scholarly journals Subsidies and Countervailing Measures: Challenges in International Trade Law

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Agus Supriyo ◽  
Satria Unggul Wicaksana Prakasa
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Emergency Situation ◽  
Global Era ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
Light Yellow ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gatt 1994

In the global era with all demands and expectations for a better economic condition in a country that an international trade is needed. Fair competition can be carried out in competition between business actors and commodity (goods or services) in overseas with business actors and commodity (goods or services) in country. One form of creating justice in international trade competition is by providing subsidies. The issue of subsidies created the problems and disputes. The problem formulations of this research were: (1) how are the effects of subsidies and countervailing in international trade regulations? (2) how is the case analysis related to subsidies and countervailing measures according to the provisions of the GATT 1994, The SCM Agreement and other legal provisions? The results showed that (1) the effect of subsidies and countervailing measures based on their types (red light, yellow light, green light) in international trade regulations had provided clear provisions as well as the impact and limitations in implementing these provisions in accordance with the provisions. GATT 1994 and The SCM Agreement. (2) The several cases described regarding subsidies that were not allowed because they created injustice that the subsidies were only carried out in an emergency situation and their nature rescued them from an economic crisis.

Part VI Global Approach of State Aid Law—WTO Law and EU Trade Defence Instruments, 1 WTO Subsidy Laws: The International Regulation of State Aid

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kreuschitz Viktor ◽  
Nehl Hanns Peter
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Green Light ◽  
State Aid ◽  
Yellow Light ◽  
International Regulation ◽  
Light Yellow ◽  
Actionable Subsidies

This chapter focuses on the concepts of subsidy control under World Trade Organization (WTO), prohibiting certain types of subsidies that might have a harmful effect on economic activity in other WTO members. A major innovation of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement) was the classification of subsidies into three categories, often referred to as ‘red light’, ‘yellow light’, and ‘green light’. ‘Red light’ subsidies are prohibited per se, with no need to actually prove any adverse effect. The ‘yellow light’ or ‘actionable subsidies’ are not prohibited, but may be challenged only if they cause ‘adverse effects’. Under the ‘green light’ category, certain selected types of subsidies were non-actionable even if they were specific and caused one of the harms listed in Articles 5 and 6 of the SCM Agreement.

scholarly journals ELECTRONIC COMMERCE IN THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND THE IMPACT ON INDONESIA

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 316
Author(s):  
Wenny Setiawati
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
Information And Communication Technology ◽  
Communication Technology ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
The Impact

AbstrakThis paper abserves the development in the discussion of e-commerce as across cutting issue in WTO and how the issue affected Indonesia primarily inthe information and communication technology (ICT) area. The explorationwill focus on e-commerce discussion and the progress starting from the FirstMinisterial Conference to the Fifth. The observation will also broaden to allrelated issue of the topic in this research, such as intellectual property rightsand ICT Under the author analysis, there is one thing that Indonesiangovernment can take advantage, the joining in Information TechnologyAgreement (ITA). Because ITA was, establish in the purpose of encouragingnations to develop their ICT so there will be development in the ICT in orderto create of fair competition. The encouragements were given in the form ofreducing custom and duties on technology used for ICT More authoropinion that Indonesia must see ITA as the facility in building up the ICT inthe country, despite the debate on the categorization of e-commerce, whetheras good or service. Indonesia must take an immediate step redeem necessaryto compete in the globalization of commerce, and maximizing the ICTdevelopment through available facility is one possible step right now.

Beta-blockers in patients with advanced cirrhosis: Red light, green light, yellow light…

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 725-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thoetchai Bee Peeraphatdit ◽  
Patrick S. Kamath ◽  
Vijay H. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Beta Blockers ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Yellow Light ◽  
Light Yellow ◽  
Advanced Cirrhosis ◽  
Light Green

scholarly journals Validation of stable reference genes in Staphylococcus aureus to study gene expression under photodynamic treatment: a case study of SEB virulence factor analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrycja Ogonowska ◽  
Joanna Nakonieczna
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Virulence Factor ◽  
Reference Genes ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Photodynamic Treatment ◽  
Study Gene Expression ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), encoded by the seb gene, is a virulence factor produced by Staphylococcus aureus that is involved mainly in food poisoning and is known to act as an aggravating factor in patients with atopic dermatitis. Research results in animal infection models support the concept that superantigens, including SEB contribute to sepsis and skin and soft tissue infections. In contrast to antibiotics, antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) is a promising method to combat both bacterial cells and virulence factors. The main aims of this research were to (1) select the most stable reference genes under sublethal aPDI treatments and (2) evaluate the impact of aPDI on seb. Two aPDI combinations were applied under sublethal conditions: rose bengal (RB) and green light (λmax = 515 nm) and new methylene blue (NMB) and red light (λmax = 632 nm). The stability of ten candidate reference genes (16S rRNA, fabD, ftsZ, gmk, gyrB, proC, pyk, rho, rpoB and tpiA) was evaluated upon aPDI using four software packages—BestKeeper, geNorm, NormFinder and RefFinder. Statistical analyses ranked ftsZ and gmk (RB + green light) and ftsZ, proC, and fabD (NMB + red light) as the most stable reference genes upon photodynamic treatment. Our studies showed downregulation of seb under both aPDI conditions, suggesting that aPDI could decrease the level of virulence factors.

scholarly journals Accuracy of the GENEActiv Device for Measuring Light Exposure in Sleep and Circadian Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-152
Author(s):  
Julia E. Stone ◽  
Elise M. McGlashan ◽  
Elise R. Facer-Childs ◽  
Sean W. Cain ◽  
Andrew J. K. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Light Source ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Spectral Composition ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Lower Accuracy ◽  
The Impact

Light is a variable of key interest in circadian rhythms research, commonly measured using wrist-worn sensors. The GENEActiv Original is a cost-effective and practical option for assessing light in ambulatory settings. With increasing research on health and well-being incorporating sleep and circadian factors, the validity of wearable devices for assessing light environments needs to be evaluated. In this study, we tested the accuracy of the GENEActiv Original devices (n = 10) for recording light under a range of ecologically relevant lighting conditions, including LED, fluorescent, infrared, and outdoor lighting. The GENEActiv output had a strong linear relationship with photopic illuminance. However, the devices consistently under-reported photopic illuminance, especially below 100 lux. Accuracy below 100 lux depended on the light source, with lower accuracy and higher variability under fluorescent lighting. The device’s accuracy was also tested using light sources of varying spectral composition, which indicated that the device tends to under-report photopic illuminance for green light sources and over-report for red light sources. Furthermore, measures of photopic illuminance were impacted by infrared light exposure. We conclude that the GENEActiv Original is suitable for mapping light patterns within an individual context, and can reasonably differentiate indoor vs. outdoor lighting, though the accuracy is variable at low light conditions. Given the human circadian system’s high sensitivity to light levels below 100 lux, if using the GENEActiv Original, we recommend also collecting light source data to better understand the impact on the circadian system, especially where participants spend prolonged periods in dim lighting.

scholarly journals Effect of exposure to different light colors on embryonic development and neurophysiological traits in the chick embryo

2021 ◽  
pp. 1284-1289
Author(s):  
S. M. Abdulateef ◽  
M. A. Al-Bayar ◽  
A. A. Majid ◽  
S. S. Shawkat ◽  
A. Tatar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Broiler Chick ◽  
The Impact

Background and Aim: Many environmental factors exist that influence embryonic development which is missing in the poultry industry, such as light in incubation facilities or hatcheries. Light plays an important role in the growth and development of chick embryos, whereas dark environments can lead to hatching failure or embryo distortion. Therefore, this study aimed to demonstrate the importance of light and its various colors on the growth and development of broiler chick embryos. Materials and Methods: Four treatments were used to study the impact of various light colors on the growth of embryos and their neurophysiological traits: Dark without light (D), red light (RL), blue light (BL), and green light (GL), with three replicates per treatment (25 eggs/replicate) for a total of 300 fertile Ross 308 eggs. Each treatment was assigned to one incubator (75 eggs/incubator), whereas all other conditions were kept the same. Results: The results showed a significant increase (p<0.01) in embryonic development for embryo weight, chick body weight, hatchability, and embryo index for RL, BL, and especially GL. RL, BL, and especially GL significantly increased (p<0.01) neurophysiological traits of the neurons, brain weight, and brain index. Conclusion: The use of light during the embryonic period affects the development of the embryo and its neurophysiological traits.

scholarly journals Analisis Waktu Lampu Hijau, Kapasitas Kendaaran dan Derajat Jenuh di Simpang Empat Bersinyal

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Ana Komari ◽  
Heribertus Budi Santoso
Keyword(s):  
Cycle Time ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
Saturation Degree ◽  
The North ◽  
Light Yellow ◽  
Saturation Flow ◽  
Vehicle Capacity

Congestion has a negative impact on motorists during certain hours. Therefore it is necessary to do an analysis related to traffic with the aim to find out the optimum time of green light, vehicle capacity and degree of saturation. Observations were carried out in the collection of data related to the cycle time of green light, yellow light and red light. Data was collected for 60 minutes at an intersection on Jalan Veteran (east), Jalan Veteran (west), Jalan Kawi and Jalan Penanggungan, Kota Kediri, using the Webster method. Data is processed in terms of saturation flow, traffic flow rate, lost time, optimum cycle time, effective green time, total effective green time, green light time for each phase, actual green time, capacity of each crossing arm and degree of saturation. The results of the study are in accordance with the objectives of the actual green time on the Veteran Road from the east by 10 seconds with a capacity of 389 (kend / hour), degree of saturation 0.93, Veteran Road from the west by 11 seconds with a capacity of 357 (vehicle / hour) , saturation degree 1,07, Jalan Kawi from the north for 8 seconds, with a capacity of 260 (kend / hour), saturation degree 1.21 and a Penanggungan from the south for 11 seconds, with a capacity of 357 (kend / hour), saturation degree 1.12.Keyword : Congestion, Webster, Capacity, Saturated degree Kemacetan menimbulkan dampak negatif bagi pengendara kendaraan di jam – jam tertentu. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan analisis terkait lalu lintas dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui waktu optimum lampu hijau, kapasitas kendaraan dan derajat jenuh. Dilakukan observasi yaitu pengambilan data terkait siklus waktu lampu hijau, lampu kuning dan lampu merah. Dilakukan pengambilan data selama 60 menit di persimpangan pada Jalan Veteran (timur), Jalan Veteran (barat), Jalan Kawi dan Jalan Penanggungan, Kota Kediri, menggunkan metode Webster. Data diolah terkait arus jenuh, tingkat arus lalu lintas,  waktu hilang, waktu siklus optimum, waktu hijau efektif, waktu hijau efektif total, waktu lampu hijau tiap fase, waktu hijau aktual, kapasitas tiap lengan persimpangan dan derajat jenuh. Hasil penelitian sesuai dengan tujuan yaitu waktu hijau aktual yang pada Jalan Veteran dari arah timur sebesar 10 detik dengan kapasitas 389 (kend/jam), derajat jenuh 0,93,  Jalan Veteran dari arah barat sebesar 11 detik dengan kapasitas 357 (kend/jam), derajat jenuh 1,07, Jalan Kawi dari arah utara sebesar 8 detik, dengan kapasitas 260 (kend/jam), derajat jenuh 1,21 dan Penanggungan dari arah selatan sebesar 11 detik, dengan kapasitas 357 (kend/jam), derajat jenuh 1,12.  Kata Kunci: Kemacetan, Webster, Kapasitas, Derajat jenuh

International trade: Research of the reasons for the fall

2019 ◽  
pp. 79-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Nazarov ◽  
S. S. Lazaryan ◽  
I. V. Nikonov ◽  
A. I. Votinov
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Negative Contribution ◽  
Basic Commodity ◽  
The Impact

The article assesses the impact of various factors on the growth rate of international trade. Many experts interpreted the cross-border flows of goods decline against the backdrop of a growing global economy as an alarming sign that indicates a slowdown in the processes of globalization. To determine the reasons for the dynamics of international trade, the decompositions of its growth rate were carried out and allowed to single out the effect of the dollar exchange rate, the commodities prices and global value chains on the change in the volume of trade. As a result, it was discovered that the most part of the dynamics of international trade is due to fluctuations in the exchange rate of the dollar and prices for basic commodity groups. The negative contribution of trade within global value chains in 2014 was also revealed. During the investigated period (2000—2014), such a picture was observed only in the crisis periods, which may indicate the beginning of structural changes in the world trade.

The impact of exchange rate on price and export of agricultural production

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-18
Author(s):  
Rasulov Tulkin Sattarovich ◽  
Khushvaktov Kuvonchbek Ravshanovich
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Agricultural Economics ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Price Formation ◽  
International Trade Laws ◽  
The Impact

In today’s world of swiftly increasing global economy and continuously changing international trade laws and technology exchange rate plays a pivotal role in the production, price formation, export and import of agricultural products. For many years exchange rate as an integral part of agricultural economics has been ignored. The present study was intended to investigate exchange rate as an impacting factor on the agricultural production. It also considers the researches that have been carried about the impact of the exchange rate on prices and export of agricultural products, theirs analyses and how much impact it has in the situation of Uzbekistan.

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