scholarly journals VERBA MEMUKUL DALAM BAHASA BALI KAJIAN METABAHASA SEMANTIK

PRASI ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Made Dian Saputra
Keyword(s):  
Lingua Franca ◽  
Original Meaning ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
The Difference

Balinese language as Balinese Lingua franca still has rules in speaking. There many Balinese words that are not familiar even neglected in this era, one of  those is verb. There are many verbs in Balinese, but researcher just wants to focus on one verb, that is ngetok seen from metalanguagenatural semantics. The verb ngetok has 32 similar meanings as follows; “ngebug, ngedig, nigtig, ngupek, magambel, mugpugin, mukpukin, ngukul, nungting, ngempug, nyakcak, noktok, ngeplokin, nebuk, ngaasin, nepung, ngintuk, ngalocok, namplak, nyemés, nempéléng, nyagur, nyepédin, nglamet, ngamplongin, ngamplengin, ngemplangin, nglentangin, ngaplekin, nyontok, nylimed and  mentil.” From the whole verb forms of “ngetok” there are differences of each form seen from the wat of hitting related to the device used to hit, subject and object being hit. Verb in Balinese has to different meanings, that can be explained by explication technique of X does something on Y, something good or bad happens on Y. The difference of meaning was gained from the analysis of original meaning with uncomposed polysemi.

English as a Lingua Franca in the Expanding Circle

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Community Of Practice ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Lingua Franca ◽  
Expanding Circle ◽  
Contact Language ◽  
First Languages ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

This article discusses English in terms of its role as a contact language among expanding circle users of English from different first languages. It begins by observing both similarities between English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) and other lingua francas, and the difference in scale between them, with ELF involving a far higher number of people and first languages. The article goes on to explore empirical research into ELF, and its key findings: on the one hand, that certain “nonstandard” English forms are regularly preferred to “standard” (i.e. native) ones, and on the other, that ELF is far more affected by context and accommodation processes, and, therefore, far more diverse, than native Englishes. The notion of “community of practice,” it is argued, is, thus, more appropriate to ELF than that of “speech community.” The article concludes by considering three key areas of ELF research that need to be tackled.

THE TENSE-ASPECT SYSTEM IN PIDGINS AND NATURALISTICALLY LEARNED L2

2003 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Clancy Clements
Keyword(s):  
First Language ◽  
Verbal System ◽  
Second Languages ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
System A ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Difference ◽  
L1 Acquisition ◽  
The Third Person

The advantages and disadvantages of wider or narrower definitions of pidginization and pidgin are reviewed to determine the differences between pidgins and naturalistically learned second languages (L2s). It is argued that a wider definition is preferred because it avoids problematic counterexamples and captures generalizations that allow us to view the difference between naturalistic L2 varieties and pidgins as one of degree, not of type. In first language (L1) acquisition, Bates and Goodman (1999) showed the link between the development of vocabulary and grammar and argued that this may be explained by, among other things, logical and perceptual bootstrapping. It is suggested that these types of bootstrapping are also relevant for explaining the pace of grammar development in pidgins and naturalistic L2 varieties. The tense-aspect system of a Spanish variety spoken by a Chinese immigrant in Spain is examined in detail. The data, taken from a 90-minute interview that yielded 602 tokens, reveal several clear traits of the informant's verbal system: (a) All nonfinite, imperfective verb forms (gerunds) correspond exclusively to Vendlerian activities; (b) all but three of the perfective nonfinite forms (past participles) correspond to telic verbs or predicates; and (c) 81% of the stative verbs appear in the third-person-singular present form. The sensitivity to aspectual distinctions in the informant's variety of Spanish is not addressed by logical and perceptual bootstrapping. Furthermore, although this sensitivity can be partially explained by language-specific considerations (i.e., transfer from Mandarin), such an explanation does not speak to precise form–function mappings found, which are best accounted for by appealing to the Primacy of Aspect and Distributional Bias hypotheses (Andersen, 1993; Andersen & Shirai, 1996).

A contrastive look at the present perfect/preterite opposition in English and Norwegian

2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Elsness
Keyword(s):  
Zero Point ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Present Perfect ◽  
Parallel Corpus ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Past Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
The Difference

This article deals with the opposition between the present perfect and the preterite in English and Norwegian from a contrastive point of view. The use of these verb forms is very similar in the two languages, and markedly different from that in closely related languages such as German and French, where the present perfect is used much more widely. In English and Norwegian the preterite is the norm if the reference is identified as being to past time which is clearly separate from the deictic zero-point, for instance through adverbial specification, while the present perfect is used of situations extending from the past all the way up to the deictic zero-point, and of situations located within such a time span. In many intermediate cases, where the reference is to a loosely defined past time, either verb form may be used in both languages, although several writers have claimed that the present perfect is more common in Norwegian than in English in such cases. The difference between the two languages is more distinct if the reference is to what can be seen as unique past time, in which case the present perfect is usually blocked in English but very common in Norwegian. Also, the so-called inferential perfect in Norwegian is not matched by any similar perfect use in English. These claims are amply confirmed by an investigation of the English–Norwegian Parallel Corpus (ENPC), where the present perfect is more frequent in the Norwegian as compared with the English sections, at the expense of the preterite. Moreover, there is found to be a marked difference between the original and the translated texts of the ENPC: the ratio between the present perfect and the preterite is generally higher in Norwegian than in English but not quite so high in Norwegian texts translated from English as in Norwegian original texts, and somewhat higher in English texts translated from Norwegian than in English original texts. This difference is ascribed to interference from the source language in the translated texts.

Immediacy and certainty: factors in understanding future reference

1982 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorraine Harner
Keyword(s):  
Future Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Remote Past ◽  
Future Reference

ABSTRACTSeventy-five children, 3, 4, and 5 years old, were interviewed about: (a) toys they had played with just a few minutes earlier, (b) toys they had played with on the preceding day, (c) toys they would play with in a few minutes, and (d) toys reserved for use on the following day. Verb forms indicating past and future time were used as well as the adverbials before and after. The past verb form was understood equally well in reference to the immediate past and the more remote past. However, the future verb form was better understood in reference to the immediate future than in reference to the remote future (the following day). The difference is discussed in terms of the intersection of time and mood in future verb forms. Immediacy of action and certainty of occurrence are suggested as early meaning components of future verb forms.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KONTRASTIF PEMBENTUKAN VERBA BAHASA ARAB DAN BAHASA INDONESIA SERTA IMPLIKASINYA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA ARAB

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 258
Author(s):  
Isra Mirdayanti ◽  
Najmuddin Abd. Safa ◽  
Kaharuddin Kaharuddin
Keyword(s):  
Arabic Language ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Verb Phrases ◽  
Semantic Concepts ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Collection Methods

The construction Arabic dan Indonesian verbs within implication of learning Arabic language. The purpose of this study is to describe the process of formation of verbs Arabic and Indonesian, analyzing the difference between the two processes and outlines the implications of the differences in Arabic and Indonesian verb formation on Arabic learning. This research includes qualitative research. The data in this study are written data, whether published in articles, papers, books, and those contained in other writings related to the formation of verbs Arabic and Indonesian language and learning Arabic. The data collection methods used to refer to the technical note. The data collected in this study were analyzed using contrastive analysis. The results of this study describe the formation of Arabic verbs through internal modification and affixation, while the formation of verbs in the Indonesian language is done through affixation, reduplication and composition. The significant difference between the two is that the formation of verbs in Arabic is always related to time, quantity, and gender so as to reveal time, different numbers or genders are expressed grammatically through verb changes, whereas the formation of verbs in Indonesian is not related to time, and gender so as to reveal semantic concepts of time, quantity, and gender are lexically represented accompanying verbs to form verb phrases without altering their verb forms. The differences between them have implications for the Arabic learning process, namely the emergence of difficulties faced by Arabic learners.

scholarly journals Erbschaft- und Schenkungsteuer in Polen und in Deutschland. Konstruktionselemente der Steuer: Steuerpflichtiger, Steuergegenstand, unbeschränkte und beschränkte Steuerpflicht, Erbschaft- und Schenkungsteuer bei Nacherbfolge. Erster Teil

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 13-29
Author(s):  
Stefan Babiarz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil Law ◽  
German Law ◽  
Tax Structure ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference

The following conclusions can be drawn from a comparison of the structural elements of the tax structure in the Polish and German Acts on the tax on inheritance and donations: – there are no significant differences in the design of the taxpayer and the object of taxation (and the existing ones are related to different civil law solutions – donation in case of death, agreement as to succession), – the difference is in the taxation of subsequent succession, not provided for in the Polish civil law, and in the taxation of specific bequest, unknown in the German law, – the tax point is determined differently, as the German Act already taxes the due revenue (legitim), However, the German Act provides less favourable solutions for taxpayers in terms of e.g. the subject and object of taxation. It is, therefore, considered to be restrictive for taxpayers.

scholarly journals Time and the event: The semantics of Russian prefixes

Nordlyd ◽  
10.7557/12.72 ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian Ramchand
Keyword(s):  
Argument Structure ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Event Structure ◽  
Temporal Domain ◽  
Structure Level ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Basic Distinction ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Structure Domain

In this paper, I draw on data from prefixation in Russian to argue for a basic distinction between event structure and temporal struc- ture. I present a linguistic semantics of verb and argument structure interpretation on the one hand, and a formal semantic implementa- tion of 'telicity' on the other, which makes sense of the generalisations apparently common to both domains. I will claim that the temporal domain embeds the event structure domain, and that the latter con- strains the former. At the same time, the different formal primitives that operate at the levels proposed form the basis for a principled linguistic distinction between the two tiers of composition: the event structure level encodes subevental relations and predicational rela- tions within those subevents; the temporal structure level introduces a t variable explicitly and relates it to the structure built up by the event level. Whether the event structure is homogenous or not will have an impact on whether the temporal variable chosen will be 'def- inite' or 'indefinite.' This latter claim then forms the basis for a new conception of the difference between perfective and imperfective verb forms in Russian.

scholarly journals COLOR TERMS ALA ‘PIEBALD’ AND SЇBAR ‘MOTTLEY’ IN THE BASHKIR LANGUAGE: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND LEXICAL SEMANTICS

2020 ◽  
Vol 6(72) (3) ◽  
pp. 65-84
Author(s):  
R. Т. Мuratova
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Lexical Semantics ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
Color Terms ◽  
Original Meaning ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
The Difference

The purpose of the article is to study the origin of names for piebald and mottley colors in the Bashkir language, to trace their development on the general Turkic background and to reveal the semantic features of these color designations.The relevance of the research is due to the need to study lexemes both in the comparative-historical aspect and in terms of synchronicity with the identification of denotative and connotative components in their semantics. It is revealed that the difference in the semantics of the lexemes ala ‘piebald’ and sїbar ‘mottley’ is that the word ala denotes a combination of colors with large spots, the lexeme sїbar is a color consisting of small mixed colored areas. Both lexemes are of ancient origin: аlа goes back to the Pre-Turk *ala and Pre- Altaic *ā́ lV ‘mottley’; the Pre-Turk form of the color designation sїbar is reconstructed in the form of čоpur, čаp- ‘mottley, pock-marked’ ‘unkempt, untidy’, ‘pour out (about rashes, teals)’, which is derived from the Pre- Altaic *šop`é ‘freckles, spots’. The semantic load of the lexemes ala and sїbar is stable, since in Bashkir, as well as in all other Turkic languages, they retained their original meaning. In all Turkic languages, including Bashkir, they have additional connotative semantics, which characterizes the antiquity of these meanings. Аlа, in addition to the designation of piebald color, is an epithet of fierce eyes and spring blackened snow, pigment spots on the skin, the word is used in the meanings ‘multi-colored’, ‘prominent’; sїbar is used in the meanings ‘mottled’, ‘pock-marked’, ‘flea-bitten’, ‘diverse’, ‘multicolored’, ‘variegated’, ‘changeable’, ‘freckled’. The same meanings are noted in other Turkic languages.

Zu den Verbformen in den althochdeutschen Glossen des Trierer Seminarkodex

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-337
Author(s):  
Arend Quak
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Old Saxon ◽  
Low German ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The vernacular glosses in the manuscript Trier, Seminarbibliothek 61, are considered to be mainly Old Middle Franconian in the scientific literature. They are, however, mixed with Low German words, that are considered to be Old Saxon. With the help of the verb forms in these glosses this article tries to make probable that at least some of these Low German glosses are more likely to be Old Low Franconian than Old Saxon. At the same time it becomes clear that in the dictionaries the difference between weak ēn- and ōn-verbs in a number of cases is wrong or at least doubtful.

Reflections on Indian Buddhist Thought and the Scientific Study of Meditation, or

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Waldron
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
Middle Ground ◽  
Causal Processes ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Subjective Reports

One of the fundamental distinctions in the modern academy is the difference between studying human life as people experience it and studying it in terms of impersonal causal processes—the so-called first- and third-person approaches. This dichotomy is reflected in the study of meditation, in which neuroscientists attempt to correlate their “objective” findings with the “subjective” reports of meditators. This very distinction, though, invites two extremes: either these discourses are ultimately incommensurable or one discourse—the subjective—should be reduced to the “true,” objective discourse. This chapter criticizes putatively pure subjectivity or objectivity from Buddhist philosophical perspectives, especially the non-duality of subject and object, and seeks to articulate a middle ground between reductionism and incommensurability.

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