LATEST CARBON BALANCE SURVEYS AND MONITORING AT THE KURSK BIOSPHERE STATION OF THE INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY, RAS, IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE NOVEL CONCEPT OF LAND DEGRADATION NEUTRALITY

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.V. KARELIN ◽  
◽  
O.E. SUKHOVEEVA ◽  
A.N. ZOLOTUKHIN ◽  
V.N. LUNIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Degradation ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Co2 Efflux ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
C Balance

The paper focuses on the applicability and adaptation of the novel international concept of Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) of the United Nations, as applied to the territory of Russian Federation, taking into account the large variety of its soil and climatic conditions and economic approaches, as well as the historical past. In particular, in this publication, a team of authors made an attempt to assess to what extent the estimates of the carbon balance and its main components for the study area can be used as one of the indicators of the LDN in relation to the most fertile chernozem agrolandscapes in the south of the European part of Russia (Kursk region). Field work and modelling have been carried out in natural ecosystems and agrolandscapes in the neighbourhood of the Kursk Biosphere Station (KBS) of the Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences. This valuable russian scientific research station has a long and rich history of geo(eco)system observations with LDN and net C-balance monitoring of age-old agrolandscapes, becoming one of its present focuses. Using simulation models DNDC, RothC, T&P, C-calculators, as well as long-term field measurements of soil CO2 efflux and carbon net exchange, it was found that individual software tools are not able to adequately assess carbon exchange processes of the complex landscape, but correctly selected ensembles consisting of C-balance simulations and C-calculators supported by field data are able to meet such challenges more successfully. On this condition the area's carbon net balance can serve as an alternative to the recommended global LDN indicators.

scholarly journals Strategy for Multidimensional Peatland Ecosystem Analysis in the Context of the Atmospheric Properties

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 00014
Author(s):  
Kamila M. Harenda ◽  
Patryk Poczta ◽  
Dominika Szczepanik ◽  
Dongxiang Wang ◽  
Iwona S. Stachlewska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Changes ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Raman Lidar ◽  
Ecosystem Research ◽  
Cloud Radar ◽  
Recent Climate ◽  
Sun Photometer ◽  
Novel Strategy

There is the need of integration of atmospheric and ecosystem research in order to assess the habitats reaction in the future since the recent climate changes. Peatlands due to their vulnerability are important ecosystems since their strong interaction with the climate system. In stable climatic conditions, they are atmospheric carbon sinks. The study of the atmosphere properties in the context of peatlands productivity requires the application of the multidimensional strategy of field measurements. These kind of measurements are conducted using the following sensors: sun photometer, cloud radar, Raman lidar and eddy covariance (EC) system. They are located and operated at the Rzecin peatland in the framework of the POLIMOS project. So far, aerosols presence in the air was found as a factor that increases the peatland production. This presents the novel strategy of extensive atmospheric studies in order to identify the selected particles type impact on peatlands carbon uptake capabilities.

Landscape Change in the Steppe of Algeria South-West Using Remote Sensing

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-52
Author(s):  
Tayeb Sitayeb ◽  
Ishak Belabbes
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Landscape Dynamics ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Stipa Tenacissima ◽  
Steppe Species ◽  
Sparse Vegetation

Abstract Landscape dynamics is the result of interactions between social systems and the environment, these systems evolving significantly over time. climatic conditions and biophysical phenomena are the main factors of landscape dynamics. Also, currently man is responsible for most changes affecting natural ecosystems. The objective of this work is to study the dynamics of a typical landscape of western Algeria in time and space, and to map the distribution of vegetation groups constitute the vegetation cover of this ecosystem. as well as using a method of monitoring the state of a fragile ecosystem by remote sensing to understand the processes of changes in this area. The steppe constitutes a large arid area, with little relief, covered with low and sparse vegetation. it lies between the annual isohyets of 100 to 400 mm, subjected to a very old human exploitation with an activity of extensive breeding of sheep, goats, and camels. Landsat satellite data were used to mapping vegetation groups in the Mecheria Steppe at a scale of 1: 300,000. Then, a comparison was made between the two maps obtained by a classification of Landsat-8 sensor Operational Land Imager (OLI) acquired on March 18, 2014, and Landsat-5 sensor Thematic Mapper (TM) acquired on April 25, 1987. The results obtained show the main changes affecting the natural distribution of steppe species, a strong change in land occupied by the Stipa tenacissima steppe with 65% of change, this steppe is replaced by Thymelaea microphylla, Salsola vermiculata, lygeum spartum and Peganum harmala steppe. an absence from the steppe Artemisia herba-alba that has also been replaced by the same previous steppes species. The groups with Quercus ilex and Juniperus phoenicea are characterized by a strong regression that was lost 60% of its global surface and transformed by steppe to stipa tenacissima and bare soil.

A new automated stem CO2 efflux chamber based on industrial ultra-low-cost sensors

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Brändle ◽  
Norbert Kunert
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Co2 Efflux ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Lowland Forest ◽  
Stem Respiration ◽  
Stem Co2 Efflux ◽  
Gas Exchange System ◽  
Controlling Processes

Abstract Tree autotrophic respiratory processes, especially stem respiration or stem CO2 efflux (Estem), are important components of the forest carbon budget. Despite the efforts to investigate the controlling processes of Estem in the last years a considerable lack in our knowledge remains on the abiotic and biotic drivers affecting Estem dynamics. It has been strongly advocated that long-term measurements would shed light into those processes. The expensive scientific instruments needed to measure gas exchange has prevented from applying Estem measurements on a larger temporal and spatial scale. Here, we present an automated closed dynamic chamber system based on inexpensive and industrially broadly applied CO2 sensors reducing the costs for the sensing system to a minimum. The CO2 sensor was cross-calibrated with a commonly used gas exchange system in the laboratory and in the field, and we found very good accordance of these sensors. We tested the system under harsh tropical climatic conditions, characterized by heavy tropical rainfall events, extreme humidity, and temperatures, in a moist lowland forest in Malaysia. We recorded Estem of three Dyera costulata trees with our prototype over various days. The variation of Estem was large among the three tree individuals and varied by 7.5-fold. However, clear diurnal changes in Estem were present in all three tree individuals. One tree showed high diurnal variation in Estem and the relationship between Estem and temperature was characterized by a strong hysteresis. The large variations found within one single tree species highlights the importance of continuous measurement to quantify ecosystem carbon fluxes.

scholarly journals Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Management of Water Resources in the Island of Crete, Greece

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1538 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Tzanakakis ◽  
A. N. Angelakis ◽  
N. V. Paranychianakis ◽  
Y. G. Dialynas ◽  
G. Tchobanoglous
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Critical Issues

Crete, located in the South Mediterranean Sea, is characterized by long coastal areas, varied terrain relief and geology, and great spatial and inter-annual variations in precipitation. Under average meteorological conditions, the island is water-sufficient (969 mm precipitation; theoretical water potential 3284 hm3; and total water use 610 hm3). Agriculture is by far the greatest user of water (78% of total water use), followed by domestic use (21%). Despite the high average water availability, water scarcity events commonly occur, particularly in the eastern-south part of the island, driven by local climatic conditions and seasonal or geographical mismatches between water availability and demand. Other critical issues in water management include the over-exploitation of groundwater, accounting for 93% of the water used in agriculture; low water use efficiencies in the farms; limited use of non-conventional water sources (effluent reuse); lack of modern frameworks of control and monitoring; and inadequate cooperation among stakeholders. These deficiencies impact adversely water use efficiency, deteriorate quality of water resources, increase competition for water and water pricing, and impair agriculture and environment. Moreover, the water-limited areas may display low adaptation potential to climate variability and face increased risks for the human-managed and natural ecosystems. The development of appropriate water governance frameworks that promote the development of integrated water management plans and allow concurrently flexibility to account for local differentiations in social-economic favors is urgently needed to achieve efficient water management and to improve the adaptation to the changing climatic conditions. Specific corrective actions may include use of alternative water sources (e.g., treated effluent and brackish water), implementation of efficient water use practices, re-formation of pricing policy, efficient control and monitoring, and investment in research and innovation to support the above actions. It is necessary to strengthen the links across stakeholders (e.g., farmers, enterprises, corporations, institutes, universities, agencies, and public authorities), along with an effective and updated governance framework to address the critical issues in water management, facilitate knowledge transfer, and promote the efficient use of non-conventional water resources.

Productivity of Vegetable Crops in a Region of High Solar Input. III. Carbon Balance of Potato Crops

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 283 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJM Sale
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Co2 Efflux ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Potato Crops

The carbon balance of potato crops has been studied by measuring canopy net photosynthesis and dark respiration losses with a field assimilation chamber and semi-closed gas analysis system. Results are given for the latter part of growth in both a spring-planted and a summer-planted crop. Net CO2 uptake increased with solar input to reach 35–40mg dm-2 (ground area) h-1 at 400–450 W m-2, but light saturation then occurred and little or no further uptake resulted from increases in solar input up to 1000 W m-2. This supports the previous conclusion that net photosynthesis in the potato is determined by the size of the 'sink' provided by the developing tubers. The imposed experimental variables of reduced solar input (21 and 34% shade) and soil moisture were found not to affect the relation between solar input and CO2 uptake, and the effect of chamber temperature was also very small. Dark respiration rates of the canopy were markedly sensitive to temperature, and also to the solar input prior to measurement. Respiration from the below-ground plant parts accounted for a considerable part of the total plant respiration. In all, 15–20 % of the net assimilation during daylight hours was lost by night respiration. There was little variation in CO2 efflux from uncropped soil during the experiments. Dry weight changes calculated from the gasometric measurements were in accordance with those found from previous growth analysis. * Part II, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 1973, 24, 751–62.

scholarly journals Efficient hygrothermal wall transport models inside simulations of conditioned buildings

2020 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 04007
Author(s):  
Anne Paepcke ◽  
Andreas Nicolai
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Models ◽  
Equation System ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Climatic Regions ◽  
Building Models ◽  
Grid Approach ◽  
Highly Nonlinear ◽  
Finite Volume Approach ◽  
The Impact

With regard to room comfort and potential moisture damage hygrothermal conditions inside a building are of high interest, especially in highly humid or dry climatic regions. In order to achieve satisfying climatic conditions not only thermal storage, but also moisture storage of walls needs to be taken into consideration. Dynamic effects of walls and the impact on thermal room climate require a detailed thermal wall simulation. In the simulation program NANDRAD a Finite Volume approach is used to discretized each building construction. The balance equation system is now extended with coupled moisture mass balance, both for zone air volumes and all construction elements. This leads to a duplication of system unknowns with highly nonlinear interactions between solution variables, resulting in strong increase of simulation time. In order to improve performance for larger simulation models, a mixed grid approach is evaluated. Hereby, a detailed grid is used for energy balances and coarser grid for moisture balances. In the article we discuss the procedure, evaluate the impact on accuracy of solution results, and discuss numerical problems. We show that the procedure indeed helps reducing the overall number of unknowns, which, however, appears to pay off only for large building models.

scholarly journals Role of different planting techniques in improving the water logging tolerance and productivity of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-198
Author(s):  
M Aslam ◽  
HM Nasrullah ◽  
M Akhtar ◽  
B Ali ◽  
M Akram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Root Zones ◽  
Water Logging ◽  
Arid And Semiarid

Sesame is a well known oil seed crop in arid and semiarid region of Pakistan and its productivity is affected due to sensitiveness to water logging in the root zones. The experiment was conducted at research area of Agronomic Research Station, Bahawalpur during the year 2010 and 2011. The crop was sown by three different planting techniques i.e. flat sowing with 45cm apart rows, ridge sowing with 45cm apart, bed sowing with 60/30 cm i.e. 60 cm wide beds with 30 cm furrow between the beds. The data revealed that maximum number of plants wilted in flat planting as compared to other methods of planting were taken in this experiment. It was also recorded that bed planting at 90cm apart beds gave maximum grain yield of 843 kg ha-1 followed by ridge planting (seed spreading by broadcast and with augmented furrows) with a grain yield of 811 kg ha-1. The lowest yield was obtained from conventional method of sowing which gave 349 kg ha-1 grain yield. Water logging stress in the root zone can successfully be avoided by planting sesame on beds or ridges under climatic conditions of Bahawalpur.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 50(3), 193-198, 2015

scholarly journals Analysis of causes of the end of service life of a spray polyurethane foam and polyurea roof

2020 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 15002
Author(s):  
Targo Kalamees ◽  
Simo Ilomets ◽  
Mattias Põldaru ◽  
Paul Klõseiko ◽  
Urve Kallavus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Service Life ◽  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
High Water ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Water Vapour Pressure ◽  
Hygrothermal Performance ◽  
Durability Prediction ◽  
Humidity Measurements ◽  
Term Performance

Spray polyurethane foam (SPF) roofs are widely used in North America. Much fewer usage examples and experience can be found in Northern European cold climatic conditions. This study analyses hygrothermal performance and the reasons for the roof’s degradation and end of service life of an SPF and polyurea roof. The service life of the roof is over and major reconstruction is needed eight year after construction. The current study uses field measurements included onsite temperature and humidity measurements and extensive surveying, the roof was opened from several locations and test samples were taken for laboratory tests. The influence of UV radiation on the loss of adhesion was tested. Solar radiation quickly degraded the top surface of the in-situ sprayed polyurethane foam insulation causing a weak connection between the foam layers. Due to mechanically damaged and UV degraded polyurea roofing, water has leaked into the SPF. The water inside or below the foam evaporated during sunny days and broke the adhesion of different foam layers. Larger foam blisters were observed on the upper part of the insulation caused by high water vapour pressure. This is considered the most realistic cause of separation of the SPF layers. The analyse of hygrothermal performance, service life, and durability prediction should be included into the design process, especially for structures with small or without long term performance experience.

Changes in haematological parameters during a summer expedition in Antarctica

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-113
Author(s):  
Alena Žákovská ◽  
Olivie Zezulová
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Erythrocyte Count ◽  
Haematological Parameters ◽  
P Value ◽  
Research Station ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Sera Samples

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of extreme climatic conditions and a long stay in isolation on levels of three haematological parameters in the polar expedition participants. This article describes changes in erythrocyte count, hemoglobin and transferrin levels measured on the 9th Czech Antarctic Scientific Expedition during the period of the Antarctic summer. A total of 15 sera samples were collected shortly before the expedition, the second sampling was performed halfway through the stay and the third at the very end of the expedition stationed at the Czech Research Station of J. G. Mendel. The erythrocyte count and the levels of transferrin were significantly increased in between all three sample collections (with p-value < 0.01). A statistically significant increase in hemoglobin levels was only detected between the first and the final sampling (p

Performance evaluation of Soviet Chinchilla and Californian White rabbit breeds in tropical climatic conditions of India

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uday Kannegundla ◽  
S. Sai Reddy ◽  
M. Gnana Prakash ◽  
M. Mahenderand ◽  
P. Amareswari
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Litter Weight ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Genetic And Phenotypic Correlations ◽  
High Heritability ◽  
Size At Birth

Study was conducted to evaluate the performance of Soviet Chinchilla and Californian White rabbit breeds maintained in tropical environment at rabbit research station, Hyderabad, Telangana. Data generated on total of 1364 bunnies, 701 belongings to the Soviet Chinchilla born in 122 litters and 663 bunnies of Californian White born in 124 litters during the period from 2012 to 2015 were utilized to examine the various productive performance traits. The overall least-squares mean litter size and litter weight was 5.52 ± 0.16 and 264.75 ± 7.86 at birth and 3.56 ± 0.17 and 1439.67 ± 72.55 g at weaning, respectively. The overall least-squares mean pre weaning body weights were 48.39 ± 0.48, 113.65 ± 1.38, 161.50 ± 2.03, 226.15 ± 3.47, 417.89 ± 7.53g at birth, 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks of age and the post weaning weights at 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 weeks of age were 628.75 ± 13.02, 844.11 ± 14.81, 1040.79 ± 16.42, 1225.96 ± 17.81, 1437.57 ± 20.54 and 1636.99 ± 28.87 g, respectively. Season of birth and litter size at birth showed significant (£0.01) effect on body weights while genetic group, parity of the doe and sex of the bunny had slight effects only. The low to high heritability estimates, genetic and phenotypic correlations of body weights are the indication for improvement of body weights by appropriate breeding plans.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document