The influence of clinical and chronic forms of magnesium deficiency on the haematological parameters of dairy cows

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of hypomagnesaemia on the haematological status and predictive values of haematological tests in the diagnosis of magnesium (Mg) deficiency in dairy cow herds. The study was carried out on 100 dairy HF cows, divided into two experimental groups and a control one.The two experimental groups (I - clinical form of hypomagnesaemia, II - chronic form of hypomagnesaemia) consisted of 40 cows and the control group consisted of 20 healthy cows. Blood samples were collected twice: before the commencement of the therapy and after three months. In both hypomagnesaemic groups, low erythrocyte count, haemoglobin (Hgb) concentration and hematocrit (Ht) index values were observed. The indirect parameters of the erythrocyte system were within the standard reference range, with the exception of the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) index, which, in approx. 45% of animals, was below the lower limit of the normal range. Haemolytic normocytic normochromic anaemia was detected through the hypomagnesaemia of the cows. In the first and second group, at the first blood sampling an increase in the eosinophil count was observed, which was statistically significant in relation to the second sampling. In the blood smear test, a variety of erythrocyte sizes (anisocytosis), polychromasia and Howell-Jolly bodies were detected in the affected cows. After supplementation with magnesium, the concentration of Mg in the serum of the treated animals returned to normal more rapidly than the haematological parameters. The authors assumed that these in the haematological parameters may be helpful in indicating the need for Mg supplementation.

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Passive haemagglutination test for human neurocysticercosis immunodiagnosis: I. Standardization and evaluation of the passive haemagglutination test for the detection of anti-Cysticercus cellulosae antibodies

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo ◽

10.1590/s0036-46651988000100009 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 51-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mirthes Ueda ◽

Eide Dias Camargo ◽

Adelaide José Vaz ◽

Ana Maria Carvalho de Souza ◽

Regina Maria Figueiredo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Treated Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Predictive Values ◽

Saline Extract ◽

Passive Haemagglutination ◽

Specific Antibodies ◽

Haemagglutination Test ◽

Cysticercus Cellulosae ◽

The Mean ◽

Human Red Cells

A passive haemagglutination test (PHA) for human neurocysticercosis was standardized and evaluated for the detection of specific antibodies to Cysticercus cellulosae in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). For the assay, formaldehyde-treated group O Rh-human red cells coated with the cysticerci crude total saline extract (TS) antigen were employed. A total of 115 CSF samples from patients with neurocysticercosis was analysed, of these 94 presented reactivity, corresponding to 81.7% sensitivity, in which confidence limit of 95% probability (CL95%) ranged from 74.5% to 88.9%. Eighty-nine CSF samples derived from individuals of control group presented as nonreactive in 94.4% (CL95% from 89.6% to 99.2%). The positive and negative predictive values were 1.4% and 99.9%, respectively, considering the mean rate of that this assay provide a rapid, highly reproducible, and moderately sensitive mean of detecting specific antibodies in CSF samples.

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Establishment Of a Reference Range For The Pbac-Score

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v122.21.4772.4772 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 122 (21) ◽

pp. 4772-4772 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Susan Halimeh ◽

Hannelore Rott ◽

Guenther Kappert ◽

Manuela Siebert

Keyword(s):

Blood Loss ◽

Blood Count ◽

Reference Range ◽

Bleeding Disorder ◽

Von Willebrand Disease ◽

Menstrual Blood ◽

Control Group ◽

Menstrual Blood Loss ◽

The Mean ◽

Von Willebrand

Introduction Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is defined as bleeding that lasts for more than seven days or as the loss of more than 80mL of blood per mentrual cycle (1)The menstrual blood loss can be quantified by the use of a pictorial bleeding assessment chart (PBAC). The PBAC-Score was initially validated by Higham et al. (2) With the PBAC-Score the women can capture the number of pads or tampons and also state the intensity through the assessment of the drenching. The aim of this study was to establish a reference range for the PBAC-Score. Samples and Methods We analysed samples of 310 women with menorrhagia and 108 controls by conducting the following tests: Blood count, VWF:RCo, VWF:Ag, VWF:CB, VWF:multimers, Fibrinogen (Clauss), activities of FII, FV, FVII, FVIII (clotting and chromogenic), FIX, FX, FXI, FXII, FXIII. In all women the menstrual blood loss was quantified usind the PBAC-Score and the results were compared. Results In 202 of 310 women (65.1%) a bleeding disorder could be detected. In those with a bleeding disorder, the distribution was as followed: 64% of these women had a von Willebrand disease, 7.2% FVII-deficiency, 7.7% FXIII-deficiency and the remaining 21.1% other mild factor dificiencies. The mean PBAC-Score in women with menorrhagia was 262 (range 31 – 4212) in our control group the mean PBAC-Score was 60 (range 8 – 97). Discussion/Conclusion Attemps to measure the quantity of menstrual blood loss can be useful in clinical practice. In our opinion the best cut of for the PBAC-Score is 100 with a sensitifity of 90% and a specifity of 100%. We found a high correlation of a PBAC >100 and an inherited bleeding disorder, especially von Willebrand diesease. In 65.1% of our patients an abnormal coagulation was found. In 4 (3.7%) women of the control group slightly abnormal von Willebrand parameters could been dectected. We validated the reference range for the PBAC-Score as 0 - 100. Disclosures: Halimeh: Octapharma AG: Investigator Other, Research Funding.

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A controlled clinical trial for the effect of bromocriptine on the adrenal contribution in polycystic ovarian disease

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.1140161 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 114 (2) ◽

pp. 161-165 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gamal H. El Tabbakh ◽

Ibrahim A. Loutfi ◽

Ibrahim Azab ◽

Hany A. Rahman ◽

Fatma A. Aleem ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Control Group ◽

Controlled Clinical Trial ◽

Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate ◽

Disease Group ◽

Normal Range ◽

Significant Drop ◽

Polycystic Ovarian Disease ◽

Ovarian Disease ◽

Therapeutic Value ◽

The Mean

Abstract. Adrenal involvement in polycystic ovarian disease was assessed by measuring dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in 20 polycystic ovarian disease patients. The response of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate to bromocriptine treatment was compared to that of placebo, both being given for one cycle on a doubleblind, cross over basis. The mean basal DHEA-S was above the upper limit of the normal range (6793 nmol/l) in three patients. The mean basal dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in the polycystic ovarian disease group was significantly higher than the mean of the normal control group (P < 0.01). Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate showed a significant drop with bromocriptine as compared to placebo (P < 0.001) and a significant correlation with prolactin both before (P < 0.001) and after treatment with bromocriptine (P < 0.001). These findings support the hypothesis of adrenal involvement in polycystic ovarian disease and prove the significant effect of bromocriptine on the adrenal which might be of therapeutic value.

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SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM IN ADDISON'S DISEASE

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0910674 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 91 (4) ◽

pp. 674-679 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Jens Faber ◽

Dorte Cohn ◽

Carsten Kirkegaard ◽

Morten Christy ◽

Kaj Siersbæk-Nielsen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Addison’S Disease ◽

Mean Value ◽

Normal Serum ◽

Control Group ◽

Addison's Disease ◽

Normal Range ◽

Microsomal Antibody ◽

The Mean ◽

Thyroid Microsomal Antibodies ◽

Serum Tsh

ABSTRACT Fourteen patients with Idiopatic Addison's disease (IAD) were studied in order to detect a possible subclinical hypothyroid state. All were clinically euthyroid with normal serum thyroxine (T4) and serum 3,5′,3′-triiodothyronine (T3). Eleven had circulating thyroid microsomal antibodies in blood. The mean basal serum TSH was significantly higher than that of the control group but only three patients had values above the upper normal range. The mean value of serum T4 was decreased as compared to that of the normal persons, while serum 3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine was elevated. 7.5 mU bovine thyrotrophin per kilogram body weight injected intravenously caused a rise in serum T3 not different from the response in normals. However, as well increasing serum TSH as increasing microsomal antibody titer correlated significantly to decreasing thyroidal release of T3. Our results suggest that clinically euthyroid patients suffering from IAD might have a beginning thyroidal insufficiency because of a progressive immunological damage of the thyroid.

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Prediction of left atrial thrombus in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation referred to catheter ablation or cardioversion: comparison of different risk scores

EP Europace ◽

10.1093/europace/euab116.166 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (Supplement_3) ◽

Author(s):

IA Zaigraev ◽

IS Yavelov ◽

OM Drapkina ◽

EV Bazaeva

Keyword(s):

Atrial Fibrillation ◽

Catheter Ablation ◽

Left Atrial ◽

Risk Scores ◽

Control Group ◽

Left Atrial Thrombus ◽

Atrial Thrombus ◽

Predictive Values ◽

C Statistic ◽

The Mean

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background. Left atrial thrombus (LAT) is the main source of cardiac emboly in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NAF). Several risk scores – mostly modified CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc – were offered to predict LAT in patients with NAF. However, their relative predictive value requires further evaluation. Purpose. Compare the ability of different risk scores to predict LAT before catheter ablation or cardioversion in patients with NAF. Methods. In a retrospective single-center study, medical records of 1994 patients with NAF who underwent transesophageal echocardiography before catheter ablation or cardioversion were analyzed. LAT was identified in 33 (1.6%) of them. For the control group 167 patients without LAT were randomly selected from this database. Logistic regression analysis and C-statistic were used for evaluation and comparison of predictive values of CHADS2, R2CHADS2, CHA2DS2-VASc, R-CHA2DS2-VASc, R2CHA2DS2-VASc, CHA2DS2-VASc-RAF, mCHA2DS2-VASc and CHA2DS2-VASc-AFR scores. Results. The mean age of studied patients was 60.3 ± 10.9 years, 110 (55%) of them were males. The mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was 2.54 ± 1.79. Results of univariate analysis and C-statistic for above mentioned risk scores are presented in the table. Each of them was associated with LAT. In comparison with a CHA2DS2-VASc score C-statistic was significantly higher for CHA2DS2-VASc-RAF and CHA2DS2-VASc-AFR scores (p values 0.03 and 0.001 respectively). In multivariate analysis only CHA2DS2-VASc-RAF score was associated with LAT (OR 1.37; 95% CI 1.21-1.55, p < 0.0001). OR for LАT in patients with CHA2DS2-VASc-RAF >3 was 12.8 (95% CI 3.75-43.9; p < 0.0001) with sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values 90.6%, 57.1%, 33.3% and 58.9% respectively. Conclusion. In a group of patients with NAF and relatively low incidence of LAT all studied scores were associated with LAT and CHA2DS2-VASc-RAF score has appeared the most informative. Predictors of LAT in patients with NAF Risk stratification models OR (95% CI) p-value C-statistic (95% CI) CHADS2 2.12 (1.55-2.91) <0.0001 0.77 (0.68-0.85) R2CHADS2 2.00 (1.53-2.62) <0.0001 0.78 (0.69-0.87) CHA2DS2-VASc 1.65 (1.36-2.05) <0.0001 0.74 (0.65-0.84) R-CHA2DS2-VASc 1.64 (1.34-2.03) <0.0001 0.76 (0.66-0.85) R2CHA2DS2-VASc 1.59 (1.32-1.92) <0.0001 0.76 (0.66-0.85) CHA2DS2-VASc- RAF 1.35 (1.27-1.52) <0.0001 0.84 (0.76-0.91) mCHA2DS2-VASc 1.83 (1.42-2.35) <0.0001 0.75 (0.65-0.85) CHA2DS2-VASc-AFR 1.75 (1.41-2.17) <0.0001 0.80 (0.71-0.88)

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Evaluation of Serum Haematological and Electrolyte Changes in Wistar Rats Administered Some Polyherbal Preparations

European Journal of Biology and Biotechnology ◽

10.24018/ejbio.2020.1.5.81 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Kennedy Iliya Amagon ◽

Noel Nen’man Wannang ◽

Bukata Bayero Bukar ◽

Kakjing Dadul Falang ◽

Jacob Adegboyega Kolawole ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wistar Rats ◽

Specific Treatment ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Haematological Parameters ◽

Laboratory Animals ◽

Control Group ◽

Public Health Threat ◽

Insignificant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Per Oral

Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) has today become a major public health threat. Despite several ongoing clinical trials, there is as yet no specific treatment for this disease. This study evaluated the effects of 3 polyherbal mixtures (CoV-1, CoV Pla-2 and CoV Pla-3) on some electrolyte and haematological parameters in laboratory animals. The parameters evaluated were PCV, HGB, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RBC, WBC, neutrophils and lymphocytes counts, including Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, K+. Treatment was per oral with doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg for the 3 polyherbal mixtures. Control group had 0.1 mL of distilled water per oral. The extract was safe up to 5000 mg/kg. An insignificant (P>0.05) decrease in RBC was observed at all doses except for 200 mg/kg for CoV Pla-3 which was significant (P<0.05) compared to control. When compared to control, an insignificant increase in the mean lymphocyte values in all extracts was observed. WBC in CoV Pla-1 and CoV Pla-3 increased, compared to control, as well as MCV, MCH for all polyherbal mixtures. Neutrophils increased in the rats administered the highest doses of Cov Pla-1 (200 and 400 mg/kg) and CoV Pla-3 (100 and 200 mg/kg) extracts. An insignificant difference (P>0.05) in serum levels of Na+, K+, Cl- and HCO3- were observed in all test animals, compared to control. The results obtained in this study indicate that the extracts did not cause significant changes in haematological parameters evaluated, which implies it is non-toxic.

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Lack of effect of chronic hypocalcaemia on serum prolactin response to chlorpromazine

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.1030321 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 103 (3) ◽

pp. 321-325 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Aydan Usman

Keyword(s):

Normal Subjects ◽

Serum Prolactin ◽

Control Group ◽

Normal Range ◽

Serum Parathyroid Hormone ◽

Stimulation Tests ◽

The Mean ◽

Prolactin Response ◽

Low Serum ◽

Made In

Abstract. The effects of chronic hypocalcaemia on serum basal and chlorpromazine-stimulated prolactin (Prl) levels were studied in 16 patients with idiopathic or secondary hypoparathyroidism. These results were compared with the results of other chlorpromazine stimulation tests which were made in the normocalcaemic state after treatment with vitamin D, and in normal subjects. In hypocalcaemic and normocalcaemic states (mean serum Ca 5.8 ± 0.24 mg/dl and 9.5 ± 0.11 mg/dl, respectively) basal Prl levels were within the normal range and during stimulation the maximal stimilated levels in each state were not significantly different from each other. Also, the mean serum Prl levels obtained from a control group were not different from values in the normocalcaemic state. It is concluded that chronic hypocalcaemia does not inhibit Prl secretion and low serum parathyroid hormone levels do not affect basal and chlorpromazine-stimulated Prl secretion.

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Subclinical Hypothyroidism During Valproic Acid Therapy in Children with Epilepsy

Chattagram Maa-O-Shishu Hospital Medical College Journal ◽

10.3329/cmoshmcj.v17i2.39770 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 14-20

Author(s):

Dhananjoy Das ◽

Meah Monjur Ahmed ◽

Pranab Kumar Chowdhury ◽

Pradip Kumar Dutta ◽

MA Chowwdhury

Keyword(s):

Valproic Acid ◽

Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽

Reference Range ◽

Control Group ◽

Base Line ◽

Normal Reference Range ◽

Normal Reference ◽

Epileptic Children ◽

The Mean

Background : Valproic Acid (VPA) is an effective anticonvulsant widely used for the treatment of epilepsy in children, but there are pitfalls in VPA therapy, especially in case of various endocrine organs like thyroid. So the aim of this study was to evaluate the thyroid dysfunction in terms of subclinical hypothyroidism during Valproic Acid (VPA) therapy in children with epilepsy. Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Paediatrics, and Shishu Bikas Kendra, Chittagong Medical College Hospital (CMCH) over one year duration on 50 newly diagnosed idiopathic epileptic children who were decided to start Valproate at the dose of 20mg/kg/day. At the same time similar number (n=50) of age and sex matched children visited the paediatric OPD for other health events(e.g. acute upper respiratory infection, Influenza like illness and Acute watery diarrhoea) other than epilepsy were included in the study as control group. Thyroid function status like serum levels of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Free Triiodothyronine (FT3) and Free Thyroxin (FT4) were evaluated at baseline and after six months. Moreover, serum VPA level was also measured in children receiving valproate at follow up visit. Anti thyroid peroxidise antibody (Anti TPO ab) was checked at follow up visit in those having TSH level beyond normal reference range. After collecting all data it was analyzed by SPSS-19. Results: In the current study, cases consisted of 30(60%) male and 20(40%) female children. Male to female ratio was 1.5:1. Gender and age were matched in cases and control group (p>0.05). Most of the population in the cases were from rural areas 29(58%) and most of them 40(80%) belonged to middle class family. The mean±SD of TSH level significantly increased after six months in comparison with base line values (1.76±0.57μIU/ml vs. 2.70±1.50μIU/ml, p<0.05) and with control group at follow up visit (1.74±0.73μIU/ml vs 2.70±1.50μIU, p<0.05). On the other hand, in the control group there were no significant changes of TSH level in comparison with base line (1.82±0.55μIU vs 1.74±0.73μIU/ml, p=0.16). The mean±SD of FT4 value decreased significantly in the cases after six months though remained within normal reference range (1.24±0.27ng/dl vs1.11±0.13ng/dl, p<0.05) FT3 level remained unchanged. Five (10%) epileptic children in the cases were found to have subclinical hypothyroidism at follow up who had TSH level beyond the normal reference range. Anti thyroid peroxidase antibody was negative among them. In contrast, no one in control group was found to have TSH level beyond the normal limit. All cases were clinically euthyroid. No significant correlations were found between TSH level and serum VPA level (r2 = 0.035 p= 0.193). Conclusion: Subclinical hypothyroidism develops in children with epilepsy during VPA therapy. Proper attention should be given so that development of overt hypothyroidism can be avoided. Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.17 (2); Jul 2018; Page 14-20

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Presepsin as a New Marker for Early Detection Neonatal Sepsis in Al-Quwayiyah General Hospital Riyadh, KSA

Journal of Advances in Microbiology ◽

10.9734/jamb/2020/v20i130210 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 80-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Enas Sh. Khater ◽

Taha M. Al-Hosiny

Keyword(s):

Early Detection ◽

General Hospital ◽

Sensitivity And Specificity ◽

Neonatal Sepsis ◽

Control Group ◽

Suspected Sepsis ◽

Predictive Values ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Sensitivity Specificity

Background: Early detection and start of antibiotic therapy neonatal sepsis (N.S) dramatically improves outcomes, so it is important to perform fast, reliable and specific early laboratory biomarkers. Aim: This study aimed to detect the prevelance, the risk factors, hematology profile, microbial profile of neonatal sepsis patients and also investigate the value of PCT and CRP, in comparison to presepsin in establishing the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Methods: A cross sectional study was performed from March to September 2019 in Al Quwayiyah General hospital involving 120 neonates who were classified into 3 groups. The patients groups were: Proved N.S, suspected N.S and control healthy neonates, classified depending on Tollner score. Haematology profile and blood culture for each neonate were done. CRP, PCT and presepsin values were analyzed, compared, and their effectiveness as diagnostic markers was determined. Sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values of the markers were calculated. Results: The prevelance of neonatal sepsis was 20.8%. 75 neonates were males and 45 neonates were females. 74 neonates were preterm, while 46 were full term. Gestational age in weeks was 31.1±5.9w for neonates with proved sepsis, 32.4±6.7w for neonates with suspected sepsis and 36.4±4.4w for control group. The mean birth weight was 1740±105.3 g for neonates with proved sepsis, 32.4±6.7 g for neonates with suspected sepsis, 2.650±205.2 g for control group. 36 babies suffered from respiratory distress syndrome, 10 had jaundice, 8 had cough, 28 had fever and 8 complained of other symptoms. Blood cultures were positive for all patients of proved sepsis. The identified bacteria included Gram positive bacteria 22(55%) which were Coagulase negative staph. 13(32.5%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus 4(10%) while Gram negative bacteria 15(37.5%) which were E. coli 5(12.5%) followed by Klebsiella peumoniae and also fungal infection (Candida species) detected in 3(7.5%) cases. There was significant difference between the mean and standared deviation of CRP, PCT and presepsin levels in proved and suspected N.S. groups when compared with healthy controls (P< 0.05). CRP sensitivity and specificity (72%, 61% respectively) which were less useful in diagnosis of neonatal sepsis compared to presepsin which has the highest sensitivity and specificity (95%, 81% respectively) followed by procalcitonin with sensitivity and specificity (90%, 69% respectively). Conclusion: The prevalence of neonatal sepsis among all admitted neonates in Al-Quwayiyah general hospital was 20.8%. Our results also detected higher sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values for presepsin more than and PCT CRP in the diagnosis of NS.

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The Predictive Values of Lymphocytopenia in West Darfur Patients with Malaria

Omdurman Islamic University Journal ◽

10.52981/oiuj.v17i2.1844 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 198-210

Author(s):

Salma Mohammed Abotaha ◽

Amira Ahmed Khalid Humeida (MBBs- MD)

Keyword(s):

Predictive Value ◽

Lymphocyte Count ◽

Absolute Lymphocyte Count ◽

World Health ◽

Control Group ◽

P Value ◽

Case Group ◽

Predictive Values ◽

The World ◽

The Mean

Background: In Sudan malaria is most commonly caused by infection with plasmodium falciparum, although by p.vivax. Malaria causes the most dangerous and highest rates of complication and mortality. Most malaria cases in 2018 were reported by the world health organization (WHO) in the African region(213 million cases of malaria or 93% of all malaria cases in the world and 70% is 5 years or younger). Objectives: The aim of this study was to measure and compare the mean of absolute lymphocyte count in malaria patients and control groups, and to determine positive and negative predictive values of lymphocytopenia in malaria patients. Methods: It was conducted on 100 subjects with malaria as cases and 100 subjects without malaria as controls, at EL Genina Hospital after obtaining the ethical approval and the subjects' consent. It was done by testing the CBC, differential counts, and absolute lymphocyte count then determining the means and p-values. The positive and negative predictive values were also determined. Results: It was found that the mean of TWBC count in the case group was(7,13109/l), and (7,84109/l)in the control group, the p-value was (0.150). The mean of lymphocytes differential in the case group was (20.73%)and (33.96%)in the control group, the p-value was (0.000). While the mean of the absolute lymphocytes counts in the case group was (1.39109/l), it was (2.56109/l)in the control group, with a p-value (0.000). This p-value indicated that there was significant lymphocytopenia in malaria patients. The positive predictive value was 83% and the negative predictive value was 69%. Conclusion: This study concluded that there was no significant lymphocytopenia in malaria patients and that lymphocytopenia cannot be used as the key hematological indicator of malaria infection.

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