Hospital Infections

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Patchen Dellinger ◽  
Heather L. Evans ◽  
Erik G. Van Eaton
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Hospital Infections ◽  
Postoperative Fever ◽  
Algorithmic Approach ◽  
Risk Detection ◽  
Mediastinal Infection ◽  
Enteric Infections ◽  
Device Associated Infection ◽  
Tract Infections

Nosocomial infections are a threat to all hospitalized patients. They can increase morbidity, mortality, length of stay, and costs and occur in almost every body site. This review features an algorithmic approach to the risk, detection, and treatment of nosocomial infections. Respiratory infections include pneumonia, tracheitis or tracheobronchitis, paranasal sinusitis, and otitis media. Operative site or injury-related infections include those occurring in wounds, the intra-abdominal space, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), empyema, posttraumatic meningitis, osteomyelitis, and sternal and mediastinal infection. A review of intravascular device--associated infection focuses on catheter-related bacteremia and its management. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (UTIs) and enteric infections are also considered. Enteric infections and transfusion-associated infections are covered in depth, reviewing the most important recent advances and studies. A discussion of postoperative fever addresses the magnitude and incidence of hospital infections, UTIs, and catheter duration and pathogens typically involved and considers the associated costs and the risks of acquiring a nosocomial infection. This review contains 5 figures, 1 table,1 algorithm, and 292 references.

Hospital Infections

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Patchen Dellinger ◽  
Heather L. Evans ◽  
Erik G. Van Eaton
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Hospital Infections ◽  
Postoperative Fever ◽  
Algorithmic Approach ◽  
Risk Detection ◽  
Mediastinal Infection ◽  
Enteric Infections ◽  
Device Associated Infection ◽  
Tract Infections

Nosocomial infections are a threat to all hospitalized patients. They can increase morbidity, mortality, length of stay, and costs and occur in almost every body site. This review features an algorithmic approach to the risk, detection, and treatment of nosocomial infections. Respiratory infections include pneumonia, tracheitis or tracheobronchitis, paranasal sinusitis, and otitis media. Operative site or injury-related infections include those occurring in wounds, the intra-abdominal space, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), empyema, posttraumatic meningitis, osteomyelitis, and sternal and mediastinal infection. A review of intravascular device--associated infection focuses on catheter-related bacteremia and its management. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (UTIs) and enteric infections are also considered. Enteric infections and transfusion-associated infections are covered in depth, reviewing the most important recent advances and studies. A discussion of postoperative fever addresses the magnitude and incidence of hospital infections, UTIs, and catheter duration and pathogens typically involved and considers the associated costs and the risks of acquiring a nosocomial infection. This review contains 5 figures, 1 table,1 algorithm, and 292 references.

Hospital Infections

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Patchen Dellinger ◽  
Heather L. Evans ◽  
Erik G. Van Eaton
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Hospital Infections ◽  
Postoperative Fever ◽  
Algorithmic Approach ◽  
Risk Detection ◽  
Mediastinal Infection ◽  
Enteric Infections ◽  
Device Associated Infection ◽  
Tract Infections

Nosocomial infections are a threat to all hospitalized patients. They can increase morbidity, mortality, length of stay, and costs and occur in almost every body site. This review features an algorithmic approach to the risk, detection, and treatment of nosocomial infections. Respiratory infections include pneumonia, tracheitis or tracheobronchitis, paranasal sinusitis, and otitis media. Operative site or injury-related infections include those occurring in wounds, the intra-abdominal space, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), empyema, posttraumatic meningitis, osteomyelitis, and sternal and mediastinal infection. A review of intravascular device--associated infection focuses on catheter-related bacteremia and its management. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (UTIs) and enteric infections are also considered. Enteric infections and transfusion-associated infections are covered in depth, reviewing the most important recent advances and studies. A discussion of postoperative fever addresses the magnitude and incidence of hospital infections, UTIs, and catheter duration and pathogens typically involved and considers the associated costs and the risks of acquiring a nosocomial infection. This review contains 5 figures, 1 table,1 algorithm, and 292 references.

STUDY ON THE BACTERIA THAT CAUSE HOSPITAL INFECTIONS AT HUE CENTRAL HOSPITAL IN 2012

2012 ◽  
pp. 100-108
Author(s):  
Dien Hai Truong ◽  
Dinh Binh Tran ◽  
Thi Nam Lien Nguyen ◽  
et al
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Soft Tissue Infections ◽  
Hospital Infections ◽  
Central Hospital ◽  
Local Hospital ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Common Infections

Objective: To study the bacterial etiologies causing hospital infections at Hue Central Hospital to determine the type of bacteria causing major hospital infections, distribution by local hospital infections, treatment areas contributing to control hospital infections. Subjects and methods: The study described on 311 bacteria strains that isolated in 242 patients who sufer hospital infections with 261 samples from 5/2011 to 5/2012. Results, discussion and conclusions: Hospital infections were 66.9% in male and 33.1%) in female patients, with 261 specimens we isolated 311 bacterial that cause hospital infections. - Respiratory tract infections were the highest rate (37.2%), followed by wound infection (20.2%) and the skin and soft tissue infections (13.2%), bloodstream infections (12,8%). - Five kinds of common infections were: respiratory infections, surgical wound infections, skin and soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections, blood infections. - Sputum is mainly specimens that accounted 35.2%, followed by 34.9% pus specimens, remaining is all kinds of other specimens. - Hospital infections due to Gram-negative bacteria 83.9% that was 5.2 times higher than that of Gram-positive bacterial (16.1%). - The bacterial etiologies causing hospital infections in Hue Central Hospital have five major types: the highest is Acinetobacter baumannii (27.3%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (23.8%), Escherichia coli (15.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (10.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.1%). - There are 43 specimens that were isolated two or more types of bacteria (16.5%).

scholarly journals Some Risk Factors for Hospital Infections at the ICU in the Vietnam National Children’s Hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thi Hue Pham ◽  
Kien Ngai Le ◽  
Bich Ngoc Hoang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Hospital Infections ◽  
H2 Receptor ◽  
Children's Hospital ◽  
Children’S Hospital ◽  
Grade Ii ◽  
Tract Infections

Purpose: To identify some risk factors for hospital infections in the ICU, Vietnam National Children’s Hospital in 2018-2019. Method: A prospective cohort study was conducted. Results: Malnutrition grade II or higher, PRISM > 10, ≥ 3 invasive intervention, use of H2-receptor antagonists and intravenous feeding were risk factors for nosocomial infections. Endotracheal intubation, intubation for > 5 days, re-intubation, and aspiration of vomit were risk factors for nosocomial pneumonia. Intravenous exposure, 3 or more IV lines, and central venous catheterization were risk factors for sepsis. Gastrointestinal surgery, surgery time > 2 hours, postoperative drainage, drainage time > 5 days and no prophylactic antibiotics were risk factors for wound infection. Urinary retention and urinary flow > 3 days were risk factors for urinary tract infections. Conclusion: Nosocomial infections with grade II or higher malnutrition and 3 invasive interventions, the use of H2-receptor resistance and intravenous nutrition associated with nosocomial infections. Pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and sepsis are high risk factors for nosocomial infections.

HOSPITAL INFECTION IN SURGICAL DEPARTMENTS AT HUE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL IN 2015

2016 ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
Dinh Binh Tran ◽  
Dinh Tan Tran
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Site Infection ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Hospital Infections ◽  
Site Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infections ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Objective: To study nosocomial infections and identify the main agents causing hospital infections at Hue University Hospital. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study of 385 patients with surgical interventions. Results: The prevalence of hospital infections was 5.2%, surgical site infection was the most common (60%), followed by skin and soft tissue infections (35%), urinary tract infections (5%). Surgical site infection (11.6%) in dirty surgery. There were 3 bacterial pathogens isolated, including Staphylococcus aureus (50%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcusspp (25%). Conclusion: Surgical site infection was high in hospital-acquired infections. Key words: hospital infections, surgical intervention, surgical site infection, bacteria

Spinal cord injury and pregnancy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1753495X2110119
Author(s):  
Katherine Robertson ◽  
Felicity Ashworth
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Obstetric Care ◽  
Autonomic Dysreflexia ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Relative Rarity ◽  
Obstetric Population ◽  
Tract Infections

Pregnancy in women with spinal cord injury is considered high risk because it may exacerbate many of their existing problems, including autonomic dysreflexia, spasms, decubitus ulcers, urinary tract infections and respiratory infections. Due to the relative rarity of spinal cord injury in the general obstetric population, clinicians often lack familiarity of these specific problems and the women themselves are usually more experienced in their own management than their obstetric team. However, studies have demonstrated that pregnancy outcomes are generally good with appropriate and experienced obstetric care. In this review, we examine the available literature and provide advice on pre-conception counselling and the antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal management of pregnant women with spinal cord injury.

scholarly journals Viral etiology and epidemiology of pediatric patients hospitalized for acute respiratory tract infections in Macao: a retrospective study from 2014 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Lei ◽  
Lisong Yang ◽  
Cheong Tat Lou ◽  
Fan Yang ◽  
Kin Ian SiTou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Etiology ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are among the leading causes of hospitalization in children. Understanding the local dominant viral etiologies is important to inform infection control practices and clinical management. This study aimed to investigate the viral etiology and epidemiology of respiratory infections among pediatric inpatients in Macao. Methods A retrospective study using electronic health records between 2014 and 2017 at Kiang Wu Hospital was performed. Nasopharyngeal swab specimens were obtained from hospitalized children aged 13 years or younger with respiratory tract diseases. xMAP multiplex assays were employed to detect respiratory agents including 10 respiratory viruses. Data were analyzed to describe the frequency and seasonality. Results Of the 4880 children enrolled in the study, 3767 (77.1%) were positive for at least one of the 13 viral pathogens tested, of which 2707 (55.5%) being male and 2635 (70.0%) under 2 years old. Among the positive results, there were 3091 (82.0%) single infections and 676 (18.0%) multiple infections. The predominant viruses included human rhinovirus/enterovirus (HRV/EV 27.4%), adenovirus (ADV, 15.8%), respiratory syncytial virus B (RSVB, 7.8%) and respiratory syncytial virus A (RSVA, 7.8%). The detection of viral infection was the most prevalent in autumn (960/1176, 81.6%), followed by spring (1095/1406, 77.9%), winter (768/992, 77.4%), and summer (944/1306, 72.3%), with HRV/EV and ADV being most commonly detected throughout the 4 years of study period. The detection rate of viral infection was highest among ARI patients presented with croup (123/141, 87.2%), followed by lower respiratory tract infection (1924/2356, 81.7%) and upper respiratory tract infection (1720/2383, 72.2%). FluA, FluB and ADV were positive factors for upper respiratory tract infections. On the other hand, infection with RSVA, RSVB, PIV3, PIV4, HMPV, and EV/RHV were positively associated with lower respiratory tract infections; and PIV1, PIV2, and PIV3 were positively associated with croup. Conclusions This is the first study in Macao to determine the viral etiology and epidemiology of pediatric patients hospitalized for ARIs. The study findings can contribute to the awareness of pathogen, appropriate preventative measure, accurate diagnosis, and proper clinical management of respiratory viral infections among children in Macao.

The Analysis of the Impact of a Mild, Low-iodine, Lotion Soap on the Reduction of Nosocomial Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A New Opportunity for Surveillance by Objectives

1987 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 284-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim M. Onesko ◽  
Eugene C. Wienke
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Care Community ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Medical Division ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Community Teaching

AbstractA significant unremitting increase in the incidence of nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in a 500-bed acute care community teaching hospital prompted reevaluation of the efficacy of the infection control measures used. A well-accepted, low-iodine, antimicrobial soap was used to replace a liquid natural handsoap in two areas with the highest incidence of MRSA—the intensive care unit, and a medical division.Over a two-year period, an analysis was made of the effect of soap replacement on nosocomial infections and pathogens. Soap changeover occurred at the midpoint of the two-year period. From year to year, the nosocomial MRSA rate decreased 80% (t test, P=0.005). Other pathogens that demonstrated a dramatic decrease included methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), infections where no pathogens were isolated, and various gram-negative infections. Categories of nosocomial infections that decreased included surgical wound infections, primary bacteremias, and respiratory tract infections. The overall nosocomial infection rate of the two combined areas decreased 21.5%, representing a year-to-year savings of $109,500. As a result, the decision was made to install the low-iodine hand-soap permanently at all sinks within the hospital.

scholarly journals The local antibody response to R.S. virus infection in the respiratory tract

1974 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Scott ◽  
P. S. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
High Titre ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Neutralizing Activity ◽  
Tract Infections

SUMMARYNasopharyngeal secretions were taken during the acute phase of illness from 66 infants and children admitted to hospital with lower respiratory tract infections. Second secretions were taken, after an interval of 7 days, from 33 of these patients. A significant increase in neutralizing activity to R.S. virus was demonstrated in the nasopharyngeal secretions of patients in response to severe R.S. virus infection. Seventeen out of 25 patients (68%) with R.S. virus infections developed a rise in secretory neutralizing titre, compared with only 1 out of 8 patients (13%) with respiratory infections not involving R.S. virus.A high titre of secretory neutralizing activity was found more often in the acute phase of illness in patients with R.S. virus infections, especially bronchiolitis, than in patients with respiratory infections not involving R.S. virus. Fifteen out of 34 patients (44%) with R.S. virus bronchiolitis were found to possess a neutralizing titre of 1/4 or more in their first secretions, compared with 4 out of 12 patients (33%) with R.S. virus infections other than bronchiolitis and 3 out of 20 patients (15%) with respiratory infections not involving R.S. virus.A quantitative analysis of the immunoglobulins present in the secretions indicated that IgA was the only immunoglobulin consistently present at a detectable concentration. The geometric mean values of IgA, IgM and IgG in the secretions examined were found to be 22·3, 4·3 and 5·3 mg./lOO ml. respectively.The neutralizing activity against R.S. virus, present in the secretions, was shown to be due to specific IgA antibody. This was accomplished by removing the neutralizing activitv in two secretions bv absorotion with anti-IaA serum.

Principles of Judicious Use of Antimicrobial Agents for Pediatric Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 101 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 163-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott F. Dowell ◽  
S. Michael Marcy ◽  
William R. Phillips ◽  
Michael A. Gerber ◽  
Benjamin Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
The United States ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Oral Agents ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

This article introduces a set of principles to define judicious antimicrobial use for five conditions that account for the majority of outpatient antimicrobial use in the United States. Data from the National Center for Health Statistics indicate that in recent years, approximately three fourths of all outpatient antibiotics have been prescribed for otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis, pharyngitis, or nonspecific upper respiratory tract infection.1Antimicrobial drug use rates are highest for children1; therefore, the pediatric age group represents the focus for the present guidelines. The evidence-based principles presented here are focused on situations in which antimicrobial therapy could be curtailed without compromising patient care. They are not formulated as comprehensive management strategies. For most upper respiratory infections that require antimicrobial treatment, there are several appropriate oral agents from which to choose. Although the general principles of selecting narrow-spectrum agents with the fewest side effects and lowest cost are important, the principles that follow include few specific antibiotic selection recommendations.

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