scholarly journals Príspevok k problematike určovania špecifickej hmotnosti subhorizontov opadu lesných pôd

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
Jana Bútorová
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Aggregate ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Elementary Unit ◽  
Final Density ◽  
International Laboratory ◽  
Mineral Soils

Abstract According to national and international laboratory methods, the density of soil samples is determined by pycnometer in heated samples crushed by ultrasound. In mineral soils, the elementary unit of density is represented by a mineral grain of quartz, granite, andesite, etc. On the other hand, in organic soils, the elementary unit is represented by a leaf (or just a part of it), needles, stems and roots. Heating of the mineral grain causes its release from the soil aggregate. Organic parts of the soil are losing air vacuoles by heat treatment while in the same time, carbohydrates, proteins, oils and resins create new chemicals which are heavier than water. That is a reason why density determination of litter subhorizons in forest soils needs to have different rules in comparison with mineral soil samples. Samples with more than 50 volume per cent of organic matter are not treated by heat and do not decompose. In case of high mineral soil content, mineral parts are removed from the sample and their density is determined. The final density is based on mathematically processed data.

scholarly journals Sulphur status in Finnish cultivated soils

1973 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-215
Author(s):  
Johan Korkman
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Induction Furnace ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Total Sulphur ◽  
Sulphate Sulphur ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Sulphur Uptake ◽  
Cultivated Soils

A method for determining total sulphur in plant material and soil samples using the induction furnace technique and subsequent turbidimetric determination of sulphate sulphur was discussed. A procedure for extracting sulphur from soil samples with ammonium acetate (pH 4.65), the interference of the organic matter being reduced by oxidation of the extract with H2O2, was proposed. Sulphur balance in Finnish cultivated soils was estimated by taking into account the average amounts of emitted (8 kg S/ha/yr.), precipitated (8 kg S/ha/yr.) and leached (8 kg S/ha/yr.) sulphur. The actual situation in the cultivated soils seems thus to be depending, on an average, on the uptake by plants and the sulphur applied (12 kg S/ha/yr. in the early 1970s). In 104 samples of cultivated soil, the content of total sulphur showed a slight correlation with the content of organic carbon. The amounts of sulphur extracted in various ways were not predictable by means of the soil characteristics used (pHCaCl2, org. C and texture). Extracted sulphur did not correlate sufficiently with the development and sulphur uptake of plants. Under field conditions in northern Finland, sulphur application produced a relatively distinct result in respect both to the ley yields on Carex peat, and their sulphur content. On mineral soils in southern Finland the yields were unaffected by supplementary fertilization with sulphur. In the pot experiments performed a fairly close relationship between sulphur and nitrogen was demonstrated.

scholarly journals Organic Matter Causes Chemical Pollutant Dissipation Along With Adsorption and Microbial Degradation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vilhelmiina Harju ◽  
Ilkka Närhi ◽  
Marja Mattsson ◽  
Kaisa Kerminen ◽  
Merja H. Kontro
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Microbial Degradation ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
First Response ◽  
Chemical Pollutant ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Soil And Sediment

Views on the entry of organic pollutants into the organic matter (OM) decaying process are divergent, and in part poorly understood. To clarify these interactions, pesticide dissipation was monitored in organic and mineral soils not adapted to contaminants for 241 days; in groundwater sediment slurries adapted to pesticides for 399 days; and in their sterilized counterparts with and without peat (5%) or compost-peat-sand (CPS, 15%) mixture addition. The results showed that simazine, atrazine and terbuthylazine (not sediment slurries) were chemically dissipated in the organic soil, and peat or CPS-amended soils and sediment slurries, but not in the mineral soil or sediment slurries. Hexazinone was chemically dissipated best in the peat amended mineral soil and sediment slurries. In contrast, dichlobenil chemically dissipated in the mineral soil and sediment slurries. The dissipation product 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM) concentrations were lowest in the mineral soil, while dissipation was generally poor regardless of plant-derived OM, only algal agar enhanced its chemical dissipation. Based on sterilized counterparts, only terbutryn appeared to be microbially degraded in the organic soil, i.e., chemical dissipation of pesticides would appear to be utmost important, and could be the first response in the natural cleansing capacity of the environment, during which microbial degradation evolves. Consistent with compound-specific dissipation in the mineral or organic environments, long-term concentrations of pentachloroaniline and hexachlorobenzene were lowest in the mineral-rich soils, while concentrations of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DTT) and metabolites were lowest in the organic soils of old market gardens. OM amendments changed pesticide dissipation in the mineral soil towards that observed in the organic soil; that is OM accelerated, slowed down or stopped dissipation.

scholarly journals Determination of soil specific surface area by water vapor adsorption: I Drying of soil samples

1987 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-65
Author(s):  
Raina Niskanen ◽  
Väinö Mäntylahti
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Water Vapor Adsorption ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Clay Sample

Drying of three mineral soil samples (clay content 4—58 %, organic carbon content 1—5 %) equilibrated at 75.5 % relative humidity was studied. The soils were dried in an oven at +50°C, +70°C and + 105°C for 4 and 8 hours and in a desiccator over pure concentrated H2SO4 and P2O5. Drying over desiccants for 8 hours removed less water than drying at + 50°C. Drying over desiccants for 3—7 days was as efficient as drying at +70°C, for 14—24 days as efficient as 4 hours of drying at + 105°C. Eight hours of drying at + 105°C seemed to be too drastic, because it caused a greater weight loss in the clay sample of 5 % organic carbon content than did prolonged desiccant-drying. Drying at + 70°Cremoved as much water from fine sand which contained 4 % clay as prolonged desiccant-drying.

scholarly journals Risk of phosphorus loss in surface runoff from agricultural land in the Baltic Commune of Puck

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Pietrzak ◽  
Grażyna Pazikowska-Sapota ◽  
Grażyna Dembska ◽  
Lidia Anita Dzierzbicka-Glowacka ◽  
Dominika Juszkowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Degree Of P Saturation ◽  
P Content ◽  
Mineral Soils

Background. Risk assessment of Phosphorus (P) losses in surface runoff from agricultural land is the basic measure that should be used as a part of actions taken to counteract the water eutrophication in watercourses and water reservoirs. To assess this risk, a new method has been recently developed based on the determination of degree of P saturation (DPS) which depends on P content in soil determined with the use of distilled water (water-soluble P – WSP). Methods. Based on DPS method, the risk of P losses in surface runoff from agricultural land in Puck Commune (Baltic Sea Coast) was assessed and a critical analysis of assessment results was carried out. The research was conducted on mineral and organic soils from 50 and 11 separate agricultural plots with a total area of 133.82 and 37.23 ha, respectively. In collected soil samples, P content was determined using distilled water (all soil samples), Egner-Riehm method (mineral soils) and extract of 0.5 mol HCl ∙ dm-3 (organic soils). The results of determinations P content in water extract from soils were converted to DPS values, which were classified by appropriate limit intervals. Results & Discussion. It was found that on 96.7% of tested agricultural parcels (96% plots with mineral soils and 100% plots with organic soils) there was a potentially high risk of P losses from soil by surface runoff. At the same time, it was ascertained that in soils from 62% of agricultural plots, there was a large deficiency of plant available P. Due to the above, as well as due to the lack of connection with other factors affecting the P losses in surface runoff such as type of crop and area inclination, it was considered that the assessment based on the DPS index may be unreliable.

OXYGEN FLUX MEASUREMENTS IN ORGANIC SOIL

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES A. CAMPBELL
Keyword(s):  
Applied Voltage ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Oxygen Flux ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Effective Voltage ◽  
Flux Measurements ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Almost All

Many measurements of oxygen flux in mineral soils have been reported; however, few such measurements have been made in organic soil. Almost all reported measurements of oxygen flux are at constant applied voltage, despite criticism of this technique, possibly due to the complexity of existing techniques for measuring oxygen flux at effective voltage. Equipment suitable for measuring oxygen flux at applied and effective voltage in organic soil was designed, and simplified techniques were developed and tested. As reported for mineral soils, soil resistance is relatively constant spatially and with depth in individual soils. Limited poisoning of the platinum electrode surface occurred after long periods of time and, contrary to previous assumptions, cannot be detected by erratic readings. Unlike mineral soil, the amperage-voltage slopes are constant over a wide range of organic soils, simplifying the technique for estimating oxygen flux at constant effective volatage. Comparison of simultaneous measurements of oxygen flux at constant and effective voltage indicates that oxygen flux measurements at effective voltage were twice those at applied voltage and strongly correlated (r2 = 0.96, n = 22).

COBALT STATUS IN QUEBEC SOILS

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Rana ◽  
G. J. Ouellette
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Cobalt Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Soil Series ◽  
Acid Digestion ◽  
Cobalt Deficiency ◽  
Mineral Soils

Studies on thirty mineral soil series and five organic soils from the broad cultivated areas of Quebec indicated that total cobalt, extracted with 70% perchloric acid digestion, ranged from 1.1 to 21.6 ppm and 2.5% acetic acid-extractable cobalt from 0.3 to 0.83 ppm. Extractable cobalt in the surface soils was significantly correlated with total cobalt, which in turn was highly dependent on the clay content of the soil. The soil pH or the organic matter content did not seem to have any influence on the cobalt content in the cultivated soils. Light-textured and podzolized soils are likely to be low m cobalt, while soils with richer clay content are higher. Organic soils, in general, were found to be lower in cobalt content than mineral soils. Nineteen out of the thirty mineral soils studied and all the organic soils contained less than 0.25 ppm of extractable cobalt and may be considered as critical or deficient because forage grown on such soils is likely to cause cobalt deficiency in livestock.

The soils of Aldabra

1979 ◽  
Vol 286 (1011) ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Salinity ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Patchy Distribution ◽  
Soil Covers ◽  
Terrestrial Sediments ◽  
Soil Information ◽  
Carbonate Soil ◽  
Mineral Soils

The soils of Aldabra are of patchy distribution, consisting of pockets of either accumulated organic matter or of biogenic mineral detritus. The soils are shallow (10-20 cm) but locally deeper and more extensive soil covers do occur. Organic covers occur under well established Casuarina stands and mineral soil covers occur on the floors of rock basins or where sands are present. The organic soils originate from leaf litter, with local increments of faecal material and bird remains. The mineral soils are primarily carbonate and are derived mechanically from carbonate rocks, from windblown bioclastic carbonate grains or from terrestrial sediments. Solution residues and phosphatic particles also contribute to these soils. Attempts are made to cross-correlate existing soil information, and several organic and carbonate soil types can be recognized. These are: shallow organic (including litter, pellet and guano varieties); deep organic; calcarenaceous bioclastic soils; brown (silt or silt loam) carbonate soils (including a phosphatic variety) and a widespread organic brown carbonate soil. The soils may be slightly acid but are mostly circumneutral or alkaline; high salinity may occur in coastal locations. Phosphate levels are usually low. Insufficient profile data are available at present to define soil type in any rigorous way and the spatial distribution of soil types is only scantily known.

scholarly journals Temperature dependence of phosphate sorption in mineral soils

1990 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-20
Author(s):  
Raina Niskanen
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Phosphate Sorption ◽  
Mineral Soils

The sorption of phosphate was studied in 33 mineral soil samples at the temperatures of +5°C and +20°C. The soils were equilibrated for 2 days with a solution containing phosphate 0.1 mmol/l at an ionic strength of 0.01. At +5°C, the sorption remained unchanged or increased slightly as compared to the sorption at +20°C. The differences between sorbed amounts ranged from —0.03 to 0.29 mmol/kg soil and were statistically significant in 11 samples.

CARBON BONDED SULPHUR IN SELECTED QUEBEC SOILS

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Lowe ◽  
W. A. DeLong
Keyword(s):  
Organic Soils ◽  
Mineral Surface ◽  
Surface Soils ◽  
Total Sulphur ◽  
Mineral Soils

Details are given of a procedure for the determination of carbon bonded sulphur in soils and soil extracts.Significant amounts of carbon bonded sulphur were found in a few selected Quebec soils. Organic soils contained substantially more carbon bonded sulphur than mineral soils, and also a higher proportion of the total sulphur was in a carbon bonded form in the organic (47–58 per cent) than in the mineral soils (12–35 per cent).The distribution of carbon bonded sulphur between acid-extractable, alkali-extractable and non-extractable fractions was determined on the same samples. The recovery of carbon bonded sulphur in these fractions was high in the organic soils, but 16–48 per cent was not accounted for in three mineral surface soils. For all samples, very little carbon bonded sulphur was non-extractable and, in all samples, except a podzol B21 horizon, more of this sulphur fraction was extracted by alkaline than by acid extraction.The importance of this fraction as a source of sulphur for plants cannot yet be assessed.

scholarly journals The Possibilities of Using Common Buckwheat in Phytoremediation of Mineral and Organic Soils Contaminated with Cd or Pb

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 562
Author(s):  
Jolanta Domańska ◽  
Danuta Leszczyńska ◽  
Aleksandra Badora
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Common Buckwheat ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Neutral Soil ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench ◽  
Cadmium And Lead

The results of this study provided accurate guidance on the possibility of using common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) in phytoremediation practices for mineral soil or organic soils contaminated with Cd or Pb. Based on a model pot experiment, the tolerance of buckwheat to elevated contents of cadmium and lead in organic and mineral soils was examined. The soils were differentiated into neutral and acidic, and amended with metals at doses of 10 mg Cd kg−1 DM and 100 mg Pb kg−1 DM of soil. The growth, development, biomass, translocation coefficient, and tolerance index (TI) of the tested plants were examined. The use of metals caused a weakening of plant growth and development, as well as intensified chlorotic and necrotic changes to the buckwheat leaves. The application of Cd caused a statistically significant decrease in shoot biomass. The plants growing in organic acidic soil were most vulnerable to Cd toxicity. The (TI) values confirm the generally low tolerance of buckwheat to Cd, except for the treatment in organic neutral soil, and the high tolerance of this plant to Pb in all the studied soils.

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