Abelard

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Marenbon
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Central Figure ◽  
Peter Abelard ◽  
Central Concern ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Ancient Philosopher

This chapter focuses on Peter Abelard, the first thinker, since Augustine and Boethius, for whom the Problem of Paganism was a central concern. Two of his works in particular are among the most remarkable of all medieval treatments of the area. Abelard's first theological work, written c. 1121, was the Theologia Summi Boni (later rewritten as the Theologia Christiana), gives a golden picture of the wise and virtuous men and women of ancient Greece and Rome, the philosophers especially. Probably just a few years later, Abelard wrote his Collationes, a dialogue, into which he introduces, as the central figure, an ancient philosopher redivivus, unambiguously outside Jewish and Christian revelation. But for Abelard the Problem of Paganism extends beyond these texts, since it is bound up with the aims of the whole theological project which occupied the second of the two stages of his career.

androgyny

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luc Brisson
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Identity ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Object Choice ◽  
The One ◽  
Sexual Object

In the modern use, “bisexuality” refers to sexual object choice, whereas “androgyny” refers to sexual identity. In ancient Greece and Rome, however, these terms sometimes refer to human beings born with characteristics of both sexes, and more frequently to an adult male who plays the role of a woman, or to a woman who has the appearance of a man, both physically and morally. In mythology, having both sexes simultaneously or successively characterises, on the one hand, the first human beings, animals, or even plants from which arose male and female, and on the other, mediators between human beings and gods, the living and the dead, men and women, past and future, and human generations. Thus androgyny and bisexuality were used as a tools to cope with one’s biological, social, and even fictitious environment.

Creativity and Procreation in Zola’s L’Œuvre

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Jefferson
Keyword(s):  
Artistic Creativity ◽  
Positive Term ◽  
Central Figure ◽  
Central Concern

This chapter studies the figure of the genius artist in the painter Claude Lantier, the central figure of Émile Zola's novel, L'Œuvre (The masterpiece, 1886). Genius may be a largely positive term for Zola the art critic who regards disruption as a virtue, but for Zola the novelist these “disruptions” are an ambivalent quantity that allows him to explore it both positively as central to the artistic enterprise and negatively as a sterile or destructive pathology. Like Mme de Staël and Balzac, he does so both from an objective external and from a sympathetically internal perspective. As a painter, Lantier offers less scope for identification on the part of the author than did Corinne or Lambert, but both author and painter are bound together by the issue of artistic creativity that is the novel's central concern.

Measuring Eriksonian Development in the Adult: The Modified Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 747-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia S. Darling-Fisher ◽  
Nancy Kline Leidy
Keyword(s):  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Regular Exercise ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Ego Integrity ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Alpha Reliability ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Life Cycle Development ◽  
Reliability Coefficients

To measure psychosocial attributes that arise from progression through Erik Erikson's eight stages of development, a new inventory was developed by modifying the Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory by Rosenthal, Gurney, and Moore, which assesses Erikson's first six stages of life cycle development. New scales were created to measure the last two stages. To conduct an empirically based revision and evaluate its psychometric qualities, the modified version and potential items for the two new scales were administered to a convenience sample of 168 men and women whose ages ranged from 19 to 86 yr. Alpha reliability coefficients for this 80-item instrument were trust .82, autonomy .84, initiative .78, industry .88, identity .83, intimacy .78, generativity .75, ego integrity .80, and .97 for the entire scale. The construct validity was indicated by positive correlations between chronological age and the attributes associated with adulthood, an increase in mean generativity and ego integrity levels with age, and an association between the strength of attributes and participation in regular exercise. Reliability and validity of this modified inventory were supported.

scholarly journals Adaptation of the PASS Questionnaire on Russian sample

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.V. Zvereva
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Fixed Number ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Normal Frequency ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Questionnaire Adaptation

We present the results of the PASS questionnaire adaptation on the Russian sample. The description of the PASS and differences from the original version are provided. The study was conducted in two stages. The first stage involves the allocation of a fixed number of factors – causes of procrastination and personality traits of a procrastinator, and the allocation of the normal frequency distribution of procrastination in the Russian-speaking population. The second stage involves checking the stability of selected factors with the test-retest studies with 30 days delay. The first stage of the study involved 148 subjects, the second stage - 31 subjects. Subjects in both groups were men and women aged 18 to 25 years with at least completed secondary education. Fixed factors of procrastination causes and personality traits of procrastinators were found in the first group of subjects. In the second group of subjects, these data have been verified by test-retest.

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSISTANCE TO FAMILIES IN SELF-ISOLATION DURING THE COVID-19 CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC

2020 ◽  
pp. 84-94
Author(s):  
Elena A. Sorokoumova ◽  
◽  
Elena I. Cherdymova ◽  
Elena B. Puchkova ◽  
Dmitri S. Fadeev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Psychological Support ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Family ◽  
Psychological Assistance ◽  
Two Stages

The article presents the results of the study of the possibility of providing psychological assis-tance to the population through information psychological support in the form of videos containing psychological recommendations to families in forced isolation during the COVID 19 coronavirus pandemic. Forced self-isolation creates emotional tension in the family, as this social situation is new for all family members and the possibilities of adaptation to it have not yet been formed. In this regard, the role of psychological assistance to families to optimize psychological well-being and minimize the negative psychological consequences caused by self-isolation is increasing. The study was conducted according to the author's method and contained two stages: 1) viewing three videos on the relevant topics ("Children at home" "Conflict is right", "How to behave in quarantine"); 2) Google-form questionnaires for each video to get feedback on the effectiveness of understanding, assimilation and the use of psychological information contained in the videos. Respondents were men and women between the ages of 25 and 50 who were married and had children in their families. The authors found that the majority of respondents recognize the importance and usefulness of the information contained in the videos, more often do not consider it new and are ready to use it in everyday life. It has been established that the method of information psychological support proposed by the authors is relevant for Russian families in conditions of forced self-isolation during the pandemic, and can also be used on a regular basis in the practice of providing psychological assistance to these.

scholarly journals Questionnaire on Assessing Individual Vulnerability to Cyberbullying: Development and Preliminary Validation

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor P. Sheinov
Keyword(s):  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Individual Vulnerability ◽  
Preliminary Validation ◽  
Psychological Mechanism ◽  
Statistical Consistency ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
The University

Cyberbullying is manifested in repeated deliberate acts of aggression by one or more persons who use electronic means of communication to attack a victim who cannot defend him- or herself. Cyberbullying is a form of violence through harassment, insults, bullying, humiliation or intimidation carried out using the Internet, mobile phones and other electronic devices. Cyberbullying is widespread and causes severe harm to its victims, having a negative impact on their mental and physical health. The purpose of this study is to develop a reliable and valid questionnaire on assessing individual vulnerability to cyberbullying. The article constructs such a questionnaire and proves that it meets the standard reliability criteria: internal consistency, homogeneity and retest reliability. It is shown that the questionnaire is valid and satisfies the key validity criteria: validation in the process of designing the questionnaire, substantive, constructive and convergent validity. The questionnaire is standardised, the norms for young men and women are given, presented in average values and standard deviations. The theoretical basis of the study is the model of manipulative influence (which includes cyberbullying) and the psychological mechanism of cyberbullying described by this model. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the model of the presented questionnaire has good indicators of reliability and statistical consistency. The experimental part of the study involved 307 young men and women at the ages from 17 to 21 years old - students of medical colleges and cadets of the University of the Ministry of Emergencies. The study included two stages of psychodiagnostics of the subjects carried out with an interval of two months. The states of individuals vulnerable to cyberbullying, identified using the questionnaire, are consistent with the results obtained in previous studies. The proposed questionnaire makes it possible to warn an individual about the existing or threatening danger of becoming a victim of cyberbullying. The questionnaire can stimulate the study of cyberbullying in the Russian-speaking society and, in particular, in cross-cultural studies.

Impromptu Speaking

1949 ◽  
Vol 18 (52) ◽  
pp. 28-31
Author(s):  
H. LL. Hudson-Williams
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Close Parallel

A Striking development in recent years has been the rapidly increasing popularity of extempore addresses and discussions of various kinds. Although by no means confined to broadcasting, these are particularly prominent in the programmes of the B.B.C. Well-known men and women deliver impromptu speeches or improvise answers to questions on various points of political, ethical, social, literary, or scientific interest. Their audiences are generally large and appreciative, far larger than those commanded by the lecturer who has carefully prepared beforehand the substance and style of his address.This cult of the impromptu speech has a close parallel in Greece of the sophistic era. A prominent member of the ‘Brains Trust’ in ancient Greece, had one existed, would undoubtedly have been Hippias of Elis. Aided by his vast knowledge, covering, it would seem, every branch of human activity, he used to appear before large audiences, such as the great Panhellenic Festival at Olympia, claiming to answer any question his hearers might put to him. He apparently fulfilled his promise, for he told Socrates that no one had yet got the better of him. However, his system of improvising answers broke down when confronted by Socrates’ inexorable cross-questioning on the nature of Beauty, and he had to ask Socrates for a few moments’ grace in order to think the question over quietly by himself.A close rival of Hippias for ‘Brains Trust’ honours would have been Gorgias of Leontini. He, also, used to appear before large audiences professing his readiness to answer any questions, and once told Socrates it was many years since anyone had asked him anything new.

Personality and Gendered Selection Processes in the Political Pipeline

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam M. Dynes ◽  
Hans J. G. Hassell ◽  
Matthew R. Miles ◽  
Jessica Robinson Preece
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
The Political ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Personality Profiles ◽  
Political Ambition ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Election Process ◽  
Two Stages

AbstractMost research on the causes of women's underrepresentation examines one of two stages of the political pipeline: the development of nascent political ambition or specific aspects of the campaign and election process. In this article, we make a different kind of contribution. We build on the growing literature on gender, psychology, and representation to provide an analysis of what kinds of men and women make it through the political pipeline at each stage. This allows us to draw some conclusions about the ways in which the overall process is similar and different for women and men. Using surveys of the general U.S. population (N = 1,939) and elected municipal officials such as mayors and city councilors (N = 2,354) that measure the distribution of Big Five personality traits, we find that roughly the same types of men and women have nascent political ambition; there is just an intercept shift for sex. In contrast, male and female elected officials have different personality profiles. These differences do not reflect underlying distributions in the general population or the population of political aspirants. In short, our data suggest that socialization into political ambition is similar for men and women, but campaign and election processes are not.

The Ship of State: Statecraft and Politics from Ancient Greece to Democratic America By Norma Thompson. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001. 256p. $35.00. Nature, Woman, and the Art of Politics Edited by Eduardo A. Velasquez. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2000. 385p. $80.00 cloth, $24.95 paper.

2002 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 625-626
Author(s):  
Catherine Zuckert
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Greece ◽  
New Haven ◽  
Yale University ◽  
Intellectual Tradition ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Western Intellectual

These books have similar aims and are written from a similar perspective. There are, however, important differences in content, emphasis, and form. Norma Thompson explicitly seeks to show that the Western intellectual tradition is not misogynist. One reason that it is not, she urges, is that it is not univocal. Within the tradition one can find several very different views of the character and relation of men and women. Introducing the volume he edited, Eduardo Velasquez states, “This collection of essays does not purport to give an answer to the question of what are ‘nature’ and ‘woman,’ at least not in an immediate, definitive sense. Rather, the comprehensive aim here is to reopen questions as to the ‘nature of nature,’ the ‘nature of woman’ with consideration given to the consequences of pairing some understanding of ‘nature’ with that of ‘woman’” (p. xi). A collection of essays necessarily contains a variety of voices.

Changes in the Stereotypical Portrayal of Men and Women in British Television Advertisements

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Furnham ◽  
Emma Skae
Keyword(s):  
Sex Role ◽  
Product Type ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
European Study ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Central Figure ◽  
The Past ◽  
Television Advertisements ◽  
Role Stereotype ◽  
White Adults

This study examines the way in which men and women are portrayed in British television advertisements, and these findings are compared with those of studies carried out in Britain over the past 25 years. A total of 162 television advertisements were analyzed by two white adults, one female, one male, in order to obtain reliable results. The attributes of the central figures in each of the advertisements were classified into 11 categories: gender, mode of presentation, credibility basis, role, location, age, argument, reward type, product type, background, and end comment. Advertisements aimed directly at men or women were then analyzed, according to the sex of the central figure and the sex of the consumer the advertisement is aimed at. Thereafter, advertisements that did not follow the sex-role stereotype were also analyzed. The study found that while differences between the portrayal of men and women have been reduced in some categories, in others the stereotypical portrayal has changed in both sexes. The findings are related to data from another cross-cultural European study using identical methodology.

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