scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF THE GENESIS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA ON THE MANIFESTATIONS OF POSTTRAUMATIC GROWTH: A THEORETICAL REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-365
Author(s):  
A.D. Trusova ◽  
◽  
A.G. Faustova ◽  

The study of the prerequisites and consequences of psychological traumatization is an urgent area of research both in domestic and foreign Clinical Psychology. The types of psychotraumatic influences and their influence on the individual, his/her personal and social functioning are studied in detail. For a long time, the research attention has been mainly focused on the negative consequences of traumatic stress. However, the victims themselves also note positive changes after coping with psychological trauma – posttraumatic growth. Posttraumatic growth should be considered as a subjective process of personality changes while the coping process. The article is devoted to the analysis of the characteristic manifestations of posttraumatic growth depending on the genesis of psychological trauma. The logic of the presentation is determined by F. Ruppert's typology of psychological traumas: (1) existential psychological trauma; (2) psychological trauma of loss; (3) psychological trauma of the relationship; (4) psychological trauma of systemic relationships. The manifestations of posttraumatic growth encompass the cognitive, emotional and behavioral components of the self-concept. Among the factors contributing to posttraumatic growth, openness to experience, self-reflection, autosympathy, full-fledged spiritual/existential life are indicated. Theoretical review showed that the characteristics of posttraumatic growth and the moment of their manifestation really differ depending on the type of psychotraumatic effect.

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil D. Shortland ◽  
Presley McGarry ◽  
Lisa Thompson ◽  
Catherine Stevens ◽  
Laurence J. Alison

ObjectiveIn this study, we extend the impact of mindfulness to the concept of least-worst decision-making. Least-worst decisions involve high-uncertainty and require the individual to choose between a number of potentially negative courses of action. Research is increasingly exploring least-worst decisions, and real-world events (such as the COVID-19 pandemic) show the need for individuals to overcome uncertainty and commit to a least-worst course of action. From sports to business, researchers are increasingly showing that “being mindful” has a range of positive performance-related benefits. We hypothesized that mindfulness would improve least-worst decision-making because it would increase self-reflection and value identification. However, we also hypothesized that trait maximization (the tendency to attempt to choose the “best” course of action) would negatively interact with mindfulness.MethodsThree hundred and ninety-eight participants were recruited using Amazon MTurk and exposed to a brief mindfulness intervention or a control intervention (listening to an audiobook). After this intervention, participants completed the Least-Worst Uncertain Choice Inventory for Emergency Responders (LUCIFER).ResultsAs hypothesized, mindfulness increased decision-making speed and approach-tendencies. Conversely, for high-maximizers, increased mindfulness caused a slowing of the decision-making process and led to more avoidant choices.ConclusionsThis study shows the potential positive and negative consequences of mindfulness for least-worst decision-making, emphasizing the critical importance of individual differences when considering both the effect of mindfulness and interventions aimed at improving decision-making.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Galagan ◽  
Mykola Yakovenko

The article deals with the preconditions of differentiation of forms of pre-trial investigation in Ukraine in the 18th–19th centuries. The concept of investigation of misdemeanours as a form of pre-trial investigation at different stages of social development are considered. The base source of the Russian Empire is examined, with the aspects of using of the term “investigation of misdemeanours” in law enforcement practice thoroughly covered. It is established that this term at the legislative level and in the literary sources held for a long time is subject to transformation in terms of its functional direction. The paper offers a description of the study of the early stage of development and a comparison with the modern form of pre-trial investigation. It is established that at all stages of its development there is a common feature: the provision of a simplified order.The article presents the key differences between the knowledge at the early stage of its creation and the modern form of pre-trial investigation. However, the investigation of misdemeanours starts from the moment of the illegal act until the end of the pre-trial investigation. At first, this investigation of misdemeanours had few signs of research verification. The collected materials were examined by the proceedings and could not be determined by full evidence without appropriate “legalization” procedures. The investigation of misdemeanours had not clearly defined a procedural form and was not limited to specific deadlines, and depended almost entirely on the inner convictions of the individual who conducted this knowledge. In the legislation of the pre-revolutionary period, the investigation of misdemeanours should be carried out by a wide range of authorized persons (police ranks, military and civilian authorities, clergy, government officials, village elders, and others). The investigation of misdemeanours was carried out in everything without exception of crime, regardless of its severity at those times.It is proved that the modern model of pre-trial investigation represents the positive historical experience and the right opinion. Today we can observe a consistent procedure of the implementation of the exercise, a special circle of authorized persons, and the introduction of a balance of appropriate differentiation of forms of pre-trial investigation.


2018 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 197-212
Author(s):  
Annette Siemes

The emergence of autoimage in the framework of media biography and technology developmentThe article deals with the phenomenon of “shifting baselines” in the field of media reality, looking exemplary at the process of the emergence of image concerning persons working in science. Due to the dynamic change of the structure of media offers and media technology in the last decades, manners of researching and finding information have been changing for a long time. In a broader but the same framework, change concerns also media biographies — the apparently individual CV concerning the moment of first contact, knowledge about, ways of use and attitudes to media offers and media technology, that this CV is however interdependent with the belonging to a certain generation. The described development has an effect on the process of construction/emergence of social-communicational reality, world views and other — we are dealing with the phenomenon of “shifting baselines” — the changing of fundamental ideas that build the basis for observing the world from the point of view of the individual. The text looks into those issues by means of an exemplary analysis of empiric material, showing a certain problem that deserves further and broader investigation.


Author(s):  
Sandal O.S.

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to scientifically study and systematize the experience of working with traumatic events as a factor in the traumatic experience of the individual. Disclosure of the essence of the concept of “traumatic experience” to prevent its further devastating consequences for the individual. Methods. The methodologicalbasis of the article are scientific concepts of studying the syndrome of post-traumatic stress disorder, mental trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, mono trauma, poly trauma, multi trauma and models of overcoming post-traumatic growth of different countries in working with traumatic people. Features of psychological traumas in children and adults which have destructive influence on mentality and development of the victim are considered. Despite the similarity of the definitions of experiencing stress and trauma, the difference is highlighted, where stress becomes a psychological trauma, when the effect of the stressor is a violation of the mental sphere of man. Psycho-traumatic situations are described as the interaction of personality and environment (the leading role of subjective factors) and traumatic events (external factors). There are four types of response to traumatic events. The view of mental trauma as an internal state and psychological trauma as a deeply individual reaction is highlighted. The role of social factors in the formation of psychological trauma that threatens the physical integrity of man is emphasized, depending on this, the main reactions to stressful situations, their forms and manifestations are determined. Potentially traumatic situations in different living conditions are analyzed. The destructive influence on the personality of psychotraumatic factors of single and repeated traumatic events, the consequence of which is the development of negative mental states, is considered. Models of post-traumatic growth are described, which describe the subjective positive personality changes of an individual after traumatic, crisis and stressful events. Describes the areas in which positive personality changes can be made after mental trauma. Translated into Ukrainian and depicts the original model of post-traumatic personality growth. The processes of post-traumatic growth in the model are distinguished. The scientific novelty of the article is to generalize and systematize the results of research in working with manifestations of psychotrauma of a victim of psychotraumatic situations. Results. The result of the study is to reveal the essence of the concept of “traumatic experience”, to determine further important conditions for overcoming the traumatic experience of the individual. Conclusions. The conclusions formulate the key factors of the impact of psycho-traumatic events on the individual, which create difficulties for the integration of the coordinated work of different personality structures and tasks for further empirical research.Key words: post-traumatic stress, trauma, mental trauma, emotional trauma, event, situation, state, post-traumatic growth. Мета статті – наукове вивчення та систематизація досвіду роботи із психотравмувальних подій як чинника травматичного досвіду особистості. Розкриття сутності поняття «травматичний досвід» для запобігання його подальшим руйнівним наслідкам для індивіда. Методи. Методологічну основу статті становлять наукові концепції вивчення синдрому посттравматичного стресу, психічної травми, посттравматичного стресового розладу, монотравми, політравми, мультитравми та моделі подолання посттравматичного зростання різних країн у роботі з особами, що зазнали травматичного досвіду. Розглядаються особливості психологічних травм у дитячому і дорослому віці, які здійснюють деструктивний вплив на психіку і розвиток постраждалої особи. Попри подібність визначень переживання стресу і психотравми, висвітлюється різниця, де стрес стає психологічною травмою, коли наслідком дії стресора стає порушення у психічній сфері людини. Описуються психотравмувальні ситуації як взаємовплив особистості та середовища (провідна роль суб’єктивних чинників) і травматичні події (зовнішні чинники). Виокремлюються чотири типи реагування на травматичні події. Висвітлюється погляд на психічну травму як внутрішній стан та психологічну травму як глибоко індивідуальну реакцію. Підкреслюється роль у формуванні психологічної травми соціальних чинників, що загрожують фізичній цілісності людини, залежно від цього визначено основні реакції на стресові ситуації, їх форми та вияви. Проаналізовані потенційно психотравмувальні ситуації в різних життєвих умовах. Розглядається руйнівний вплив на особистість психотравмувальних чинників поодиноких та повторюваних травматичних подій, наслідком яких є розвиток негативних психічних станів. Висвітлюються моделі посттравматичного зростання, які описують суб’єктивні позитивні особистісні зміни індивіда після травматичних, кризових та стресових подій. Описуються напрями, у яких можуть здійснюватися позитивні особистісні зміни після психічної травми. Перекладена українською мовою та зображена оригінальна модель посттравматичного зростання особистості. Виокремлюються процеси посттравматичного зростання в моделі. Наукова новизна статті полягає в узагальненні та систематизації результатів досліджень у роботі з виявами психотравми постраждалої особи від психотравмувальних ситуацій. Результати. Результатомдослідження є розкриття сутності поняття «травматичний досвід», визна-чення подальших важливих умов подолання травматичного досвіду особистості. Висновки. У висновкахсформульовано ключові чинники впливу психотравмувальних подій на особистість, що створюють труднощі для інтеграції узгодженої роботи різних особистісних структур та завдання для подальшого емпіричного дослідження.Ключові слова: посттравматичний стрес, травма, психічна травма, емоційна травма, подія, ситуація, стан, посттравматичне зростання.


2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 180-188
Author(s):  
Bianca Nicla Romano

Art. 24 of the 1948 Declaration of Human Rights recognises and protects the right of the individual to rest and leisure. This right has to be fully exercised without negative consequences on the right to work and the remuneration. Tourism can be considered one of the best ways of rest and leisure because it allows to enrich the personality of the individual. Even after the reform of the Title V this area is no longer covered by the Italian Constitution, the Italian legal system protects and guarantees it as a real right, so as to get to recognize its existence and the consequent compensation of the so-called “ruined holiday damage”. This kind of damage has not a patrimonial nature, but a moral one, and the Tourist-Traveler can claim for it when he has not been able to fully enjoy his holiday - the essential fulcrum of tourism - intended as an opportunity for leisure and/or rest, essential rights of the individual.


2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-78
Author(s):  
Petr Kouba

This article examines the limits of Heidegger’s ontological description of emotionality from the period of Sein und Zeit and Die Grundbegriffe der Metaphysik along the lines outlined by Lévinas in his early work De l’existence à l’existant. On the basis of the Lévinassian concept of “il y a”, we attempt to map the sphere of the impersonal existence situated out of the structured context of the world. However the worldless facticity without individuality marks the limits of the phenomenological approach to human existence and its emotionality, it also opens a new view on the beginning and ending of the individual existence. The whole structure of the individual existence in its contingency and finitude appears here in a new light, which applies also to the temporal conditions of existence. Yet, this is not to say that Heidegger should be simply replaced by Lévinas. As shows an examination of the work of art, to which brings us our reading of Moravia’s literary exposition of boredom (the phenomenon closely examined in Die Grundbegriffe der Metaphysik), the view on the work of art that is entirely based on the anonymous and worldless facticity of il y a must be extended and complemented by the moment in which a new world and a new individual structure of experience are being born. To comprehend the dynamism of the work of art in its fullness, it is necessary to see it not only as an ending of the world and the correlative intentional structure of the individual existence, but also as their new beginning.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Wiesner

With a conscious attempt to contribute to contemporary discussions in mad/trans/queer/monster studies, the monograph approaches complex postmodern theories and contextualizes them from an autoethnographic methodological perspective. As the self-explanatory subtitle reads, the book introduces several topics as revelatory fields for the author’s self-exploration at the moment of an intense epistemological and ontological crisis. Reflexively written, it does not solely focus on a personal experience, as it also aims at bridging the gap between the individual and the collective in times of global uncertainty. There are no solid outcomes defined; nevertheless, the narrative points to a certain—more fluid—way out. Through introducing alternative ways of hermeneutics and meaning-making, the book offers a synthesis of postmodern philosophy and therapy, evolutionary astrology as a symbolic language, embodied inquiry, and Buddhist thought that together represent a critical attempt to challenge the pathologizing discursive practices of modern disciplines during the neoliberal capitalist era.


2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (38) ◽  
pp. 6942-6969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Mucci ◽  
Maria Teresa Avella ◽  
Donatella Marazziti

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, disruptive behaviour, and impulsivity. Despite considered typical of children for a long time, the persistence of ADHD symptoms in adulthood gained increasing interest during the last decades. Indeed, its diagnosis, albeit controversial, is rarely carried out even because ADHD is often comorbid with several other psychiatric diosrders, in particular with bipolar disorders (BDs), a condition that complicates the clinical picture, assessment and treatment. Aims: The aim of this paper was to systematically review the scientific literature on the neurobiological, clinical features and current pharmacological management of ADHD comorbid with BDs across the entire lifespan, with a major focus on the adulthood. Discussion: The pharmacology of ADHD-BD in adults is still empirical and influenced by the individual experience of the clinicians. Stimulants are endowed of a prompt efficacy and safety, whilst non-stimulants are useful when a substance abuse history is detected, although they require some weeks in order to be fully effective. In any case, an in-depth diagnostic and clinical evaluation of the single individual is mandatory. Conclusions: The comorbidity of ADHD with BD is still a controversial matter, as it is the notion of adult ADHD as a distinct nosological category. Indeed, some findings highlighted the presence of common neurobiological mechanisms and overlapping clinical features, although disagreement does exist. In any case, while expecting to disentangle this crucial question, a correct management of this comorbidity is essential, which requires the co-administration of mood stabilizers. Further controlled clinical studies in large samples of adult ADHD-BD patients appear extremely urgent in order to better define possible therapeutic guidelines, as well as alternative approaches for this potentially invalidating condition.


2021 ◽  
pp. bmjqs-2020-012479
Author(s):  
Alyssa M Pandolfo ◽  
Robert Horne ◽  
Yogini Jani ◽  
Tom W Reader ◽  
Natalie Bidad ◽  
...  

BackgroundAntibiotics are extensively prescribed in intensive care units (ICUs), yet little is known about how antibiotic-related decisions are made in this setting. We explored how beliefs, perceptions and contextual factors influenced ICU clinicians’ antibiotic prescribing.MethodsWe conducted 4 focus groups and 34 semistructured interviews with clinicians involved in antibiotic prescribing in four English ICUs. Focus groups explored factors influencing prescribing, whereas interviews examined decision-making processes using two clinical vignettes. Data were analysed using thematic analysis, applying the Necessity Concerns Framework.ResultsClinicians’ antibiotic decisions were influenced by their judgement of the necessity for prescribing/not prescribing, relative to their concerns about potential adverse consequences. Antibiotic necessity perceptions were strongly influenced by beliefs that antibiotics would protect patients from deterioration and themselves from the ethical and legal consequences of undertreatment. Clinicians also reported concerns about prescribing antibiotics. These generally centred on antimicrobial resistance; however, protecting the individual patient was prioritised over these societal concerns. Few participants identified antibiotic toxicity concerns as a key influencer. Clinical uncertainty often complicated balancing antibiotic necessity against concerns. Decisions to start or continue antibiotics often represented ‘erring on the side of caution’ as a protective response in uncertainty. This approach was reinforced by previous experiences of negative consequences (‘being burnt’) which motivated prescribing ‘just in case’ of an infection. Prescribing decisions were also context-dependent, exemplified by a lower perceived threshold to prescribe antibiotics out-of-hours, input from external team members and local prescribing norms.ConclusionEfforts to improve antibiotic stewardship should consider clinicians’ desire to protect with a prescription. Rapid molecular microbiology, with appropriate communication, may diminish clinicians’ fears of not prescribing or of using narrower-spectrum antibiotics.


1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 1175-1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Herz

The question of the extent to which the concrete physical environment allows, causes, or even forces certain forms of behaviour to occur has been excluded from social sciences literature for a long time. More recent studies from environmental psychology show that the built environment, filtered by subjective perceptions, very probably influences the experience and actions of individuals. Town planning and transport planning is orientated towards the needs, demands, or simply the observed behaviour of social groups, segments of the population, and target groups of individuals. However, at this level the evidence about whether a spatiospecific determinant should be added to the sociodemographic, sociocultural, or socioeconomic determinants is very inconclusive. This paper investigates the influence of certain types of area on behaviour, and uses about 70000 weekday records at the level of differentiated groups of people. Everyday behaviour of the groups is quantified by their time budgets and daily programmes with broad groupings of out-of-house activities as well as various indicators of transport mobility. This study shows that with given characteristics of the individual and his household a series of behavioural parameters does not vary in space and thus these parameters can be used as input for behaviourally orientated transport demand models and transferred from one planning area to another.


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