scholarly journals ANALISIS KEBUTUHAN PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN VIDEO CANDI MUARA JAMBI BERBASIS SEJARAH LOKAL PADA MATA KULIAH SEJARAH INDONESIA

Diakronika ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Nur Agustiningsih ◽  
Satriyo Pamungkas
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Learning History ◽  
Interactive Analysis ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Collection Data ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
The Media ◽  
Technology And Communication ◽  
Analysis Models

The development of technology and communication has a big influence on all fields of life including in the field of education. Creativity and innovation is needed in developing learning media including in learning history. The purpose of this research is to obtain: 1) description of the use of learning media in the learning process in the field, 2) obstacles faced by lecturer in Indonesian history up to the 15th century learning 3) media formulations needed in learning Indonesian History. This research is a qualitative descriptive research. Data collection techniques used are interviews, observation and analysis of documents. The informan were selected through purposive sampling. Data validation used triangulation. Data analysis techniques used interactive analysis models including data collection, data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. The result of the research shows that 1) Lecturer has used learning media as a learning resource in the learning process, but are still less varied. The media used is still limited to the use of powerpoint which displays images and text only. 2) The constraints faced by the lecturer in delivering the material about the muara jambi temple are limited references and learning resources. 3) Media that needs to be developed in learning is video

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTASI PENGGUNAAN BLOG SEBAGAI MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN PADA SISWA KELAS XI SMAN 34 JAKARTA DI MATA PELAJARAN EKONOMI

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-125
Author(s):  
Hendra Arighi ◽  
Iwan Purwanto ◽  
Andri Noor Andriansyah
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
The Media ◽  
Descriptive Method

                                                        Abstract This article aims to describe the use of blogs as learning media to provide a variety of learning media and at the same time to make economic learning effective. The study was conducted on Class XI students of SMA Negeri 34 Jakarta, it’s during the economic learning process. The method used is a qualitative descriptive method through several data collection techniques, there are observation, interviews, and documentation. The results showed that the blog has been used well as one of the media of economic learning in class XI students of SMA Negeri 34 Jakarta. The use of blogs is one of the variations in media among other learning media that can help the effectiveness of economic learning given the availability of relevant economic material on the blog in question. Keywords: blogs, learning media, economic subjects.                                                                                                     Abstrak Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan penggunaan blog sebagai media pembelajaran untuk memberikan variasi media pembelajaran dan sekaligus untuk mengefektifkan pembelajaran ekonomi. Penelitian dilakukan pada siswa Kelas XI SMA Negeri 34 Jakarta, yakni saat proses pembelajaran ekonomi berlangsung. Adapun metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif melalui beberapa teknik pengumpulan data, yakni observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa blog telah digunakan dengan baik sebagai salah satu media pembelajaran ekonomi pada siswa kelas XI SMA Negeri 34 Jakarta. Penggunaan blog merupakan salah satu variasi media di antara media-media pembelajaran lain yang dapat membantu efektivitas pembelajaran ekonomi mengingat ketersediaan materi-materi ekonomi yang relevan pada blog dimaksud.  Kata Kunci: blog, media pembelajaran, mata pelajaran ekonomi.   

scholarly journals PROBLEMATIKA PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM DI SMP NEGERI 5 PADANGSIDIMPUAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-98
Author(s):  
Maulana Arafat
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Religious Education ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Lesson Plan ◽  
Comparison Method ◽  
Learning Methods ◽  
Technical Competency ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
The Media

The focus of this research is on the Problems of Learning Islamic Religious Education in SMP Negeri 5 Padangsidimpuan. In general, the research was conducted to find out: 1. How are the problems in the learning of Islamic religious education about the methods at SMP Negeri 5 Padangsidimpuan, 2. How are the problems with the learning of Islamic religious education about the media at SMP Negeri 5 Padangsidimpuan?This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The data collection instruments used were observation, interviews with the data sources were Islamic Religious Education teachers, and students. The analysis was carried out using the constant comparison method. The research method used in this writing is a qualitative descriptive method, field data collection techniques through observation, and interviews. Data management and analysis techniques, data reduction, data presentation, conclusion and data verification. The technique guarantees data validity, observation persistence, triangulation, checking members.The purpose of this study was to determine the problems in the learning process of Islamic religious education at SMP Negeri 5 Padang Sidimpuan, to find problems in learning Islamic religious education at SMP Negeri 5 Padansidimpuan.The results of this study indicate that the problems of learning Islamic Religious Education at SMP Negeri 5 Padangsidimpuan, regarding the problems of learning Islamic Religious Education, the problems of learning methods of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) at SMP Negeri 5 Padangsidimpuan are very much mapped to three problematic problems, namely: knowledge problems, teacher cognitive , the technical competency of teachers and the strategic competence of teachers in applying learning methods. That the methods and media are not suitable in determining the learning process is not in accordance with the lesson plan. Based on what the authors do, the problem with the method that the writer finds is problematic, as well as the media that the problems of learning media for Islamic Religious Education (PAI) at SMP Negeri 5 Padangsidimpuan are classified into two problematic matters, namely: the problem of media availability and the problem of using learning media.

scholarly journals PENGGUNAAN MEDIA AL-QUR’AN BRAILLE BOOK DAN BRAILLE DIGITAL BAGI TUNANETRA DI SURAKARTA

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-122
Author(s):  
Faridatul Husna Widiarti
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Community Organizations ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Descriptive Data ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Regional Leadership ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
The Media ◽  
The City

Qur'anic learning is needed by all Muslims. The learning process starts from studying the Qur'an, reading the verses of the Qur'an, understanding the contents and content of the verses of the Qur'an, practicing the content of the verses. Learning requires media or an effective intermediary. The learning of the Qur'an uses the Qur'an's media. Particularly for blind disability students, students who experience obstacles in their vision either do not function one or do not function both, the Qur'anic learning requires media that are in accordance with the abilities of students. The media used in the Al-Qur'an learning for net disabilities is the Al-Qur'an Braille. The researcher conducted a study of community organizations in the city of Surakarta, the organization of the Indonesian Muslim Blind Association in the Surakarta Regional Leadership Council in 2018 which organizes Qur'anic learning with the media of the Qur’an Braille book and the digital Braille Qur'an. Problems begin with (1) How can the use of the Koran Braille book and al-Qur'an digital Braille (2) what are the advantages and disadvantages of using digital Braille book and al-Qur'an Braille media ( 3) how successful is the use of the Braille book and digital Braille al-Qur'an media. Aim to find out the uses, strengths and weaknesses, and the level of success of the Koran Braille book and the digital Braille Qur'an. This study uses qualitative descriptive data collection through field observations, interviews with a number of resource persons, documentation of events in the field. The results of this study are expected for educators to master the media used in learning, as well as for educators and observers of education to develop and innovate the learning process for blind disability learners. Pembelajaran al-Qur’an diperlukan seluruh umat muslim. Proses pembelajaran bermula dari mempelajari al-Qur’an, membaca ayat-ayat al-Qur’an, memahami isi dan kandungan ayat-ayat al-Qur’an, mengamalkan kandungan ayat-ayat tersebut. Pembelajaran memerlukan media atau perantara yang tepat guna. Pembelajaran al-Qur’an menggunakan media al-Qur’an. Khusus peserta didik disabilitas netra, peserta didik yang mengalami hambatan dalam penglihatannya baik tidak berfungsi salah satu atau tidak berfungsi keduanya, pembelajaran al-Qur’an memerlukan media yang sesuai dengan kemampuan peserta didik. Media yang digunakan pada pembelajaran al-Qur’an bagi disabilitas netra adalah al-Qur’an Braille. Peneliti melakukan penelitian terhadap organisasi masyarakat di kota Surakarta, organisasi Ikatan Tunanetra Muslim Indonesia Dewan Pimpinan Daerah Surakarta Tahun 2018 yang menyelenggarakan pembelajaran al-Qur’an dengan media al-Qur’an Braille book dan al-Qur’an Braille digital. Permasalahan berawal dari (1) Bagaimana penggunaan media al-Qur’an Braille book dan al-Qur’an Braille digital (2) Apa kelebihan dan kekurangan dari penggunaan media al-Qur’an Braille book dan al-Qur’an Braille digital (3) Bagaimana tingkat keberhasilan dari penggunaan media al-Qur’an Braille book dan al-Qur’an Braille digital. Bertujuan untuk mengetahui penggunaan, kelebihan dan kekurangan, dan tingkat keberhasilan dari media al-Qur’an Braille book dan al-Qur’an Braille digital. Penelitian ini menggunakan diskriptif kualitatif dengan pengumpulan data melalui observasi lapangan, wawancara dengan sejumlah nara sumber, dokumentasi kejadian di lapangan. Hasil dari penelitian ini diharapkan untuk pendidik menguasai media-media yang digunakan dalam pembelajaran, serta untuk pendidik dan pemerhati pendidikan untuk mengembangkan dan menginovasi proses pembelajaran bagi peserta didik disabilitas netra.

scholarly journals PENGGUNAAN MULTIMEDIA DALAM MENINGKATKAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATA PELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM DI KELAS X SMA NEGERI 5 BURU KECAMATAN LILIALY KABUPATEN BURU

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Tiarni Soamole ◽  
Samad Umarella ◽  
Saddam Husein
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Religious Education ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Learning Motivation ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Data Display ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Collection Data ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
The Subject

Abstract: This study aims to find out how the use of multimedia in improving students' learning motivation in Islamic Religious Education subjects in the Classroom X SMA Negeri 5 Buru as well as supporting factors and inhibition of the use of multimedia. This research was conducted in SMA Negeri 5 Buru District Lilialy Kabupaten Buru, from September 1, 2020 to October 1, 2020. This research is a qualitative descriptive research with data collection techniques in the form of observations, interviews and documentation. The collected data is then analyzed qualitatively including: data collection, data reduction, data display and verification and affirmation of conclusions. The results showed that the use of multimedia can increase students' learning motivation in Islamic Religious Education subjects in the classroom X SMA Negeri 5 Buru, where students appear to focus on following the learning process, recording the subject matter, and are happy with the learning using multimedia, students easily explain or answer the teacher's questions PAI boldly and actively in the learning process. Supporting factors and inhibition factors of multimedia use in increasing students' learning motivation in Islamic Religious Education subjects in the Classroom X SMA Negeri 5 Buru among others, for supporting factors, namely the availability of leptop and computer, infokus, electricity, clean school walls, clean classrooms, and the ability of PAI teachers who are very good in integrating concepts with multimedia in the learning process as well as the availability of special classrooms designed for learning activities using multimedia infokus. As for the inhibition factor is infokus available only one, so it will be constrained when used by other teachers, then electricity is often out and internet access is often sluggish. Keywords: Multimedia, student learning motivation, Islamic Religious Education Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana penggunaan multimedia dalam meningkatkan motivasi belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam di Kelas X SMA Negeri 5 Buru serta faktor pendukung dan penghambat penggunaan multimedia tersebut..Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di SMA Negeri 5 Buru Kecamatan Lilialy Kabupaten Buru, mulai dari tanggal 1 September 2020 sampai dengan 1 Oktober 2020.. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Data yang terkumpul kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif meliputi: pengumpulan data, reduksi data, display data dan verifikasi dan penegasan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan multimedia dapat meningkatkan motivasi belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam di kelas X SMA Negeri 5 Buru, dimana siswa terlihat mereka fokus mengikuti proses pembelajaran, mencatat materi pelajaran, dan senang dengan pembelajaran menggunakan multimedia, siswa dengan mudah menjelaskan atau menjawab pertanyaan guru PAI dengan berani dan aktif dalam proses pembelajaran. Faktor pendukung dan faktor penghambat penggunaan multimedia dalam meningkatkan motivasi belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam di Kelas X SMA Negeri 5 Buru antara lain untuk faktor pendukung yakni tersedianya leptop dan komputer, infokus, listrik, dinding sekolah yang bersih, ruang kelas yang bersih, dan kemampuan guru PAI yang sangat baik dalam mengintegrasikan konsep dengan multimedia dalam proses pembelajaran serta tersedianya ruang kelas khusus yang didesain untuk kegiatan pembelajaran menggunakan multimedia infokus. Sementara untuk faktor penghambatnya adalah infokus yang tersedia hanya satu, sehingga akan terkendala apabila digunakan oleh guru yang lain, kemudian listrik sering padam dan akses internet yang sering lamban. Kata kunci: Multimedia, motivasi belajar siswa, Pendidikan Agama Islam

scholarly journals Imperative Politeness in Learning Interaction at Islamic Institute of Muhammadiyah Sinjai (a Study of Pragmatic Imperative)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-338
Author(s):  
Laeli Qadrianti ◽  
Nirwana Muhlis
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Interactive Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Analysis Models

This paper aims to examine the form of imperative politeness in the learning  interaction Islamic institute of Muhammadiyah Sinjai, the research approach which is used is a qualitative descriptive approach. Instrument data collection through observation, recording and records analyzed using interactive analysis models. The form of  imperative politeness found in this study is the Form of Pragmatic Imperative Decency in Declarative Speech and the Form of Pragmatic Imperative Courage in Interrogative Speech. Based on the data obtained, it is known that the form of imperative politeness in the learning interaction Islamic Institut of Muhammadiyah Sinjai consists of five parts, namely: (1) declarative speech which states the pragmatic meaning of imperative orders; (2) declarative speech which states the pragmatic meaning of the invitation imperative; (3) declarative speech which states the pragmatic meaning of the imperative application; (4) declarative speech which states the pragmatic meaning of imperative mating; and (5) declarative utterances which state the pragmatic meaning of the imperative ban. While the form of interrogative politeness in the  learning interaction islamic institut of Muhammadiyah Sinjai also consists of five parts, namely: (1) interrogative speech which states the pragmatic meaning of the imperative of the order; (2) interrogative speech that states the pragmatic meaning of the invitation imperative; (3) interrogative speech which states the pragmatic meaning of the imperative application; (4) interrogative speech which states the pragmatic meaning of imperative mating; and (5) interrogative utterances which state the pragmatic meaning of the imperative ban.

scholarly journals Principal’s Entrepreneurship Competence in Improving Teacher’s Entrepreneurial Skill in High Schools

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
Hertining Dyah Listiningrum ◽  
Worakamol Wisetsri ◽  
TCHABLE Boussanlegue
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Data Display ◽  
Interactive Analysis ◽  
Entrepreneurial Spirit ◽  
Professional Educator ◽  
Collection Data ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Entrepreneurial Competency

This study described the principals' entrepreneurial competencies in increasing entrepreneurship knowledge for teachers, fostering and developing an entrepreneurial spirit for teachers and helping teachers to apply entrepreneurial spirit to the learning process. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The subject of the study is the principal and teachers. The object of the principal's entrepreneurial competency research. The data in this study were in the form of observations, documentation, and interviews. Data analysis using interactive analysis of the Miles and Huberman model includes data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusions. The results in this study are knowledge about technology-based entrepreneurship for teachers as a professional educator carried out through entrepreneurship socialization, providing information about technological developments, and providing motivation to develop teacher potential. Teachers have the ability to apply the spirit of entrepreneurship in the learning process so that they are able to produce students who are superior competitiveness.

scholarly journals Peran lingkungan keluarga dalam mengembangkan wirausaha muda

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Khofifatu Rohmah Adi ◽  
◽  
Idris Idris
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Data Presentation ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Interactive Analysis ◽  
Concrete Form ◽  
Collection Data ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Young Entrepreneurs

The development and maturity of a person's business is influenced by many factors. Many factors also influence the development of pilot businesses that are started and carried out by students. One of the factors that play an essential role in influencing young entrepreneurs can come from their parents or family environment. This article aims to identify and how the family's role in motivating and developing young entrepreneurs' potential. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. In-depth interviews carried out data collection. The data obtained were then analyzed using interactive analysis techniques, which consisted of 4 stages: data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and concluding. The results showed that entrepreneurial students who had sufficiently developed businesses received much support from their families. Parents' role as a form of support for their children in entrepreneurship is social, instrumental, emotional, and other support. The concrete form of this support is supported in providing facilities for business development, accompanying and assisting the business carried out by their children, giving permission and trust in children. These results can be used as knowledge and input to parents about how they should support children in entrepreneurship.

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTASI PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER DISIPLIN DENGAN MEMBERI IDENTITY CARD DI KELOMPOK A

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-65
Author(s):  
Ahmad Farid Ustman ◽  
Umi Hanifah
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Character Education ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Data Presentation ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Interactive Analysis ◽  
Identity Card ◽  
Collection Data ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive

This study aims to determine the Discipline Character Education Learning. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. Located at RA Islamiyah Bulaklo. Data were collected by observation, interviews, and documentation. The data that has been collected is checked for validity by source triangulation and technical triangulation. Analyzed with interactive analysis techniques, namely data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and verification or conclusions. Research informants are the head of the foundation, principal, teachers, and guardians of students. The results showed that by giving Id Cards, students could line up neatly, put shoes and bags in their place according to the order on the Identity card which made students more disciplined and patiently waiting for their turn. From this study, it can be concluded that in the implementation of character education for early childhood (4-5 years) at RA Islamiyah Bulaklo in implementing character education using habituation activities starting from the child entering the gate until going home from school. For habituation activities such as marching, praying, memorizing Asmaul Husna, washing hands, and so on, by giving understanding to children, always be patient waiting for their turn according to the number on the Identity Card.

scholarly journals Persepsi Masyarakat Desa Bomo Blimbingsari Banyuwangi Tentang Kinerja Pemerintahan Desa Dalam Memberikan Pelayanan Kepada Masyarakat

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 580
Author(s):  
Harjianto Harjianto ◽  
Sri Sedar Marhaeni ◽  
Leni Widiyanti
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Birth Certificate ◽  
Cover Letter ◽  
Interactive Analysis ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Collection Data ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Village Communities ◽  
Village Government ◽  
The Village

The village administration system functions as a guard, guide, mobilizer and service. Village communities need services to meet needs that cannot be fulfilled by themselves. This study aims to determine public perceptions of the performance of the village government of Bomo Blimbingsari Banyuwangi in providing services to community members. This type of research is a qualitative descriptive with a phenomological approach. The subjects in this study consisted of the village administration and members of the Bomo village community. Data collection is done by observation techniques, interview techniques, and documentation techniques. Data analysis technique used is interactive analysis techniques including data collection, data reduction, data presentation, then drawing conclusions. The results of this study indicate that community perceptions of the performance of the village government of Bomo, Blimbingsari Banyuwangi sub-district in providing services to residents 76 percent of people consider that it is good enough and satisfying. This is evidenced by friendly, fast, and timely services, while 24 percent consider it less satisfactory because they must go back and forth in completing the file. The types of services provided are 1) Death Certificate; 2) SKCK Cover Letter; 3) Birth Certificate; 4) Certificate of Disability (SKTM); 5) Family Card Cover Letter; 6) Certificate of Change of Name; 7) Electricity Installation Certificate, Capable of Disadvantaged Communities; 8) Certificate of Moving House Address and Coming Certificate; 9) Certificate of Marriage (SKUN); 10) Letter of Establishment; 11) KTP Cover Letter

Model Kaderisasi Anggota Partai Politik Islam dalam Membentuk Pemimpin Islami

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-114
Author(s):  
Muhammad Saiful Haq AlFaruqy ◽  
Ahmad Sarbini ◽  
Asep Iwan Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
The West ◽  
West Java ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengentahui tugas pokok Bidang Kaderisasi DPW PKS Jawa Barat, untuk mengetahui proses tahapan dan sistem model kaderisasi PKS yang marhalah (berjenjang), untuk mengetahui dan mendapatkan data dalam memebentuk kader pemimpin Islami Bidang Kaderisasi DPW PKS Jawa Barat. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah deskrptif kualitatif dengan tekinik pengeumpulan data berupa wawancara terstrurktur, observasi, dan studi dokumentasi.. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa model kaderisi dalam menciptakan pemimpin Islami melalui tahapan-tahapan pembinaan kader yang marhalah (berjenjang). Yaitu, Pertama, ta’lim proses pembelajaran yang mana bertujuan para kader diberikan kurikulum kaderisiasi partai. Kedua, Tandzhim yang mana setelah pembelajaran diharapkan para kader dapat mengasah dan mengimplementasikan hasil kurikulum kaderisasi. Ketiga, taqwin para kader harus dapat menginternalisasi ajaran Islam dalam partai maupun kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara. This research was conducted to identify the main tasks of the West Java PKS DPW Cadre Field Division, to find out the stages and stages of the PKS cadre model model that is marhalah (tiered), to find out and obtain data in forming the Islamic leaders cadre of the West Java PKW DPW Cadre. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive with data collection techniques in the form of structured interviews, observations, and documentation studies. The results of this study indicate that the cadre model in creating Islamic leaders through the stages of training cadres who are marhalah (tiered). That is, First, ta'lim the learning process in which the cadres aim to be given a party cadre curriculum. Second, Tandzhim which after learning is expected that the cadres can hone and implement the results of the regeneration curriculum. Third, taqwin of cadres must be able to internalize the teachings of Islam in the party and the life of the nation and state.

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