scholarly journals Supply of nutrients and productive responses in dairy cows given diets based on restrictively fermented silage

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pekka Huhtanen
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Protein Supply

The objective of this paper is to review research which has evaluated the feeding of dairy cows with diets containing large proportions of grass silage. In Finland, milk production systems evolved are based on the use of restrictively fermented silages. Higher potential yields, smaller production risks than with cereal grains, short grazing period and high digestibility of grasses grown in northern latitudes have facilitated this development. Factors affecting nutrient supply from these diets are discussed. Digestibility is determined mainly by the stage of maturity at harvesting and it is not markedly affected by the level of energy and protein supplementation. Intake of grass silage is influenced both by digestibility and fermentation characteristics. Efficiency of microbial synthesis is high in animals given diets based on restrictively fermented silage but rumen fermentation pattern is characterised by low molar proportions of propionate. Production responses to additional concentrate are relatively small, especially when the amount of concentrate exceeds 10 kg day-1. High substitution of silage dry matter (DM), negative associative effects on digestion and partitioning of energy towards body tissues account for small production responses. Protein supplementation has consistently increased milk protein yield but responses do not appear to be related to the level of milk production, silage crude protein content, amount of concentrate or stage of lactation. The new protein evaluation system provides an accurate prediction of protein yield with the typical Finnish dairy cow diets. The high slopes (ca. 0.5) between protein supply and milk protein yield within experiments suggest that protein supply is suboptimal and protein supplements are used with a high efficiency.

Replacing wheat with canola meal and maize grain in the diet of lactating dairy cows: Feed intake, milk production and cow condition responses

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 240-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruairi P McDonnell ◽  
Martin vH Staines
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
The Difference

This research paper describes the effect of partially replacing wheat with maize grain and canola meal on milk production and body condition changes in early lactation Holstein-Friesian dairy cows consuming a grass silage-based diet over an 83-d period. Two groups of 39 cows were stratified for age, parity, historical milk yield and days in milk (DIM), and offered one of two treatment diets. The first treatment (CON) reflected a typical diet used by Western Australian dairy producers in summer and comprised (kg DM/cow per d); 8 kg of annual ryegrass silage, 6 kg of crushed wheat (provided once daily in a mixed ration), 3·6 kg of crushed lupins (provided in the milking parlour in two daily portions) and ad libitum lucerne haylage. The second treatment diet (COMP) was identical except the 6 kg of crushed wheat was replaced by 6 kg of a more complex concentrate mix (27% crushed wheat, 34% maize grain and 37% canola meal). Lucerne haylage was provided independently in the paddock to all cows, and no pasture was available throughout the experiment. The COMP group had a greater mean overall daily intake (22·5vs20·4 kg DM/cow) and a higher energy corrected milk (ECM) yield (29·2vs27·1 kg/cow;P= 0·047) than the CON cows. The difference in overall intake was caused by a higher daily intake of lucerne haylage in COMP cows (4·5vs2·3 kg DM/cow). The CON group had a higher concentration of milk fat (42·1vs39·3 g/kg;P= 0·029) than COMP cows. Milk protein yield was greater in COMP cows (P< 0·021); however, milk fat yield was unaffected by treatment. It is concluded that partially replacing wheat with canola meal and maize grain in a grass silage-based diet increases voluntary DMI of conserved forage and consequently yields of ECM and milk protein.

The Effect of Level of Supplement Feeding and Source of Protein on Milk Production and Nutrient Flows of Dairy Cows

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 142-142
Author(s):  
F.P. O'Mara ◽  
J.J. Murphy ◽  
M. Rath
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nutrient Flows ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Bacterial Marker ◽  
Friesian Cows

Milk protein synthesis may be limited by amino acid (AA) flow to the duodenum. This can be increased by increasing the flow of microbial AA's or undegraded feed AA's. This experiment was carried out to determine the effect on milk production and nutrient flows at the duodenum of including fishmeal (120g/kg) in the supplement to grass silage at two levels of supplement feeding.The treatments, arranged in a 2x2 factorial, were 1.) 3.5 kg/day of 0% fishmeal supplement (L-UDP), 2.) 7 kg/day of L-UDP, 3.) 3.5 kg/day of 12% fishmeal supplement (H-UDP), and 4.) 7 kg/day of H-UDP. Supplements were fed to 3 6 Friesian cows in a 4x4 multiple Latin-square trial with three week periods to determine production responses, and to four ruminally and duodenally cannulated cows to determine rumen fermentation and nutrient flows. Flows were determined by the dual marker technique of Faichney (1975) using cobalt-EDTA and ytterbium acetate as liquid and solid phase markers respectively. Purines were used as the bacterial marker (Zinn and Owens, 1986). Degradability of the feeds was measured in 3 other cows using the small bag technique described by De Boer et al. (1987).

Milk production from dairy cows offered a conserved barley/kale bicrop compared to grass silage

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 24-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Moorby ◽  
P.R. Evans ◽  
N.E. Young
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Feed Protein

The efficiency of use of feed protein for milk protein production is very poor, particularly for animals offered conserved forages. Contributing to this is the inefficient capture of rumen degradable N in situations where a readily fermentable energy supply is not available for use by the rumen microbial population. The incorporation of a whole crop cereal into a conserved forage could increase rumen protein efficiency. This experiment was carried out to investigate the milk production of dairy cows offered a conserved forage of a whole crop barley and kale bicrop compared with grass silage, and a mixture of the two.

Effect of Metabolisable Protein on intake of grass silage and milk protein yield in dairy cows.

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 113-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Newbold ◽  
B.R. Cottrill ◽  
R.M. Mansbridge ◽  
J.S. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Few Data

Few data are available to evaluate the Metabolisable Protein (MP) System (AFRC, 1992) as an aid to ration formulation for dairy cows. Responses of lactating dairy cows to MP were evaluated in two experiments.In Experiment One, groups of 10 Holstein cows were offered grass silage ad libitum and 7kg DM/d of one of six (treatments 1-6) compound foods from 39d after calving, for eight weeks. All rations were isoenergetic, assuming silage intake of 11kg DM/d (typical for the herd). Ratios between MP supply (calculated from in situ protein degradability measurements) and requirement (calculated for a standard cow: 565kg live weight, 281 milk/d, 40g/kg butterfat, 33g/kg milk protein, liveweight change =0kg/d) were 1.00, 1.02, 1.06, 1.06, 1.1 and 1.17 for treatments 1-6, respectively.

scholarly journals Rapeseed meal as a supplementary protein for dairy cows on grass silage-based diet, with the emphasis on the Nordic AAT-PBV feed protein evaluation system

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikko Tuori
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Glucosinolate Content ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Utilization Of Protein ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Feed Protein

The effect of rapeseed meal (RSM) supplementation on the performance of dairy cows on direct cut grass silage based diets was studied in five feeding trials. The proportion of RSM varied from 0% to 33% in the concentrate mixture (the grain was an oat-barley mixture of 1:1). In one experiment the treatments were RSM and soybean meal (SBM), while in another experiment forage was either grass silage or bam dried hay cut at the same maturity. In addition, this was compared to the data of other trials in Finland during the last ten years, in which RSM supplementation had been used. Using this data the response in terms of milk yield to RSM supplementation was estimated. The utilization of protein in milk production was estimated by the Nordic AAT-PBV protein evaluation system. During the experiments (1983-1990) the varieties of turnip rape were changed from high glucosinolate, containing single-zero, to low glucosinolate containing doublezero varieties, while the glucosinolate content was reduced from 40-50 μmoles to 14 μmoles per g of defatted meal. Heat-moisture treatment (™Öpex) further reduced the glucosinolate content by half. By replacing grain with RSM in the concentratemixture with ad libitum silage feeding, the silage intake increased by 0.43 kg per kg increase in RSM on the basis of dry matter (DM) (non significant). The response in increased milk production was 0.77 kg in milk or 0.70 kg in energy corrected milk (ECM) yield (P

The effect of crop maturity on the nutritional value of maize silage for lactating dairy cows. 3. Food intake and milk production

2000 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Phipps ◽  
J. D. Sutton ◽  
D. E. Beever ◽  
A. K. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Crop Maturity

AbstractFifty-five multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows were used in a 20-week continuous design study to determine the effect of maize silage maturity on food intake and milk production. Forage maize (cv. Hudson) was harvested and ensiled at target dry matter (DM) contents of 230 (T23), 280 (T28), 330 (T33) and 380 (T38) g per kg fresh weight (FW). The mean values for volatile-corrected DM (VCDM), starch, neutral-detergent fibre (NDF), crude protein and predicted metabolizable energy (ME) content of the four maize silages were 226, 290, 302 and 390 g/kg FW, 114, 274, 309 and 354 g/kg VCDM, 574, 447, 431 and 448 g/kg VCDM, 96, 80, 74 and 75 g/kg VCDM and 10·3, 11·5, 11·6 and 11·2 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Grass silage containing 296 g VCDM per kg FW was produced from the primary growth of a perennial ryegrass sward. At week 3 of lactation cows were allocated to one of five forage treatments offered ad libitum. The forage treatments were either grass silage alone (TGS) or a 3 : 1 DM ratio of maize and grass silage designated as T23, T28, T33 and T38. All cows also received 8·7 kg DM per day of a dairy concentrate. Forage VCDM intake for TGS was lower (P < 0·001) than for T23 to T38. Increasing maize silage DM content from 226 (T23) to 290 (T28) g/kg increased (P < 0·05) forage VCDM intake from 10·9 to 13·3 kg/day but a further increase to 390 (T38) g/kg tended to reduce VCDM intake. When compared with TGS, the inclusion of maize silage increased milk yield from 28·0 kg/day to 29·4, 32·7, 33·0 and 30·8 kg/day for T23 to T38, respectively, the increases being significant for T28 to T38. However, milk yield was reduced (P < 0·05) when the DM content of the maize silage increased from 302 to 390 g/kg. Increasing maize silage DM content from T23 to T33 reduced (P < 0·05) milk fat content from 45·8 to 41·8 g/kg, which was also lower (P < 0·05) than for TGS. The inclusion of maize silage increased fat yield with a significant difference (P < 0·05) between TGS and T28. The inclusion of maize silage increased milk protein content (P < 0·05) and protein yield (P < 0·001) when compared with TGS. While increasing maize silage maturity did not affect (P > 0·05) milk protein content, protein yield was higher (P < 0·05) for the two intermediate DM contents. There were no treatment effects on body condition score. It is concluded that the changes in composition of maize silage with increasing maturity, which are associated with increased starch and reduced NDF content, resulted in large increases in food intake and yield of milk and protein as crops matured from T23 to T33. However, when crop maturity increased further to T38 there was a tendency for DM intake and yield of milk and protein to decline.

scholarly journals Effects of Microencapsulated Methionine on Milk Production and Manure Nitrogen Excretions of Lactating Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3545
Author(s):  
Layla King ◽  
Janaka Wickramasinghe ◽  
Brooke Dooley ◽  
Carrie McCarthy ◽  
Emily Branstad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

The study objective was to determine the effects of rumen-protected methionine (Met) by microencapsulation (RPM) on amino acid (AA) supply to the udder, milk production, and manure nitrogen (N) losses of dairy cows. A corn and soybean-based diet deficient in metabolizable Met (~10 g/d) was supplemented with RPM providing 0, 11.0, 19.3, and 27.5 g/d of Met. Dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, plasma essential AA (EAA), mammary plasma flow (MPF), and fecal (FN) and urinary N (UN) outputs (g/d) were determined. The RPM increased linearly milk yield, milk protein yield, and energy corrected milk yield (p < 0.040) without affecting DMI. Milk protein yield increased by 50 g/d for the 19.3 vs. 0 g/d dose (p = 0.006) but the rate of increment decreased for 27.5 g/d dose. Plasma Met, and MPF increased linearly with RPM dose (p < 0.050). Apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein (p = 0.020) and FN (p = 0.081) decreased linearly with RPM. The UN did not change but total manure N decreased linearly with RPM (p = 0.054). The RPM (19.3 g/d) seemed to help cows overcome the metabolizable Met deficiency while mitigating manure N excretions to the environment.

Milk production from dairy cows offered a conserved barley/kale bicrop compared to grass silage

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 24-24
Author(s):  
J.M. Moorby ◽  
P.R. Evans ◽  
N.E. Young
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Feed Protein

The efficiency of use of feed protein for milk protein production is very poor, particularly for animals offered conserved forages. Contributing to this is the inefficient capture of rumen degradable N in situations where a readily fermentable energy supply is not available for use by the rumen microbial population. The incorporation of a whole crop cereal into a conserved forage could increase rumen protein efficiency. This experiment was carried out to investigate the milk production of dairy cows offered a conserved forage of a whole crop barley and kale bicrop compared with grass silage, and a mixture of the two.

Effect of maize silage quality in a mixed forage diet and the crude protein level in the concentrate supplement on milk production of dairy cows

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 149-149
Author(s):  
J.J. Fitzgerald ◽  
J.J. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
High Starch Content ◽  
Additional Protein

Good quality maize silage with a high starch content and DM digestibility when fed to dairy cows increased forage intake, milk production and milk protein concentration compared with grass silage or low starch maize silage (Fitzgerald, 1997). Due to the low crude protein (CP) content of maize silage compared with grass silage, additional protein supplementation is required in the concentrate. The optimum level of protein in the concentrate for maize silage based forages differing in starch content was investigated in this study.Three forages consisting of either all grass silage (GS) or mixed forages of grass silage and maize silage (40:60 DM mix) which contained either a low (LSM) or a high (HSM) starch content were offered ad libitum to individually fed dairy cows in early lactation (12 cows/forage). Each forage was supplemented with concentrates (6 kg/day) containing 180, 230 or 280 g CP/kg according to a change over design (3 periods of 3 weeks/period).

Close-up dry period protein supplementation influences milk, fat and protein yields of multiparous Holstein dairy cows in the first half of their next lactation

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 190-190
Author(s):  
P. H. Robinson ◽  
J. M. Moorby
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Considerable Effort ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
The Impact

Considerable effort has recently been directed to better defining protein requirements of dry dairy cows. Early efforts (Moorby et al., 1996) suggested substantial increases in milk and milk protein yield of multiparous cows to a small amount of a high undegradable dietary protein (UDP) supplement in the late dry period. Recent studies have not consistently supported these findings. The objective of this experiment was to define the impact of supplementation of a high UDP supplement in the late dry period of multiparous dairy cows on production of milk and its components.

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