Effect of Freeze Drying and Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion on Phenolic Metabolites and Antioxidant Property of the Natal Plum (Carissa macrocarpa)

Natal plums (Carissa macrocarpa) are a natural source of bioactive compounds, particularly anthocyanins, and can be consumed as a snack. This study characterized the impact of freeze drying and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on the phenolic profile, antioxidant capacity, and α-glucosidase activity of the Natal plum (Carissa macrocarpa). The phenolic compounds were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode-array detector HPLC-DAD and an ultra-performance liquid chromatograph (UPLC) with a Waters Acquity photodiode array detector (PDA) coupled to a Synapt G2 quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometer. Cyanidin-3-O-β-sambubioside (Cy-3-Sa) and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cy-3-G) were the dominant anthocyanins in the fresh and freeze-dried Natal plum powder. Freeze drying did not affect the concentrations of both cyanidin compounds compared to the fresh fruit. Both cyanidin compounds, ellagic acid, catechin, epicatechin syringic acid, caffeic acid, luteolin, and quercetin O-glycoside from the ingested freeze-dried Natal plum powder was quite stable in the gastric phase compared to the small intestinal phase. Cyanidin-3-O-β-sambubioside from the ingested Natal plum powder showed bioaccessibility of 32.2% compared to cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (16.3%). The degradation of anthocyanins increased the bioaccessibility of gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, coumaric acid, and ferulic acid significantly, in the small intestinal digesta. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) activities, and inhibitory effect of α-glucosidase activity decreased in the small intestinal phase. Indigenous fruits or freeze-dried powders with Cy-3-Sa can be a better source of anthocyanin than Cy-3-G due to higher bioaccessibility in the small intestinal phase.

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Sea Buckthorn Leaf Powders: The Impact of Cultivar and Drying Mode on Antioxidant, Phytochemical, and Chromatic Profile of Valuable Resource

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26164765 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (16) ◽

pp. 4765

Author(s):

Lina Raudone ◽

Viktorija Puzerytė ◽

Gabriele Vilkickyte ◽

Aurelija Niekyte ◽

Juozas Lanauskas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Sea Buckthorn ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Array Detector ◽

Quantitative Composition ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

The Impact

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. (HR)) leaf powders are the underutilized, promising resource of valuable compounds. Genotype and processing methods are key factors in the preparation of homogenous, stable, and quantified ingredients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phenolic, triterpenic, antioxidant profiles, carotenoid and chlorophyll content, and chromatic characteristics of convection-dried and freeze-dried HR leaf powders obtained from ten different female cultivars, namely ‘Avgustinka’, ‘Botaniceskaja Liubitelskaja’, ‘Botaniceskaja’, ‘Hibrid Percika’, ‘Julia’, ‘Nivelena’, ‘Otradnaja’, ‘Podarok Sadu’, ‘Trofimovskaja’, and ‘Vorobjovskaja’. The chromatic characteristics were determined using the CIELAB scale. The phytochemical profiles were determined using HPLC-PDA (high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector) analysis; spectrophotometric assays and antioxidant activities were investigated using ABTS (2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) and FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant power) assays. The sea buckthorn leaf powders had a yellowish-green appearance. The drying mode had a significant impact on the total antioxidant activity, chlorophyll content, and chromatic characteristics of the samples; the freeze-dried samples were superior in antioxidant activity, chlorophyll, carotenoid content, and chromatic profile, compared to convection-dried leaf powder samples. The determined triterpenic and phenolic profiles strongly depend on the cultivar, and the drying technique had no impact on qualitative and quantitative composition. Catechin, epigallocatechin, procyanidin B3, ursolic acid, α-amyrin, and β-sitosterol could be used as quantitative markers in the phenolic and triterpenic profiles. The cultivars ‘Avgustinka’, ‘Nivelena’, and ‘Botaniceskaja’ were superior to other tested cultivars, with the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity.

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Studies on the Catalytic Properties of Crude Freeze-Dried Preparations of Yarrowia lipolytica Extracellular Lipases for Geranyl Ester Derivative Synthesis

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom11060839 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 839

Author(s):

Karina Jasińska ◽

Bartłomiej Zieniuk ◽

Dorota Nowak ◽

Agata Fabiszewska

Keyword(s):

Freeze Drying ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Synthetic Activity ◽

Drying Process ◽

Enzyme Preparations ◽

Ester Derivative ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

The Impact ◽

Geranyl Ester

The study aimed to evaluate the impact of selected factors of the freeze-drying process on the hydrolytic and synthetic activity of the extracellular lipases of Y. lipolytica KKP 379 and to attempt the use of the crude enzyme preparation as a biocatalyst in the synthesis of geranyl 4-hydroxyphenylpropanoate. Antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the geranyl ester derivative were also investigated in order to evaluate their usefulness as a novel food additive. The studies confirmed that freeze-drying was an effective method of dehydrating yeast supernatant and allowed for obtaining lyophilizates with low water activity from 0.055 to 0.160. The type and concentration of the additive (2–6% whey protein hydrolyzate, 0.5% and 1% ammonium sulphate) had a significant effect on the hydrolytic activity of enzyme preparations, while the selected variants of drying temperature during the freeze-drying process were not significant (10 °C and 50 °C). Low yield of geranyl 4-hydroxyphenylopropionate was shown when the lyophilized supernatant was used (5.3%), but the yield of ester synthesis increased when the freeze-dried Y. lipolytica yeast biomass was applied (47.9%). The study confirmed the antioxidant properties of the synthesized ester by the DPPH• and CUPRAC methods, as well as higher antibacterial activity against tested bacteria than its precursor with 0.125 mM MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) against L. monocytogenes.

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Morphological Traits and Phenolic Compounds in Tunisian Wild Populations and Cultivated Varieties of Portulaca oleracea L.

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10070948 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 948 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dorra Sdouga ◽

Ferdinando Branca ◽

Souhir Kabtni ◽

Maria Concetta Di Bella ◽

Neila Trifi-Farah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Geographic Origin ◽

Sinapic Acid ◽

Principal Component ◽

Portulaca Oleracea ◽

Array Detector ◽

Wild Populations ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Morphological Heterogeneity ◽

Freeze Dried

This study aims to evaluate the bio-morphological and biochemical variability of three Tunisian wild populations and one growing cultivar of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.). The studied varieties should be easily distinguished by the color and the habitus of the plant as mentioned in literature, but the various analyses have shown a strong morphological heterogeneity within and among the wild and cultivated accessions as presented by the variance analysis test (ANOVA) and the PCA (Principal component analysis). We found high intrapopulation variability through the wild populations that make it hard to differentiate them only on the base of morphology. We analyzed the biochemical profile of those populations based on the analysis of freeze-dried samples of leaves and stems. We identified and quantified twelve different phenolic compounds by the HPLC-diode array detector (DAD) technique. Six phenolic acids and flavonoids were identified in the leaves and stems of the wild and cultivated populations. Sinapic acid and myricetin are the majors identified compounds through our samples. The results were significantly different in relation to the plant organs and to the geographic origin for most of the compounds. The obtained results highlighted the importance of Portulaca as a medicinal plant by showing its richness in phenols and flavonoids that have multi-medicinal effects besides their antioxidant power.

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Study of vacuum and freeze drying of bee honey

Thermal Science ◽

10.2298/tsci200317194n ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (6 Part B) ◽

pp. 4241-4251

Author(s):

Nebojsa Nedic ◽

Milan Gojak ◽

Ivan Zlatanovic ◽

Nedzad Rudonja ◽

Kristina Lazarevic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Activity ◽

High Performance ◽

Freeze Drying ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Diffusivity Coefficient ◽

Chromatography Method ◽

Drying Time ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Acacia Honey ◽

The Impact

The aim of this research is to study the drying kinetics of vacuum-dried and freeze-dried bee honey produced from two different varieties: Sunflower honey (Helianthus Annuus L.) and Acacia honey (Robinia pseudo acacia L.). Vacuum drying treatments were carried out with the honey samples? initial temperatures of +25?C, ?20?C, and ?40?C. Water content, total soluble solids, as well as the water activity of fresh and dried honey samples were determined. Freeze-drying of bee honey with initial sample temperature of ?40?C has resulted in shorter drying time (7-9 hours), moisture content (10%-12%), water activity (0.405-0.427 aW) and effective moisture diffusivity coefficient (8.26?10?7-9.51?10-7 m2/s). The high-performance liquid chromatography method was used when analyzing the impact that drying pre-treatments had on honey quality. The application of pre-treatments has led to an increase in hydroxy-methyl-furfural by 39-71%, and a decrease in diastase activity by 17-36%, all compared to fresh honey samples. The solutions of Verma model proved to be the best fit with the experimental results.

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The impact of freeze-drying infant fecal samples on measures of their bacterial community profiles and milk-derived oligosaccharide content

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.1612 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. e1612 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Zachery T. Lewis ◽

Jasmine C.C. Davis ◽

Jennifer T. Smilowitz ◽

J. Bruce German ◽

Carlito B. Lebrilla ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Community ◽

Freeze Drying ◽

Marker Gene ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Sample Treatment ◽

Sequencing Data ◽

Fecal Samples ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

The Impact

Infant fecal samples are commonly studied to investigate the impacts of breastfeeding on the development of the microbiota and subsequent health effects. Comparisons of infants living in different geographic regions and environmental contexts are needed to aid our understanding of evolutionarily-selected milk adaptations. However, the preservation of fecal samples from individuals in remote locales until they can be processed can be a challenge. Freeze-drying (lyophilization) offers a cost-effective way to preserve some biological samples for transport and analysis at a later date. Currently, it is unknown what, if any, biases are introduced into various analyses by the freeze-drying process. Here, we investigated how freeze-drying affected analysis of two relevant and intertwined aspects of infant fecal samples, marker gene amplicon sequencing of the bacterial community and the fecal oligosaccharide profile (undigested human milk oligosaccharides). No differences were discovered between the fecal oligosaccharide profiles of wet and freeze-dried samples. The marker gene sequencing data showed an increase in proportional representation ofBacteriodesand a decrease in detection of bifidobacteria and members of class Bacilli after freeze-drying. This sample treatment bias may possibly be related to the cell morphology of these different taxa (Gram status). However, these effects did not overwhelm the natural variation among individuals, as the community data still strongly grouped by subject and not by freeze-drying status. We also found that compensating for sample concentration during freeze-drying, while not necessary, was also not detrimental. Freeze-drying may therefore be an acceptable method of sample preservation and mass reduction for some studies of microbial ecology and milk glycan analysis.

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The Impact of Freeze-Drying Conditions on the Physico-Chemical Properties and Bioactive Compounds of a Freeze-Dried Orange Puree

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9010032 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 32 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Marilú A. Silva-Espinoza ◽

Charfedinne Ayed ◽

Timothy Foster ◽

María del Mar Camacho ◽

Nuria Martínez-Navarrete

Keyword(s):

Vitamin C ◽

Water Content ◽

Freeze Drying ◽

Low Pressure ◽

High Water Content ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Drying Conditions ◽

The Impact ◽

Shelf Temperature ◽

Β Carotene

Fruits are essential for a healthy diet, as they contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and some cancers, which is attributed to their high bioactive compound content contributing to their antioxidant capacity. Nevertheless, fruits have a short shelf life due to their high-water content, and freeze-drying is a well-known technique to preserve their nutritive quality. However, it is an expensive technology, both due to the use of low pressure and long processing time. Therefore, an optimisation of variables such as the freezing rate, working pressure and shelf temperature during freeze-drying may preserve fruit quality while reducing the time and costs. The impact of these variables on colour, porosity, mechanical properties, water content, vitamin C, total phenols, β-carotene, and antioxidant activity of a freeze-dried orange puree was evaluated. The results showed a great impact of pressure and shelf temperature on luminosity, chroma and water content. Vitamin C and β-carotene were more preserved with higher shelf temperatures (shorter times of processing) and lower pressure, respectively. The optimum freeze-drying conditions preserving the nutrients, and with an interesting structural property, perceived as a crunchy product by consumers, are low pressure (5 Pa) and high shelf temperature (50 °C).

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In vitro Alpha Lipoic Acid supplementation in freeze-dried human sperm: the impact on DNA fragmentation index

Qanun Medika - Medical Journal Faculty of Medicine Muhammadiyah Surabaya ◽

10.30651/jqm.v5i1.4374 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 125

Author(s):

Rezia Octarina ◽

M. P. B. Dyah Pramesti ◽

Agustinus Agustinus

Keyword(s):

Dna Fragmentation ◽

Lipoic Acid ◽

Freeze Drying ◽

Human Spermatozoa ◽

Alpha Lipoic Acid ◽

Fragmentation Index ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Impact ◽

Dna Fragmentation Index

Freeze-drying technique is an alternative method on sperm preservation. However, this process can results in DNA damage. Adding antioxidants before freezing can reduce the detrimental effects of ROS on spermatozoa. Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) is one of the potent antioxidant that can be used to protect the sperm DNA. This study was aimed to determine the effect of ALA supplementation before freeze-drying on the DNA fragmentation index (DFI) of human spermatozoa. Nine semen samples were collected and evaluated for DFI (O1) then divided into 3 groups; freeze-drying without ALA (O2), freeze-drying with ALA 1,25 mg (O3) and freeze-drying with ALA 2,5 mg (O4).All three groups were stored at 4oC for 1 week. Sperm DFI were evaluated before and after freeze-drying. The result of this study showed a significant increase in sperm DFI in all three groups after freeze-drying (p<0,05) when compared to DFI before freeze-drying (14,67 ±3,295). However there was no significant difference between O2 (26,90 ±9,180) and O4 (29,29 ±5,524) group where the supplementation of 2,5 mg ALA did not have significant effect on protecting the DNA of freeze-dried human spermatozoa. The highest DFI was in the O3 group (44,64 ±11,717). Therefore, ALA supplementation before freeze-drying does not have a significant effect on protecting the DNA of freeze-dried human spermatozoa.

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Hydroxycinnamic Acids and Carotenoids of Dried Loquat Fruit cv. ‘Algar’ Affected by Freeze-, Convective-, Vacuum-Microwave- and Combined-Drying Methods

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25163643 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (16) ◽

pp. 3643 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David Bernardo López-Lluch ◽

Marina Cano-Lamadrid ◽

Francisca Hernández ◽

Aleksandra Zimmer ◽

Krzysztof Lech ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quinic Acid ◽

Hydroxycinnamic Acids ◽

Convective Drying ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Drying Methods ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Vacuum Microwave ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

The Impact ◽

Caffeoyl Quinic Acid

The effect of different drying techniques (freeze, convective, vacuum-microwave and combined drying) on the drying kinetics, the phytochemical compounds and sensory characteristics in loquat cultivar ‘Algar’ was studied. The convective drying resulted in the highest amount of total hydroxycinnamic acids (5077 mg/kg wet weight (ww)), with 3-caffeoyl quinic acid and 5-caffeoyl quinic acid being the greatest carotenoids. The highest values of total carotenoids were obtained by the freeze-drying technique (2601 mg/kg ww), followed by all convective treatments and vacuum-microwave at 360 W. The highest carotenoid was β-carotene. The ABTS+• (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) and FRAP (Ferric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Power) values ranged from 2.04 up to 3.27 mmol Trolox/100 g ww, and from 1.89 up to 2.29 mmol Trolox/100 g ww, respectively. As expected, the color difference of freeze-dried samples was the lowest (7.06), similar to combined drying conditions (9.63), whilst the highest value was found after convective drying (37.0). All treatments were sensory acceptable (no off-flavors). However, still, further research is needed to fully optimize these studied drying treatments because the freeze-dried sample still had higher carotenoid content and better instrumental color parameters. Although recently the impact of microwave drying has been studied, this is the first work comparing phytochemical composition of loquat fruit under the different drying methods mentioned above.

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Bioaccessibility of Antioxidants and Fatty Acids from Fucus Spiralis

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9040440 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 440 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

João Francisco ◽

André Horta ◽

Rui Pedrosa ◽

Cláudia Afonso ◽

Carlos Cardoso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Freeze Drying ◽

Brown Seaweed ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Drying Process ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Digestive Process ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Fucus Spiralis

Fucus spiralis is an edible brown seaweed (SW) found in the Portuguese Coast. It has been reported to have high antioxidant activity, which may elicit a potential use for the food industry. However, little information is available on how the SW behaves during the digestive process and how the freeze-drying process might affect the bioaccessibility of the different compounds. Therefore, antioxidant activity, total polyphenols, lipid, and fatty acid contents were measured before and after in vitro simulation of the human digestive process, both in fresh and freeze-dry SW. F. spiralis had a lipid content of 3.49 ± 0.3% of dry weight (DW), which is a usual amount described for this SW genus. The total lipid bioaccessibility was 12.1 ± 0.1%. The major omega-3 fatty acid detected was eicosapentaenoic acid, 7.5 ± 0.1%, with a bioaccessibility percentage of 13.0 ± 1.0%. Four different methods—total phenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH)—were used to assess the antioxidant activity of F. spiralis. The bioaccessibility of the antioxidants studied, ranged between 42.7% and 59.5%, except the bioaccessibility of polyphenols in freeze-dried SW (23.0% ± 1.0%), suggesting that the freeze-drying process reduces the bioaccessibility of these compounds.

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The Impact of Drying and Rehydration on the Structural Properties and Quality Attributes of Pre-Cooked Dried Beans

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10071665 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1665

Author(s):

Shruti Aravindakshan ◽

Thi Hoai An Nguyen ◽

Clare Kyomugasho ◽

Carolien Buvé ◽

Koen Dewettinck ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Freeze Drying ◽

Drying Process ◽

Total Peak Area ◽

Diffusion Controlled ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Stable Product ◽

Shelf Stable ◽

The Impact ◽

And Diffusion ◽

Highly Porous

Fresh common beans can be made ‘instant’ to produce fast-cooking beans by first soaking and cooking the beans before drying to create a shelf-stable product that can be rehydrated at the time of use. This study investigated the interplay between the drying process (air, vacuum and freeze drying), the microstructure and functional attributes of rehydrated pre-cooked beans. The microscopic study revealed that the three different drying techniques resulted in distinctly different microstructures, with the freeze drying process resulting in highly porous materials, while the air- and vacuum-dried samples underwent shrinkage. Additionally, the rehydration behavior (modeled using empirical and diffusion models) demonstrates that the high rehydration rate of freeze-dried beans is due to capillarity, while rehydration, in the case of air- and vacuum-dried beans, is primarily diffusion-controlled. Irrespective of the drying technique, the high rehydration capacity supports little to no structural collapse or damage to the cell walls. The color and texture of the rehydrated beans did not differ greatly from those of freshly cooked beans. The total peak area of the volatiles of rehydrated beans was significantly reduced by the drying process, but volatiles characteristic of the cooked bean aroma were retained. This new understanding is beneficial in tailoring the functional properties of pre-cooked dry convenient beans requiring short preparation times.

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