wholesale nurseries in the eastern Fraser Valley and one landscape planting. The isolate has been deposited in the Canadian Collection of Fungal Cultures in Ottawa, Canada (DAOM 242242). References: (1) B. Henricot and A. Culham. Mycologia 94:980, 2002. (2) K. L. Ivors, et al. Plant Dis. 96:1070, 2012. (3) C. Pintos Varela, et al. Plant Dis. 93:670, 2009. (4) M. Saracchi, et al. J. Plant Pathol. 90:581, 2008.

Identification of Bird species in Wetlands around Siran Lake, Muara Kaman, Central Mahakam, East Kalimantan

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
Chandradewana Boer ◽  
Arie Prasetya ◽  
Rustam Rustam ◽  
Rita Diana
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Swamp Forest ◽  
Peat Swamp Forest ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
Peat Swamp ◽  
Heath Forest ◽  
Surrounding Areas

The avifauna of tropical peat swamp forests in East Kalimantan has not been well documented because of the smallest peat area compared to central Kalimantan. The surveys were conducted using various methods in the Muara Siran peat swamp forests and surrounding areas of Lake Siran (heath forest and riparian) in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. These findings were recorded on a list of 80 bird species as well as in numerous noteworthy records.  Wetlands are an essential habitat for many threatened and near-threatened bird species. We also discovered Gallinula tenebrosa in Siran Lake, a species that has not been seen in over a century. However, it has a wide distribution globally, including in Australia and the United States.  In the peat swamp forest, we recorded Cymbirrhinchus macrurus and Ichtyophaga humilis, rare and widely distributed. We also found Dicrurus hottentotus and Dicrurus remifer, some species of Ferruginous Babbler, Trichastoma bicolor, and the White-necked Babbler, Stachyris leucotis.  The Hook-billed bulbul Setornis criniger and the Sooty capped Babbler Malacopteron affinae are found in riparian forests. There are six species of woodpecker. Dryocopus javensis, Great Slaty Woodpecker, Mulleripicus pulverulentus, Meyglyptes tukki, Picus puniceus, and Sasia abnormis.  Cuckoo-shrike Coracina striata and Pitta sordia were also discovered.   Wetlands (peat swamp forest, heath forest, and riparian areas) should be better protected due to their importance to many species, particularly from destruction and loss of habitat caused by forest fires.

BIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF THE COAST MOLE, SCAPANUS ORARIUS ORARIUS TRUE, IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Glendenning
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Economic Control ◽  
River Flood ◽  
And Control ◽  
Fraser Valley ◽  
Old Females

Coast moles were studied and trapped from 1935 to 1945 at Agassiz, British Columbia. They cause economic damage in the lower Fraser Valley by injuring growing crops and by covering up to 15 per cent of the surface of a field with their hills.The moles ate almost any arthropod, annelid, or molluscan that they captured, but earthworms comprised 93 per cent of the stomach contents. Adults ate nearly twice their weight in earthworms daily, or 100–150 grams, representing more than 100 worms. The populations of moles apparently varied in proportion to those of the earthworms.The moles mated from January to early March. The young were born in March or April. Yearling females had two embryos; 2-year-old females had three; and mature females had four. Of 940 trapped during the winters, 45 per cent were over 1, and 6 per cent were over 3 years old. The average weight of mature 74 males was 74.3 ± 5.6 grams; the average weight of 30 mature females was 69.8 ± 4.1 grams.Natural control was ineffective. The disastrous Fraser River flood of 1948 lowered the numbers significantly, but recovery was rapid.Artificial controls tested included: poisons, caustic irritants, explosives, flooding, earthworm poisons, combinations of chemical fertilizers and irrigations, mechanical and chemical barriers, commercial mole destroyers, poison gases, deterrents, and traps. Only the last two were of value; crude flake naphthalene was a deterrent, and the scissors type was the most effective trap. In heavy infestations as many as three moles per man-hour were trapped. Naphthalene was expensive but protected small plots for up to 6 weeks. For economic control by trapping an area of 300 to 500 acres should be trapped in one season. Smaller areas are quickly reinfested, since the moles travel up to 1 mile.

Trace-Acid Ion Content of Shallow Snow and Ice Cores from Mountain Sites in Western Canada

1988 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Holdsworth ◽  
H.R. Krouse ◽  
E. Peake
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Yukon Territory ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Snow And Ice

An historical record of the deposition of common acids is contained in snow and ice cores taken from suitable sites in the accumulation zone of certain glaciers. Spatial and time-series data sets for trace-mineral acids have been obtained from snow-pit samples and ice cores from a number of mountain sites in Alberta, British Columbia, and the Northwest and Yukon Territories. In Alberta, it is possible to use temperate firn sites above 3460 m, although elution occurs during certain summers as indicated by isotopic and ionic data. This would also apply to sites of a similar latitude (52°±2°N) in British Columbia. In the Yukon Territory (≥60.5°N) reliable time series for the acid anions may be obtained from sites at altitudes above 3000 m. Elution provides a natural control for demonstrating that field sampling and subsequent analytical procedures do not introduce significant contamination. The Yukon data are compared with the net annual accumulation rate and with altitude. Recent data from the 5340 m Mt Logan site do not indicate any significant increase in natural background levels of snow acidity. Lightning, which is responsible for numerous forest fires in all provinces, is a possible natural source of nitric acid. Spring-summer peaks in nitrate concentration usually occur. In addition, forest-fire smoke may be a significant contributor to the mountain snow-pack chemistry in some years and must be considered when interpreting the Mt Logan core data. One Yukon profile seems to contain the signature from the 1986 Augustine volcanic eruption.

scholarly journals Low levels of nitryl chloride at ground level: nocturnal nitrogen oxides in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 6293-6315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans D. Osthoff ◽  
Charles A. Odame-Ankrah ◽  
Youssef M. Taha ◽  
Travis W. Tokarek ◽  
Corinne L. Schiller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Nitryl Chloride ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Lower Fraser Valley ◽  
Fraser Valley

Abstract. The nocturnal nitrogen oxides, which include the nitrate radical (NO3), dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5), and its uptake product on chloride containing aerosol, nitryl chloride (ClNO2), can have profound impacts on the lifetime of NOx (= NO + NO2), radical budgets, and next-day photochemical ozone (O3) production, yet their abundances and chemistry are only sparsely constrained by ambient air measurements. Here, we present a measurement data set collected at a routine monitoring site near the Abbotsford International Airport (YXX) located approximately 30 km from the Pacific Ocean in the Lower Fraser Valley (LFV) on the west coast of British Columbia. Measurements were made from 20 July to 4 August 2012 and included mixing ratios of ClNO2, N2O5, NO, NO2, total odd nitrogen (NOy), O3, photolysis frequencies, and size distribution and composition of non-refractory submicron aerosol (PM1). At night, O3 was rapidly and often completely removed by dry deposition and by titration with NO of anthropogenic origin and unsaturated biogenic hydrocarbons in a shallow nocturnal inversion surface layer. The low nocturnal O3 mixing ratios and presence of strong chemical sinks for NO3 limited the extent of nocturnal nitrogen oxide chemistry at ground level. Consequently, mixing ratios of N2O5 and ClNO2 were low (< 30 and < 100 parts-per-trillion by volume (pptv) and median nocturnal peak values of 7.8 and 7.9 pptv, respectively). Mixing ratios of ClNO2 frequently peaked 1–2 h after sunrise rationalized by more efficient formation of ClNO2 in the nocturnal residual layer aloft than at the surface and the breakup of the nocturnal boundary layer structure in the morning. When quantifiable, production of ClNO2 from N2O5 was efficient and likely occurred predominantly on unquantified supermicron-sized or refractory sea-salt-derived aerosol. After sunrise, production of Cl radicals from photolysis of ClNO2 was negligible compared to production of OH from the reaction of O(1D) + H2O except for a short period after sunrise.

The Spatiotemporal Response of Summertime Tropospheric Ozone to Changes in Local Precursor Emissions in the Lower Fraser Valley, British Columbia

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 303-321
Author(s):  
Bruce Ainslie ◽  
Nadya Moisseeva ◽  
Roxanne Vingarzan ◽  
Corinne Schiller ◽  
Douw Steyn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Tropospheric Ozone ◽  
Lower Fraser Valley ◽  
Spatiotemporal Response ◽  
Fraser Valley

Parasitism and phenology of Dasineura mali (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Canadian apple (Rosaceae) orchards

2020 ◽  
Vol 152 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-373
Author(s):  
J.E. Cossentine ◽  
A.M. Brauner ◽  
J.L. Franklin ◽  
M.C. Robertson ◽  
P.N. Buhl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Pheromone Trap ◽  
The Third ◽  
Alien Pest ◽  
First Time ◽  
Fraser Valley ◽  
Dasineura Mali

AbstractThe apple leaf midge, Dasineura mali (Kieffer) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), an invasive alien pest established for many years in Nova Scotia, Canada, has invaded Ontario and British Columbia, Canada apple (Malus domestica Borkhausen; Rosaceae) orchards, damaging growing tips of trees. Molecular analysis indicated that Nova Scotia populations are genetically different from Ontario and British Columbia populations. Pheromone trap captures, oviposition on growing apple terminals, and the incidence of third instars indicate three D. mali generations in each province. Platygaster demades Walker (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), released in Nova Scotia in 1993, parasitised 34% of the third midge generation in that province and was reared from D. mali for the first time in 2016 in the Fraser Valley of British Columbia. Lyrcus nigroaeneus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) parasitised up to 21% of D. mali in southwestern Ontario. Synopeas myles (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) was recorded from D. mali for the first time, one specimen in each of Nova Scotia and Ontario, and was the most important parasitoid in British Columbia. Synopeas myles parasitism in Okanagan and Similkameen, British Columbia orchards increased from 0% to a mean of 30% of D. mali larvae from 2014 to 2016. Other minor parasitoids included Platygaster tuberosula Kieffer (Hymenoptera: Platygasteridae) in all three provinces and Aphanogmus vicinus Förster (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronidae) in British Columbia.

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