THE ACCOUNTING SYSTEM PRACTICED IN THE NEAR EAST DURING THE PERIOD 1220–1350 BASED ON THE BOOK RISALE-I FELEKIYYE

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cigdem Solas ◽  
Ismail Otar
Keyword(s):  
Near East ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Governmental Accounting ◽  
Accounting Regulation ◽  
Control Rules ◽  
Monetary Unit ◽  
Double Entry ◽  
And Control

This study examines the governmental accounting practice in the Near East during the Il-Khan Dynasty period (1120–1350 A.D.). The survey is based on a handwritten manuscript, Risale-i Felekiyye. The accounting system introduced in the Risale-i Felekiyye is an elaborate governmental accounting system. The system was based on seven major books and a number of special journals. Documents used in the system formed the basis for recording events in the books. Furthermore, the system included concepts and rules for accounting and resulted in a final report. This accounting system emerged primarily from social and economic necessities caused by agricultural and fiscal reforms introduced by Ghazan Khan in 1295–1304. As a result of these reforms, budgeting practices and accounting regulation by the state were introduced to control state tax revenues and expenditures and to prevent fraud. These regulations introduced the use of a single monetary unit for recording, the use of an accounting fiscal period, duality, classification, substance, procedural rules which introduced a bilateral journal entry form, agency account rules, and correction and control rules. Also the rule of “revenues have to be equal to expenditures” presented itself as a balance sheet identity equation. These regulations, however, were not based on the accrual principle; instead, a cash basis of accounting was the recognized practice. The study concludes that the rudiments of double-entry accounting were practiced in the Near East and were developed independently from the accounting practices used in the West.

scholarly journals The earlier synthetic balance sheet of Datini's Company in Avignon (1410): The combined accounting system

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Mikhail Kuter ◽  
Marina Gurskaya ◽  
Dmitriy Aleinikov
Keyword(s):  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
Accounting Practice ◽  
Accounting History ◽  
Detailed Explanation ◽  
Double Entry ◽  
Financial Result ◽  
Operating Result

When studying accounting history, the use of archival sources is very important. Unfortunately, when scholars explore the genesis of accounting practice, archival sources are not often used. This paper does so, presenting a detailed explanation of features of the accounting system used by Francesco di Marco Datini’s’ company in Avignon 14091410. This accounting system used stocktaking and double entry in order to determination of the operating result and produce an analytical balance sheet. This study analyzed the Quaderno di Ragionamento (the book for drawing-up final accounts, including the financial result) with the aim of clarifying the features of this process. It also investigated the procedure used in preparing the synthetic balance sheet, a process not known previously elsewhere. This research was based on the archival material comprising of account books of the medieval merchant company of Datini, preserved in the State Archive in Prato.

scholarly journals Penyusunan Laporan Keuangan Menggunakan Sistem Akuntansi Instansi (Studi Kasus Pada Sekolah Menengah Kimia Analis Bogor)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-128
Author(s):  
Bambang Pamungkas ◽  
Ina Wardani Latifah
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Financial Statement ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Financial Reports ◽  
Governmental Accounting ◽  
State Finance ◽  
Definition Of

Law No. 17/ 2003 on State Finance requires form and content of accountability report of APBN/ APBD implementation must be arranged and presented in accordance with governmental accounting standard set by government regulation. Law No. 17/ 2003 is on State Finance and law No. 1/ 2004 on Government Treasury. Accounting Institution System is a series of manual and computerized procedures starting from data collection, recording, abstracting, financial position reporting and financial operations at the ministry/ institution. Institution Accounting System (SAI) consists of Financial Accounting System (SAK) and Management Accounting System of State-owned Assets (SIMAK-BMN). Analyzing the procedures of Institution Accounting System (SAI) is important in the process of composing financial statements for the purpose of financial accountability comprising Budget Realization Report, Balance Sheet, Note of Financial Statement and Management of State-owned Assets (BMN). Institution Accounting System (SAI) plays an important role in composing financial reports at Bogor Chemistry Analyst High School (SMAKBO) located in Jalan Binamarga I Ciheuleut, Baranangsing, Bogor Timur. It’s very influential in composing financial statements as well because each report received always use Institution Accounting System (SAI) from the beginning of expenditure process untill the data is entered into the Institution Accounting System (SAI). The purpose of this analysis is to determine how is the human resources that run the Institution Accounting System and to find out the implementation procedure of the Accounting System of Budget Users Authorization Unit and also the integration procedures of the accounting system of Budget Users Authorization Unit to Institution Accounting System (SAI). The result of the analysis of financial statement is that the procedure implemented by SMAKBO has been in accordance with the existing regulations, so that producing good and accountable financial reports. After the definition of each component of Institution Accounting System and Financial Statement has been known, It can be concluded that in carrying out procedure and financialstatement reporting it should be in accordance with the prevailing regulation and should be on time in order to yield good financial statement. And in fact, the Institution Accounting System (SAI) at Bogor Chemistry Analyst High School (SMAKBO) has been applied well, and it needs to be maintained.

scholarly journals Theory of double entry in accounting

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-33
Author(s):  
Volodymyr HOLOVACH ◽  
Tetiana HOLOVACH
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
Property Relations ◽  
Commodity Production ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Double Entry

The paper considers the existing theories of double entry, which took place at different historical stages of the existence of the accounting science. The main attention is paid to legal, economic, philosophical and balance theories. As a result of their analysis, it was found that the process of theoretical cognition of the double entry had natural character. Its formation began with the content definition of the economic phenomena's dual nature in the economic activity sphere. Scientists later tried to find out the causes of such phenomena and their impact on the double entry. In many cases such intentions didn't have a full scientific basis. In such studies visibility in the form of the economic phenomena's dual nature was perceived as the essence of economic activity, the basis of which, in reality, forms dialectically contradictory commodity production and property relations. Based on the analysis of concepts and paradigms for determining the place and role of double entry in accounting, it is established that double-entry bookkeeping forms the essential basis for the emergence and development of double accounting at the entire stage of its existence and transformation into a modern accounting system. At the appropriate scientific level with using the philosophical and general scientific approaches it is substantiated that the double entry is conditioned by the economic phenomena's dual nature in the economic activity sphere, the essence of which is a dialectical contradiction inherent in commodity production and property relations. It is concluded that the double entry performs the lead methodological function in the accounting system and can't be equated to such elements of the accounting method as documentation and inventory, valuation and calculation, accounts, balance sheet and reporting.

scholarly journals From cameral system to the double-entry method: Santissima Annunziata Hospital in Chieti (1736-1890)

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Paola Nardone ◽  
Natascia Ridolfi ◽  
Ada Di Nucci
Keyword(s):  
Primary Sources ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Accounting Systems ◽  
Internal Governance ◽  
The People ◽  
Power And Control ◽  
Charitable Institution ◽  
State Archives ◽  
Double Entry ◽  
And Control

The paper aims to analyse the role of accounting as a tool of government action, considering the function of the relationships established by the Santissima Annunziata Hospital in Chieti. Governmentality, intended by Michel Foucault as “governmental rationality”, attributes power and control to those who exercise it even though power is not to be understood as a steady property, but rather as a product of strategic conflicts between subjects. “Power”, however, had to enable the rulers to prepare actions oriented to social welfare and happiness (Rose and Miller, 1992: 174). The accounting of the Hospital of Chieti, which establishes power relations aimed at influencing internal governance, moves towards perspective. The Hospital, managed by different power groups, represented an example of alternation of powers. This charitable institution was run by religious brotherhoods, submitted to the ecclesiastical power and then to public leaders, who were, in their turn, subject to the power of the state. The paper analyses the accounting system used by these two kinds of power that administered the hospital as well as the ways to achieve social control over the people who were considered internal and supportive to each reference category. The study also uses primary sources, documents from the Chieti State Archives for the foundation and organization of the Santissima Annunziata Hospital in Chieti, and accounting books to verify the assistance activity, considering the application of two different accounting systems, from cameral system to the double-entry method.

Comparative Analysis of Selected Elements of Polish and Spanish Accounting System

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-149
Author(s):  
Renata Burchart ◽  
Ramon Soldevila de Monteys
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Income Statement ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Double Entry ◽  
Minor Character

The article presents the history and premises of revolts of accounting and basic rules of double-entry bookkeeping system, which is international, so is the same both in Poland and Spain. The comparative analysis verifies, the existence of many similarities and only a few differences between Polish and Spanish annual accounts. Differences in both countries between a structure of balance sheet and income statement are of a minor character. There are different economic conditions for firms in both countries which can prepare the abbreviated format for annual accounts. The analysis of documents shows that Spanish General Accounting Plan is much more precise (359 pages) then Polish Act of Accounting (137 pages).

scholarly journals Gli studi sulla banca

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Biffis
Keyword(s):  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Basel Committee ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Popular View ◽  
Double Entry ◽  
Risk Taker

This paper looks at banking following the way of thinking of J.A. Schumpeter and F. Besta, and addresses two main points: a) the idea that ‘loans make deposits’, as opposed to the popular view that ‘deposits make loans’, and b) the poor quality of information on banking performance delivered by double-entry bookkeeping, following either the equity-centered accounting system (‘sistema patrimoniale’) or the Zappa’s profit-centered accounting system (‘sistema del reddito’). The most important problems of banking, indeed, are loan liquidity and solvency, which are difficult to evaluate from the balance sheet items, so that additional information is needed from outside the balance sheet to evaluate, for example, maturities and durations. This critical point implies that the risk taker is CET1 and not savers, as the Basel Committee stated.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACCOUNTING AND INTERNAL CONTROL FOR THE NATIONAL LAND SYSTEM OF THE USA

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-213
Author(s):  
Michael P. Schoderbek
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Governmental Accounting ◽  
Land System ◽  
The Usa ◽  
And Control

This paper examines the early accounting practices that were used to administer the United States' national land system. These practices are of significance because they provide insights on early governmental accounting and they facilitated an orderly settlement of the western territories. The analysis focuses on the record-keeping and control practices that were developed to meet the provisions of the Land Act of 1800 and to account for land office transactions. These accounting procedures were extracted from the correspondence between the Department of the Treasury and the various land officers.

SETTING UP AN INDUSTRIAL ACCOUNTING SYSTEM AT SAINT-GOBAIN (1820–1880)

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Nikitin
Keyword(s):  
Board Of Directors ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Cost Accounting ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Full Cost ◽  
The Board Of Directors ◽  
Double Entry

In 1820, the Manufacture Royale des Glaces, founded in 1665 and also named Compagnie de Saint-Gobain, opted for double entry bookkeeping and cost accounting. At that time, both economic (industrial revolution) and juridical (abolition of the privileges and emergence of competition) events explain that change of accounting methods. From 1820 to 1880, the accounting system was progressively improved; most of today's cost accounting problems were discussed by the Board of Directors and in 1880 the accounting system was already very similar to today's full cost method.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document