scholarly journals Sprinkler irrigation on clay soils in southern Finland I. Sprinkler irrigation, its technique and effect on soil moisture

1967 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
Paavo Elonen ◽  
Lasse Nieminen ◽  
Osmo Kara
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Spring Cereals ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Wilting Point

During the last three years, 1964—66, investigations on sprinkler irrigation of spring cereals have been carried out. The experimental fields were clay soils in Southern Finland. Neutral river and lake waters containing small amounts of soluble salts were applied in the nighttime. The application rate of the rotary sprinklers used was 2.5—4 mm per hour with the radius of 12±2 m. With this technique the experimental soils having poor structure endured the irrigation without any crust formation. It was found that the sprinklers equipped with two nozzles distributed the water more uniformly than those with one nozzle. With the former sprinklers a fairly good uniformity was attained: The amount of water usually varied between 25 and 35 mm with an average of 30 mm, except in a relatively small area nearest to the sprinklers which received too much water and in the area at the greatest distance from the sprinklers with less than the average amounts of water. The soil water conditions were followed by gypsum blocks inserted at different depths. In each experimental year, within 2—3 weeks from sprouting, the available water in the top soils decreased to 50 per cent of the total capacity. This dry condition existed for two months in the years 1964 and 1966 and for one month in 1965. During these dry periods the top soils were near the wilting point for a long time, and in 1966 the available water was wholly exhausted. The influence of transpiration was effective also in deeper layers. In 1966, the soil reached the wilting point also at the depth of 40 cm and stayed at this condition for about one month. The effect of a 30—37 mm irrigation on the soil moisture conditions lasted only for 1—2 weeks. Thus, the rate of evapotranspiration was as much as 4 mm per day. The plants consumed water simultaneously from the whole root zone, yet, most effectively from the surface layers. The top soil (20 cm in thickness) which had reached the wilting point was not completely moistened by the amounts of water applied. This indicates the high capacity of clay soils to store water. It is also noteworthy that a part of irrigation water percolated to 40 cm before the soil at the depths of 10 and 20 cm had time to get to the field capacity. In experimental years, to ensure favourable moisture conditions to spring cereals several high applications of water would have been needed. This proves that also during the short growing season in Finland a serious shortage of water may occur.

The Influence of Soil Moisture on the Foliar Activity of Diclofop

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 534-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Dortenzio ◽  
R. F. Norris
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Herbicide Activity ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Soil Moisture Status ◽  
Wilting Point

Loss in activity of foliar-applied methyl ester of diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} occurred under low soil moisture conditions. A loss in control of yellow foxtail [Setaria lutescens(Weigel) Hubb.], wild oats (Avena fatuaL.), little-seed canarygrass (Phalaris minorRetz.), and barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv.], was observed under greenhouse and growth chamber conditions. When soil was maintained at 2 to 3% above wilting point as compared to near field capacity, herbicide activity was decreased by 15 to 50%. High soil moisture (at or above 67% of field capacity) for at least 2 to 4 days following treatment was needed to achieve maximum effectiveness of the herbicide. Daily furrow irrigations for a period of 10 days following treatment of barnyardgrass in the field resulted in highest activity as compared to that under single irrigation regimes within the 10-day period. The effect of low soil moisture was minimized by increased rates of herbicide application. Hoe-29152 {methyl-2-[4-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)phenoxy] propanoate} showed similar losses in activity associated with low soil moisture. No consistent changes in uptake or translocation of14C-labeled diclofop could be detected in association with altered soil moisture status.

Statistical equations for estimating field capacity, wilting point and available water capacity of soils from their saturation percentage

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. S. Dahiya ◽  
D. J. Dahiya ◽  
M. S. Kuhad ◽  
S. P. S. Karwasra
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Estimation Error ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Water Capacity ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Available Water Capacity ◽  
Wilting Point

SummaryStatistical equations were derived for estimating three soil moisture constants, i.e. field capacity (FC), wilting point (WP) and available water capacity (AWC), from soil saturation percentage (SP), which is an easily determinable parameter. The regression equations were evaluated from a data set obtained on 438 soil samples collected from different horizons of 111 profiles of the Indogangetic Plains in northern India, having a wide variation of texture and other physico-chemical properties. The three soil moisture constants were positively correlated with logarithms of SP (r = 0·985 for FC v. In SP, 0·979 for WP v. In SP, and 0·914 for AWC v. In SP). The regression equations were thetested on an independent set of experimental data on 57 samples collected from 14 representative soil profiles of the study area. Values of the three moisture constants of this data set, predicted from the regression equations, were in exceptionally good agreement with the observed values. The mean estimation error (the error of the estimated value relative to the measured value) was only 0·55% for FC, 0·12% for WP and 0·67% for AWC.

scholarly journals Development of the Soil Moisture Index to Quantify Agricultural Drought and Its “User Friendliness” in Severity-Area-Duration Assessment

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 660-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkataramana Sridhar ◽  
Kenneth G. Hubbard ◽  
Jinsheng You ◽  
Eric D. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Agricultural Drought ◽  
Extreme Drought ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Moisture Index ◽  
Drought Duration ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Soil Moisture Index ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Wilting Point

Abstract This paper examines the role of soil moisture in quantifying drought through the development of a drought index using observed and modeled soil moisture. In Nebraska, rainfall is received primarily during the crop-growing season and the supply of moisture from the Gulf of Mexico determines if the impending crop year is either normal or anomalous and any deficit of rain leads to a lack of soil moisture storage. Using observed soil moisture from the Automated Weather Data Network (AWDN), the actual available water content for plants is calculated as the difference between observed or modeled soil moisture and wilting point, which is subsequently normalized with the site-specific, soil property–based, idealistic available water for plants that is calculated as the difference between field capacity and wilting point to derive the soil moisture index (SMI). This index is categorized into five classes from no drought to extreme drought to quantitatively assess drought in both space and time. Additionally, with the aid of an in-house hydrology model, soil moisture was simulated in order to compute model-based SMI and to compare the drought duration and severity for various sites. The results suggest that the soil moisture influence, a positive feedback process reported in many earlier studies, is unquestionably a quantitative indicator of drought. Also, the severity and duration of drought across Nebraska has a clear gradient from west to east, with the Panhandle region experiencing severe to extreme drought in the deeper soil layers for longer periods (>200 days), than the central and southwestern regions (125–150 days) or the eastern regions about 100 days or less. The anomalous rainfall years can eliminate the distinction among these regions with regard to their drought extent, severity, and persistence, thus making drought a more ubiquitous phenomenon, but the recovery from drought can be subject to similar gradations. The spatial SMI maps presented in this paper can be used with the Drought Monitor maps to assess the local drought conditions more effectively.

Retrieval of an Available Water-Based Soil Moisture Proxy from Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing. Part I: Methodology and Validation

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 665-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Hain ◽  
John R. Mecikalski ◽  
Martha C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Thermal Infrared ◽  
Surface Energy Budget ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing ◽  
Water Fraction ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Oklahoma Mesonet ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Abstract A retrieval of available water fraction ( fAW) is proposed using surface flux estimates from satellite-based thermal infrared (TIR) imagery and the Atmosphere–Land Exchange Inversion (ALEXI) model. Available water serves as a proxy for soil moisture conditions, where fAW can be converted to volumetric soil moisture through two soil texture dependents parameters—field capacity and permanent wilting point. The ability of ALEXI to provide valuable information about the partitioning of the surface energy budget, which can be largely dictated by soil moisture conditions, accommodates the retrieval of an average fAW over the surface to the rooting depth of the active vegetation. For this method, the fraction of actual to potential evapotranspiration ( fPET) is computed from an ALEXI estimate of latent heat flux and potential evapotranspiration (PET). The ALEXI-estimated fPET can be related to fAW in the soil profile. Four unique fPET to fAW relationships are proposed and validated against Oklahoma Mesonet soil moisture observations within a series of composite periods during the warm seasons of 2002–04. Using the validation results, the most representative of the four relationships is chosen and shown to produce reasonable (mean absolute errors values less than 20%) fAW estimates when compared to Oklahoma Mesonet observations. Quantitative comparisons between ALEXI and modeled fAW estimates from the Eta Data Assimilation System (EDAS) are also performed to assess the possible advantages of using ALEXI soil moisture estimates within numerical weather predication (NWP) simulations. This TIR retrieval technique is advantageous over microwave techniques because of the ability to indirectly sense fAW—and hence soil moisture conditions—extending into the root-zone layer. Retrievals are also possible over dense vegetation cover and are available on spatial resolutions on the order of the native TIR imagery. A notable disadvantage is the inability to retrieve fAW conditions through cloud cover.

scholarly journals 683 PB 236 WATER STRESS REDUCES ASPARAGUS GROWTH

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 531d-531
Author(s):  
Dan Drost
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Irrigation Rate ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

In 1992, a long term study was initiated to determine water use of asparagus and to assess water stress effects on asparagus growth. Asparagus (Syn 4-56) crowns were planted and maintained at soil moisture levels near field capacity during the first year. In 1993, irrigation treatments based on 60, 40, and 0 percent of evapotranspiration (ET) were applied to asparagus during the fern growing period (mid-June to October). Soil moisture, shoot and root growth, and fern water potentials were measured throughout the year. Prior to the irrigation treatments, asparagus had 39 buds per plant with a shoot and root fresh weight of 573 and 270 grams, respectively. Soil moisture in the root zone (0 to 60 cm) approached the permanent wilting point in the 40%. and 0% of ET treatments by mid-August. A decrease in irrigation rate from 80 to 0% of ET had no effect on fern fresh weight at the end of the growing season. However, as irrigation rate decreased from 80 to 0% of ET, root fresh weight (586, 533, 415 grams) and bud number (78, 59, 53) decreased linearly. These results suggest yield and growth may be reduced in 1994.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN KETERSEDIAAN AIR TANAH DAN SIFAT-SIFAT DASAR FISIKA TANAH

2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-50
Author(s):  
Kukuh Murtilaksono ◽  
Enny Dwi Wahyuni
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Sand Content ◽  
Wilting Point

This research was conducted to study relationship between soil moisture content and soil physical characteristics that affected the moisture.The soil samples were collected from 22 scattered sites of West Java and Central Java. Analysis of soil physical properties (texture, bulk density, particle density, total porosity and soil moisture retention) and soil chemical property (organic matter) was conducted at the laboratory of Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University. Analysis of simple linier regression was applied to know the correlation between soil moisture content and other basic soil physical properties.Availability of soil moisture (pF 4.20 – pF 2.54) significantly correlated with organic matter, total porosity, and micro pores. The higher organic matter content as well as total porosity and micro pores the higher available soil moisture. Soil moisture of field capacity significantly correlated with clay content, sand content, micro and macro pores. The higher clay content and micro pores the higher soil moisture of field capacity. In the contrary, the higher macro pores and sand content the lower the field capacity. Soil moisture of wilting point significantly correlated with clay content and macro pores. The higher clay content the higher the wilting point, while the higher macro pores the lower soil moisture of wilting point. Keywords : Available soil water, field capacity, organic matter, soil pores, wilting point

scholarly journals Hydropedological parameters limiting soil moisture regime floodplain ecosystems of south Moravia

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-84
Author(s):  
Ladislav Kubík
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Pedotransfer Functions ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Floodplain Ecosystems ◽  
Soil Moisture Regime ◽  
Wilting Point

Soil moisture regime of floodplain ecosystems in southern Moravia is considerably influenced and greatly changed by human activities. It can be changed negatively by water management engineering or positively by landscape revitalizations. The paper deals with problems of hydropedological characteristics (hydrolimits) limiting soil moisture regime and solves effect of hydrological factors on soil moisture regime in the floodplain ecosystems. Attention is paid especially to water retention curves and to hydrolimits – wilting point and field capacity. They can be acquired either directly by slow laboratory assessment, derivation from the water retention curves or indirectly by calculation using pedotransfer functions (PTF). This indirect assessment uses hydrolimit dependency on better available soil physical parameters namely soil granularity, bulk density and humus content. The aim is to calculate PTF for wilting point and field capacity and to compare them with measured values. The paper documents suitableness utilization of PTF for the region of interest. The results of correlation and regression analysis for soil moisture and groundwater table are furthermore presented.

scholarly journals Sprinkler irrigation on clay soils in southern Finland II. Effect on the grain yield of spring yereals

1967 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-89
Author(s):  
Paavo Elonen ◽  
Lasse Nieminen ◽  
Osmo Kara
Keyword(s):  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
Spring Cereals ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
The Right ◽  
Right Order

In the dry summers 1964, 1965 and 1966, irrigation experiments of spring cereals were carried out on clay soils in Southern Finland. The soils having a rather poor structure because of the long-term cultivation without leys, endured without slaking the irrigation which was applied with »slow sprinklers» in the nigh-time. Neutral irrigation water containing small amounts of soluble salts was taken from a brook and a lake. One irrigation of 30—37 mm, applied at the optimum date, increased the grain yields of spring wheat 600—1000 kg/ha or 25—50 % and those of barley and oats 1600 kg/ha or 50 %. Barley and oats were the experimental plants only in 1966, when the relative increase in yields of all the three cereals were of the same order, namely 50 %. The optimum date of irrigation did not very closely depend on the state of development of the cereals, since within 2—5 weeks from sprouting about equal increases in yield could be obtained. Barley and oats responded, however, best to the irrigation applied one week before ear emergence. The late irrigation which was applied three days after ear emergence was best utilized by oats. Thus, the right order to irrigate cereals was in 1966: wheat, barley and oats, in spite of the reverse order of the ripening of the crops. An irrigation at the stage of sprouting had no effect on yield, because the sprouting occured well also without irrigation. Irrigation produced higher increases in yield when higher amounts of fertilizer were used. Thus, the profitable influence of irrigation was at least partly based on the better recovery of fertilizer nutrients by plants. Placement of fertilizer into the depth of 8—12 cm postponed the optimum date of irrigation some days, because the crops were able to make use of placed fertilizer also without irrigation in the early part of the summer. Placement of fertilizer and irrigation together formed an advantageous combination, because the influence of the placement of fertilizer was most effective immediately after sprouting whereas the best period of irrigation began 2—3 weeks later. With these both means, in the best cases, the yields could be almost doubled.

SOME MOISTURE RELATIONS IN A SOLONETZIC SOIL COMPLEX

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Cairns
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Nutritional Disorder ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Nutritional Problem ◽  
Solonetzic Soil ◽  
Soil Complex ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Wilting Point

Field study of some of the moisture conditions in a Duagh-Malmo Solonetzic soil complex revealed that the depth of soil drying was closely related to the degree of solodization. Data pertaining to the wilting point and field capacity of the soil did not reveal any reason for the differences in the field productivity and water distribution for these soils. Barley seedlings grown on surface samples of the Solonetz member exhibited a nutritional disorder. The addition of sodium sulphate, the predominant readily soluble salt in the lime-salt horizon of this soil, overcame the nutritional disorder, reduced water uptake, and increased productivity. The addition of up to 20 milliequivalents of sodium per 100 grams of soil did not create a wilting condition, even when the moisture level was allowed to fall to the measured wilting point. It is suggested that a nutritional problem may have a significant bearing on water utilization by plants grown on these soils.

Soybean (Glycine max) Response to AC 263,222 and Chlorimuron as Influenced by Soil Moisture

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry J. Newsom ◽  
David R. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Ac 263,222 ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Field experiments conducted in 1992 and 1993 evaluated differential response of 20 soybean cultivars to POST application of AC 263,222 or chlorimuron, as influenced by soil moisture. Natural rainfall was supplemented with overhead sprinkler irrigation to achieve three moisture regimes: excessive (12.5 cm/wk), optimum (5 cm/wk), and low (non-irrigated). Chlorimuron and AC 263,222 injured soybean. Excessive moisture did not increase soybean injury with chlorimuron for any of the cultivars tested compared to optimum moisture; however, 17 of 20 cultivars were injured more by AC 263,222 in combination with excessive moisture than optimum moisture. AC 263,222 reduced the height of five cultivars. Photosynthetic rate of several cultivars was reduced by both AC 263,222 and chlorimuron. Neither herbicide affected the number of nodes per main stem or seed weight; however, pod numbers were reduced for several cultivars with both herbicides. In the low moisture regime, AC 263,222 delayed the maturity of 18 of 20 cultivars with ‘Hutcheson’ maturity delayed 7.1 d. Excessive moisture when combined with AC 263,222 reduced yields for 12 cultivars, compared to five cultivars with chlorimuron. Under optimum moisture conditions, AC 263,222 reduced the yield of 10 cultivars, whereas chlorimuron reduced the yield of 9 cultivars. Low moisture stress only resulted in a yield reduction with 3 cultivars treated with AC 263,222.

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