scholarly journals Contribution of livestock to food production in developing countries

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-206
Author(s):  
Hank Fitzhugh
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Agricultural Product ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Livestock Products

On a global basis, livestock products - meat, milk, eggs and fibre - account for 40% of the value of total marketed agricultural product. Animal products provide essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals to help ensure nutritionally balanced diets. In developing countries, livestock traction and manure also contribute to food production through improved cultivation and soil fertility which increase crop yields. On average, the proportional contribution of livestock product to dietary calories and protein in developed countries is double that for developing countries. Demand for livestock products is fuelled by the population increase, income growth and urbanisation in developing countries. Therefore, over the past decade, consumption of livestock product has sharply increased in developing countries, while slightly decreasing in developed countries where consumption is already relatively high on average. Increased demand in developing countries increases income for producers, but also stresses the environment through pollution, soil erosion, overgrazing and deforestation. Research involving global partnerships of scientists and institutes can help ensure that the increased demands for livestock product in developing countries will be met in economically feasible and environmentally sustainable ways.

scholarly journals Cereal Cyst Nematodes: A Complex and Destructive Group of Heterodera Species

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (10) ◽  
pp. 1692-1720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Smiley ◽  
Abdelfattah A. Dababat ◽  
Sadia Iqbal ◽  
Michael G. K. Jones ◽  
Zahra Tanha Maafi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
Livestock Products

Small grain cereals have served as the basis for staple foods, beverages, and animal feed for thousands of years. Wheat, barley, oats, rye, triticale, rice, and others are rich in calories, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. These cereals supply 20% of the calories consumed by people worldwide and are therefore a primary source of energy for humans and play a vital role in global food and nutrition security. Global production of small grains increased linearly from 1960 to 2005, and then began to decline. Further decline in production is projected to continue through 2050 while global demand for these grains is projected to increase by 1% per annum. Currently, wheat, barley, and oat production exceeds consumption in developed countries, while in developing countries the consumption rate is higher than production. An increasing demand for meat and livestock products is likely to compound the demand for cereals in developing countries. Current production levels and trends will not be sufficient to fulfill the projected global demand generated by increased populations. For wheat, global production will need to be increased by 60% to fulfill the estimated demand in 2050. Until recently, global wheat production increased mostly in response to development of improved cultivars and farming practices and technologies. Production is now limited by biotic and abiotic constraints, including diseases, nematodes, insect pests, weeds, and climate. Among these constraints, plant-parasitic nematodes alone are estimated to reduce production of all world crops by 10%. Cereal cyst nematodes (CCNs) are among the most important nematode pests that limit production of small grain cereals. Heavily invaded young plants are stunted and their lower leaves are often chlorotic, forming pale green patches in the field. Mature plants are also stunted, have a reduced number of tillers, and the roots are shallow and have a “bushy-knotted” appearance. CCNs comprise a number of closely-related species and are found in most regions where cereals are produced.

The Livestock Revolution - a view on implications for Africa

2004 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 51-65
Author(s):  
D.M. Mwangi ◽  
A. Omore
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Capita Consumption ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Livestock Products ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

A rapid growth in per capita consumption of livestock products is occurring in developing countries (Delgado et al., 1999; FOASTAT 1983-2002). In the last two decades and until 2020, the increase in the consumption of meat and milk has been estimated to be much higher in developing countries compared to developed countries (Delgado et al. 1999). This increase in consumption and demand is fuelling an increase in production.

scholarly journals WATER GOVERNANCE: THE FUTURE OF GROWTH WITH FOOD AND WATER

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
João Almeida Santos ◽  
Maria Cristina Sanches Amorim ◽  
Arnoldo José De Hoyos Guevara
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Water Governance ◽  
Agricultural Product ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Single Product ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Very High

Forecasts for the next four decades are warning about shortage of water and food, particularly in developing economies. The demand for food will increase because of population growth, especially in developing economies. The problem is reinforced by the lack of water and reduction in food production. Today the consumption of water for food production is high because people do not realize that this is a scarce resource and that can definitely missing. We must create a policy for the management of water and that people are informed that it is not possible to use the feature without any control. The governance of water is important to establish ways and use control mechanisms and implementation of the resource in the various production processes. The waste during the manufacturing process is very high because: a) there is no control on the amount that should be applied to each type of agricultural product; b) the irrigation process is still done by equipment spraying water in large quantities; c) as water is still abundant for the current agricultural production in producing countries, there is no investment in machinery or equipment that can reduce water consumption; d) government authorities in developing countries do not plan and do not make any kind of control on the use of water or water governance; e) the food production process is carried out intensively and in large areas, it produces a single product and this requires large amounts of water.

The impact of trade agreements on livestock producers

2004 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 67-84
Author(s):  
M. Upton ◽  
J. Otte
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Livestock Products ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Impact

The rapid growth of global demand for livestock products, which has occurred over the last quarter century, has been characterised as “the Livestock Revolution” (Delgado et al., 1999 and 2001). It is largely driven by increases in per capita incomes, population growth and urbanisation of the developing countries. (Further notes on the classification of countries, as “developed” or “developing” are given in Appendix 4.1). As Figure 4.1 shows, while consumption per capita of livestock products has fallen slightly in the developed countries over the last decade, substantial growth has occurred in the developing countries.

Technology for sustainability: the role of onsite, small and community scale technology

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 15-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ho
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Research Development ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Current Technology

An overview of available onsite, small and community scale wastewater treatment technology shows that it is diverse compared to current technology for centralised collection and treatment of wastewater. An analysis of the onsite, small and community scale technology for achieving sustainability shows that it more conducive to achieving sustainability than the centralised technology. It is likely, however, that its application is in remote and rural areas, where the technology should be improved and integrated with other technology sectors (energy, food production) for improved sustainability. Opportunities exist in new urban developments to achieve similar outcomes, but concerted efforts are required to demonstrate or showcase sustainability benefits in real situations. A huge potential also exists for the use of onsite, small and community scale technology in developing countries for achieving the same sustainability outcomes. It is likely to succeed if the technology is modified to be of lower cost but based on the same science, and that research, development and demonstrations in developed countries are shown to be successful.

GM technologies – opportunities and threats of applying GM technology in less developed and developed countries

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 ◽  
pp. 212-212
Author(s):  
A. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Consumer Interests ◽  
Consultative Group

The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) confidently predict that the demand for meat will increase by 50 percent between 2000 and 2020 and for eggs by 25percent over the same period. They predict that the growth in demand will be greatest for pigs and poultry products. This challenge will be met through increases in production and productivity.Increases in demand will be driven a combination of population increase and economic growth. The greatest increases will be in the rapidly growing economies of Asia – particularly in India and China. While local production meet much of the growing and diversifying needs of consumers it is also inevitable that international trade in animal products will grow. As the wealth of consumers increase so will their tastes diversify together with their interest in sources of food and choice. BSE and outbreaks of foot and mouth have focused consumer interests on food safety issues and have in part contributed to concerns over the production and use of genetically modified organisms.

scholarly journals World Balance of Dietary Essential Amino Acids Relative to the 1989 Fao/Who Protein Scoring Pattern

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoshiai Kazuo
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Supply

The world imbalance of dietary essential amino acids was studied using the latest available protein-supply data (1987–89) and the revised 1989 FAO/WHO protein scoring pattern in comparison with the 1973 FAO/WHO pattern, the 1985 FAO/WHO/UNU pattern, and a pattern proposed by Young et al. in 1989. The results obtained using the 1989 FAO/WHO scoring pattern indicate that the first limiting amino acid for developed countries is usually tryptophan, and that for developing countries is mainly lysine. Similar findings resulted with the Young pattern, but results using the 1973 and 1985 patterns differed substantially. On the basis of the 1989 FAO/WHO pattern, lysine was found to be the first limiting amino acid in the dietary protein supplies of 121 of the 164 countries studied worldwide; it is estimated that the total lysine deficiency in these 121 countries, the amount that would be needed to bring it to the level of the second limiting amino acid, was 1.15 million metric tons per year for 1987–89. In addition, same global correlations of protein and amino acid supplies with gross domestic product were recalculated in US dollars at 1985 prices.

scholarly journals A Regional Difference Analysis of Microplastic Pollution in Global Freshwater Bodies Based on a Regression Model

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1889
Author(s):  
Hanwen Chen ◽  
Yinghuan Qin ◽  
Hao Huang ◽  
Weiyi Xu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Multiple Regression Models ◽  
Average Abundance ◽  
Freshwater Bodies ◽  
Pearson Correlation Analysis ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Based on statistical data of the average abundance of microplastics from 37 global freshwater locations up to November 2019, we classified the freshwater bodies according to developments in their local countries and geographic positions. We highlighted the differences and causes of microplastic pollution in the waters of both developed and developing countries and urban and rural areas. The results showed that microplastic pollution was highest in Asia. The pollution in developed countries was significantly lower than in developing countries. The differences in freshwater pollution between urban and rural areas mainly depended on the extent of human activity. The present study found the following phenomena by comprehensively using simple and multiple regression models and a Pearson correlation analysis to solve the impacts of the features, natural factors, and social and economic factors on the distribution of microplastic pollution. The density of microplastics was higher, which promoted the aggregation of microplastics in sediments. Pursuant to that, microplastic pollution was also influenced by the space-time pollution of movable surface sources, such as the soil and air. A population increase and the average gross domestic product (GDP) could also worsen microplastic pollution.

scholarly journals Global food demand and the contribution of livestock as we enter the new millennium

1998 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 27-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Delgado ◽  
C. B. Courbois ◽  
M. W. Rosegrant
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Capita Consumption ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Livestock Products ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

AbstractPeople in developed countries currently consume about three to four times as much meat and fish and five to six times as much milk products per capita as in developing Asia and Africa. Meat, milk and fish consumption per capita has barely grown in the developed countries as a whole over the past 20 years. Yet poor people everywhere clearly desire to eat more animal protein products as their incomes rise above the poverty level and as they become urbanized. Growth in per capita consumption and production has in fact occurred in regions such as developing Asia and most particularly China. Per capita consumption of animal proteins and use of cereals for animal food in Asia have both grown in the 3 to 5% per annum range over the past 20 years. By 2020, according to the International Food Policy Research Institute's IMPACT model projections, the share of developing countries in total world meat consumption will expand from 47% currently to 63%. Of the global total projected increase in meat consumption, 40% is from pork, 30% is from poultry and 24% is from beef. The latter helps mitigate the otherwise much larger decline in real beef prices expected through 2020. Projected annual growth in meat consumption in China of 3.2% per annum through 2020, up from 8.3% per annum from the early 1980s to the early 1990s, drives these results.A rapidly expanding supply of feedgrains will be essential to achieving the desired production increases for livestock products without undue upwards pressure on grain prices, especially in view of the rôle of monogastrics and the relative increase in industrial production in developing countries. IMPACT projections under various technical and economic assumptions suggest that there is enough production supply response in world systems to accomplish these production increases smoothly. Sensitivity analysis of the impact of restrictions on China's ability to produce more feedgrains illustrates that in a system of linked global markets for cereals and livestock products, such restrictions are not effective at lowering Chinese livestock consumption, which is driven by global trade in manufactures, although they do lower Chinese livestock production. The resulting imbalance raises world food costs by one-third in 2020 over anticipated levels, encourages increased livestock exports from Latin America, discourages livestock exports from the USA and reduces meat and cereals imports and consumption in the poorer countries of Africa and Asia.

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