scholarly journals Indexes of Natural Selection, Migration and Reproductive Characteristics in Lutsk Population, West Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
N. Kozak ◽  
L. Atramentova
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Prenatal Development ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Reproductive Characteristics ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Selection Indexes ◽  
Ectopic Pregnancies ◽  
Genetic Burden

In human populations natural selection is shifting to the side of prenatal development and appears as negative outcomes of pregnancies such as spontaneous abortions, ectopic pregnancies and stillbirths. Therefore, it is important to study dynamics of changes in reproductive characteristics and selection indexes of the populations in order to predict possible problems and numbers of genetic burden in the populations. Ukraine is poorly studied in this area. The aim of the study was to investigate indicators which characterize the population structure of Lutsk city, the intensity of natural selection, migration and their dynamics in two generations. 583 post-reproductive age females were anonymously questioned. Age, places of birth of the couple, the number of pregnancies and their outcomes were considered. Results show that natural selection indexes (Crow’s indexes) are decreasing from the first generation (0,26) to the second (0,20). Migration coefficients in the population of Lutsk decreased from 0.89 to 0.82 per generation and show intensive urbanization of the city for the studied time. The efficiency of the migration is low, since the biggest number of migrants come from the villages of the Volyn region (45% for first generations and 64% for the second one), or adjacent regions of Ukraine (35% and 27%, respectively). The population of Lutsk has a narrowed type of reproduction, where average number of offspring per female equal 1,86 for the first generation and 1,73 for the second generation.

scholarly journals Dynamics of natural selection in two generations (on the example of the population of the Kirovograd region)

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 152-156
Author(s):  
K. K. Kovleva ◽  
N.A. Kozak
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Genetic Load ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Medical Histories ◽  
Total Selection

Aim. In connection with the success of modern medicine, the pressure of natural selection in various civilized human populations is weakening, which leads to the accumulation of a genetic load. The purpose of this work was to trace the change in the intensity of natural selection among population of the Kirovograd region in two successive generations. Methods. The collection of material was carried out in 2020 and 2021. Anonymous questionnaires were conducted and medical histories of women of post-reproductive age of the Kirovograd region were studied. The first generation included 40 women born in 1937–1959; the second generation consists of 273 women born in 1960–1981. Results. The total selection index was 0.27 in the first generation, and 0.37 in the second generation. The percentage of women who have not had pregnancies increased from the first generation to the second from 2.5 to 3.7, respectively. Conclusions. The index of total selection in the Kirovograd region population for one generation increased by almost one and a half times (from 0.27 to 0.37), as well as the index of differential fertility (from 0.25 to 0.35). Keywords: reproductive characteristics, Kirovograd population, Crow's index, selection, generations.

scholarly journals Indexes of natural selection in Kharkiv population

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 56-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. O. Kozak ◽  
L. A. Atramentova
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Differential Mortality ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Differential Fertility ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Mortality Index ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ectopic Pregnancies ◽  
Total Selection

Aim. Reproductive behavior of women has particular importance in the reproduction of the population and depends on cultural characteristics and religious views. Number of birth and medical abortions become artificially regulated; nevertheless selection in human populations does not disappear. Therefore, the aim of this task to study the direction and intensity of indexes of natural selection and the dynamics of the gene pool in the Kharkiv population for two adjacent generations. Methods. The material was collected in 2017. Anonymous questionnaires were conducted for women in postreproductive age. The questionnaire includes questions which reflect a woman's gynecological and obstetrical anamnesis. The number of pregnancies and their outcomes was calculated: medical and spontaneous abortions, ectopic pregnancies, number of stillbirths and live births. Results. In one generation, the total selection index decrease from 0.29 to 0.28, while the differential fertility index is much higher than the differential mortality index. The average number of pregnancies and medical abortions reduced in the younger generation with statistically significant difference. Conclusions. The Kharkov population is characterized by a narrow type of reproduction. The dynamics of Crow's indexes are in line with global trends. From the older generation to the younger the total selection index decreases gradually.Keywords: reproductive characteristics,Kharkov population, Crow's index, selection, generations.

scholarly journals Selection index in Drosophila melanogaster Meig. progeny after exposure to acute γ-irradiation

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 86-91
Author(s):  
D. O. Skorobagatko ◽  
V. Yu. Strashnyuk ◽  
A. A. Mazilov
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Linear Accelerator ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Γ Irradiation ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Selection Indexes

Aim. The purpose of investigation was to study the intensity of selection in two generations of Drosophila melanogaster Meig. after acute g-irradiation. Methods. Experiments were conducted on a wild-type Oregon-R strain. Adult flies in the age of 3 days were irradiated with bremsstrahlung gamma quanta at doses of 8 Gy, 16 Gy and 25 Gy on a linear accelerator of electrons LAE-10. Irradiated (O) and non-irradiated (K) flies were crossed in four different combinations: K×K (control), O×K, K×O, and O×O. The selection index were calculated from the Crow formula based on fertility, mortality/survival in pre-productive period of development. Results. Selection indexes in the generation F1 after irradiation grow in proportion to the dose received: at embryonal stage 2.0–7.2 times, at post-embryonic development – in 1.3–7.6 times. In the generation F2, the indexes of selection were significantly reduced. Conclusions. The selection pressure is substantially increased in the first generation after g-irradiation and weakens, approaching the control level and lower in F2. Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster Meig., fertility, embryonic mortality, pupae mortality, ionizing radiation.

Parental breeding age effects on descendants’ longevity interact over two generations in matrilines and patrilines

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zac Wylde ◽  
Foteini Spagopoulou ◽  
Amy K Hooper ◽  
Alexei A Maklakov ◽  
Russell Bonduriansky
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Age ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Age Effects ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Paternal Age ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Competitive Environment ◽  
Larval Diet ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Two Generations

Individuals within populations vary enormously in mortality risk and longevity, but the causes of this variation remain poorly understood. A potentially important and phylogenetically widespread source of such variation is maternal age at breeding, which typically has negative effects on offspring longevity. Here, we show that paternal age can affect offspring longevity as strongly as maternal age does, and that breeding age effects can interact over two generations in both matrilines and patrilines. We manipulated maternal and paternal ages at breeding over two generations in the neriid fly Telostylinus angusticollis. To determine whether breeding age effects can be modulated by the environment, we also manipulated larval diet and male competitive environment in the first generation. We found separate and interactive effects of parental and grandparental ages at breeding on descendants’ mortality rate and lifespan in both matrilines and patrilines. These breeding age effects were not modulated by grandparental larval diet quality or competitive environment. Our findings suggest that variation in maternal and paternal ages at breeding could contribute substantially to intra-population variation in mortality and longevity.

Conservation or change? Exploring trends in Modern Hebrew in light of new spoken corpora of the first two generations of speakers

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (s41) ◽  
pp. 89-115
Author(s):  
Einat Gonen
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Modern Hebrew ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Diachronic Study ◽  
The 1950S

Abstract This paper presents a diachronic study of Modern Hebrew agreement between numerals and their quantified nouns. This research is possible thanks to the discovery of two rare collections of recordings from the 1950s and 1960s, which document four generations of speakers and have become important sources of spoken Early Modern Hebrew. On the basis of these two corpora, I compare numeral agreement in the first two generations of speakers with present-day usage and analyze trends of change and conversation in Modern Hebrew. The study shows that the first generation of speakers (“Gen1”) largely acquired the gender distinction of cardinals. However, in contrast to other agreement issues that educated Gen1 speakers realized fully, numeral use showed variation and absence of agreement in a small set of cases. Moreover, some linguistic features of Gen1 Hebrew found in this study no longer characterize Present-Day Hebrew; among these features is prosodic conditioning, which led to a Gen1 tendency to use the feminine form of the numeral ‘four’ with masculine nouns more frequently than was the case with other numerals.

SEASONAL HISTORY, ADULT FLIGHT ACTIVITY, AND DAMAGE OF THE OBLIQUEBANDED LEAFROLLER, CHORISTONEURA ROSACEANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN FILBERT ORCHARDS

1986 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.T. AliNiazee
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Flight Activity ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Choristoneura Rosaceana ◽  
Periodic Field ◽  
Obliquebanded Leafroller ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Seasonal History

AbstractSeasonal history, adult flight activity, and damage of the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), on filbert were studied during a 7-year period between 1976 and 1984. Data from periodic field counts and moth catches in sex-attractant traps indicated two generations per year. The first-generation adult capture peak was generally higher than the second, except in 1978 when about an equal number of moths were trapped from both generations. A physiological time scale, using degree-days (DD), was devised for predicting emergence of obliquebanded leafroller adults. The first adults from overwintering larvae emerged at approximately 374 DD above a threshold of 10 °C starting 1 March. A total of 1172 DD were required between the first and the last adult emergence during the first generation and about 519 DD during the second generation. The obliquebanded leafroller causes both foliar and nut damage in filbert orchards of Oregon. Foliar damage was insignificant, but nut damage, caused exclusively by the first-generation larvae during June and early July, was highly destructive. Larval feeding on nuts caused staining and premature drop of infested nuts resulting in substantial yield reduction in heavily infested orchards.

scholarly journals Petrography and zircon morphology of syntectonic granitoids rocks of Hafafit area, South Eastern Desert (Egypt).

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 438 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Thabet ◽  
A. Kilias ◽  
A. Koroneos ◽  
S. Kamh
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Crystal Form ◽  
Eastern Desert ◽  
Elongation Ratio ◽  
Crystal Length ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Granitoid Rocks ◽  
Zircon Morphology

The study deals with the petrography of the granitoid rocks intruding the five (A to E) domes of Hafafit Culmination. The morphological characteristics of zircon crystals are also examined, in order to elucidate the genesis of zircon and their host Hafafit granitoids. The granitoid rocks are tonalites, granodiorites and quartz diorites, all exhibiting gneissic texture. The zircon crystals from all the rock types intruding each one of the domes are examined in detail for colour, inclusions, crystal length, crystal width, elongation ratio, crystal form and habit, degree of roundness and corrosion, and are distinguished in groups on the basis of the previous characteristics. Two generations of zircons have been recognized; the first generation with magmatic features and the second one with post magmatic features. The first generation of zircon is attributed to the subduction, magmatic and deformation events while the second generation of zircon is attributed to metamorphism.

scholarly journals Influence of the constituents of Izatison, DMSO and PEG400, on the growth and the grain productivity of the oat cultivar Nezlamny during two generations after the seed treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
V. A. Katsan ◽  
A.I. Potopalsky ◽  
B.O. Zadorozhnii
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Panicle Length ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Grain Productivity ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Stimulation Of

Aim. The investigation of the influence of the constituents of Izatison, DMSO and PEG400, on the oat growth and its grain productivity during 2 generations after the seed treatment became the aim of this study for the elucidation of mechanism of Izatison stimulant influence. Methods. The broad scale of the concentrations of the solvents composition in the proportion, to be as in Izatison, was used. The plants were grown in the field. The growth processes were evaluated by the stem height on the tubing stage. The grain productivity was characterized by the panicle length, the grains number in the panicle and of theirs weight. Results. The dependence of influence of the solvents composition on the stem growth from its concentration was detected in the first generation. In some variants the negative influence was revealed on the grains number in the panicle and on theirs weight. The stimulation of the growth regardless from the solvents concentration was observed in the second generation and the more pronounced negative effect on the grain productivity. Conclusions. The solvents DMSO and PEG400 are able to influence on the oat growth and its productivity, and that effect was manifested also in 2 generation after the seed treatment. Keywords: Izatison, DMSO, PEG400, oat growth and grain productivity.

scholarly journals The Transgenerational Transmission of the Paternal Type 2 Diabetes-Induced Subfertility Phenotype

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Zatecka ◽  
Romana Bohuslavova ◽  
Eliska Valaskova ◽  
Hasmik Margaryan ◽  
Fatima Elzeinova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Reproductive Outcomes ◽  
Metabolic Characteristics ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Health Complications

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and associated with many health complications due to the long-term damage and dysfunction of various organs. A consequential complication of diabetes in men is reproductive dysfunction, reduced fertility, and poor reproductive outcomes. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for diabetic environment-induced sperm damage and overall decreased reproductive outcomes are not fully established. We evaluated the effects of type 2 diabetes exposure on the reproductive system and the reproductive outcomes of males and their male offspring, using a mouse model. We demonstrate that paternal exposure to type 2 diabetes mediates intergenerational and transgenerational effects on the reproductive health of the offspring, especially on sperm quality, and on metabolic characteristics. Given the transgenerational impairment of reproductive and metabolic parameters through two generations, these changes likely take the form of inherited epigenetic marks through the germline. Our results emphasize the importance of improving metabolic health not only in women of reproductive age, but also in potential fathers, in order to reduce the negative impacts of diabetes on subsequent generations.

scholarly journals Biology of pink stem borer, Sesamia inferens (Walker) on maize, Zea mays

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1994-2003
Author(s):  
Hemant Sharma ◽  
Maha Singh Jaglan ◽  
S. S. Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Sesamia Inferens ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Total Life

Biology of pink stem borer, Sesamia inferens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was conducted during 2015-16 in laboratories of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Karnal on HQPM 1 (hybrid) and HKI 1128 (inbred) for two generations at room temperature. Results on biology of S. inferens in the first generation revealed that incubation period varied from 10-14 days on HQPM 1 and 11-15 days on HKI 1128. The larval duration lasted for 21-37 days on HQPM 1 and 24-39 days on HKI 1128. The adult longevity of male and female ranged from 6-7 days and 7-8 days on HQPM 1 and 5-7 days and 6-7 days on HKI 1128, respectively. The total life span ranged from 63-72 days for female and 45-58 days for male on HQPM 1 and 65-74 days for female and 49-62 days for male on HKI 1128, respectively in the first generation. The total life span in second generation ranged 94-107 days for female and 83-96 days for male on HQPM 1 and 98-112 days for female and 86-101 days for male on HKI 1128. The biology of an insect pest is a condition precedent to find out its management strategies. The biology of S. inferens on maize has not yet been studied in north western part of the country. Having regards to the fact that no systematic work on this aspect has been carried out, studies were conducted on biology of this pest for developing efficient pest management strategies.

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